重型危重型新型冠状病毒肺炎危险因素分析

目的 分析重型危重型新型冠状病毒肺炎(简称新冠肺炎)发生的危险因素,为早期预测新冠肺炎轻型普通型进展为重型危重型提供依据。 方法 收集2020年1月17日—3月14日在长沙市第一医院收治的新冠肺炎确诊患者的基本情况、流行病学、临床和实验室资料。采用回顾性队列分析研究重型危重型新冠肺炎发生的危险因素,单因素χ²检验和多因素logistic回归分析相关指标。 结果 169例患者纳入研究,其中136例为轻型普通型,33例为重型危重型。单因素分析显示,重型危重型和轻型普通型在年龄、饮酒史、感染地为湖北、有明确接触史、合并慢性心脏病、高血压、总蛋白、白蛋白、淋巴细胞、血糖、乳酸脱氢酶、降钙素原、C反应蛋白差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);多因素logistic分析显示,有饮酒史(OR=3.06)、有慢性心脏疾病(OR=15.26)、总蛋白偏低(OR=2.13)、入院时血糖升高(OR=4.91)、C反应蛋白升高(OR=12.34)为重型危重型新冠肺炎的独立危险因素(P＜0.05)。 结论 有饮酒史、有慢性心脏疾病、入院时总蛋白偏低、血糖升高、C反应蛋白升高为重型危重型新冠肺炎的危险因素。提示医师在诊疗过程中应重点关注有以上因素的轻型普通型新冠肺炎患者。     

COVID-19患者淋巴细胞数及Th/Tc值预测病情进展研究

 目的 探讨新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）患者病情进展与外周血淋巴细胞数（TLC）、CD4⁺T（Th）与CD8⁺T（Tc）比值变化情况,以及TLC和Th/Tc值作为新冠肺炎病情进展监测指标的可行性。方法 收集2020年1月28日—2月10日某院确诊的12例COVID-19患者的实验室检测资料,根据临床症状分为重型/危重型组、轻型/普通型组两组,采用流式细胞仪检测两组患者外周血TLC,比较不同病情患者TLC、Th/Tc值。结果 COVID-19患者TLC占比低于正常值范围,重型/危重型组较轻型/普通型组更低;COVID-19患者Th细胞占比、Th/Tc值高于正常范围,重型/危重型组比轻型/普通型组患者更高。流式检测结果显示,两组患者T淋巴细胞、Th细胞、Tc细胞绝对值均降低,轻型/普通型组、重型/危重型组T淋巴细胞［（913±275）μL VS（526±228）μL］、Th细胞［（530±99）μL VS（351±41）μL］、Tc细胞［（255±84）μL VS（128±70）μL］绝对值比较,差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.05）。结论 通过TLC、Th/Tc的值判断COVID-19患者免疫状态,预测炎症水平,可为监测COVID-19患者疾病进展和确定抗"炎症因子风暴"治疗时机提供依据。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎 无症状感染者的临床与免疫学特征分析

[摘要]　目的　探讨新型冠状病毒肺炎（coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19）无症状感染者的临床和免疫学特征。方法　选取2020年1月22日—6月22日石家庄市第五医院收治的59例COVID-19患者作为研究对象,分析不同疾病分期患者的临床资料。利用流式细胞术检测患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群计数,Procarta Plex多细胞因子检测系统检测外周血25种细胞因子和9种趋化因子水平。结果　59例COVID-19患者中,无症状感染组28例（47.5%）、轻型组6例（10.2%）、普通型组19例（32.2%）,重型/危重型组6例（10.2%）。无症状感染组中位年龄为23.0（19.3,34.8）岁,显著低于普通型组的35.0（24.0,52.0）岁和重型/危重型组的64.5（52.0,68.3）岁（P均＜0.05）。无症状感染组患者较少患有基础疾病,均无症状、体征和胸部CT变化,其外周血CD3+ T细胞、CD4+ T细胞、CD8+ T细胞计数均显著高于重型/危重型组（P均＜0.05）,同时CD4+ T细胞计数显著高于普通型组（P＜0.05）。14例无症状感染组患者治疗前与治疗后CD3+ T细胞、CD4+ T细胞和CD8+ T细胞计数比较,差异均无统计学意义（P均＞0.05）。14例无症状感染组患者治疗前后CD4+ T细胞计数的变化幅度均显著低于普通型组、重型/危重型组（P均＜0.05）。无症状感染组外周血可检测到11种细胞因子和趋化因子,其中IL-7水平显著高于对照组, IP-10水平均显著低于普通型组、重型/危重型组,差异均具有统计学意义（P均＜0.05）。结论　COVID-19无症状感染者以青年为主,但未发现与性别因素相关。随着COVID-19病情进展,普通型、重型/危重型患者外周血T细胞亚群计数降低,而细胞因子和趋化因子水平升高,但上述指标在无症状感染者中未见显著改变。     

2022年上海市某区定点医院151例新型冠状病毒肺炎病例临床特征分析

目的分析2022年上海市151例本土新型冠状病毒肺炎（简称“新冠肺炎”）患者的临床特征。方法回顾2022年4月13日至5月10日上海市某区级定点医院收治的151例新冠肺炎患者临床资料,分析其临床特征、实验室检查、肺部影像学特征以及治疗转归情况。结果151例患者年龄3~97岁,中位年龄72岁,以社区、家庭聚集性病例为主;临床分型以轻型（95例,62.9%）和普通型（47例,31.1%）为主;重型/危重型患者（9例,6.0%）大多数为高龄、合并多种基础疾病;未接种新冠疫苗比例高达66.9%,重型/危重型患者未接种者比例更高。最常见的首发症状是咳痰（71例,47.0%）、发热（51例,33.8%）和干咳（30例,19.9%）;轻型、普通型患者白细胞、中性粒细胞计数大多为正常或下降,重型/危重型上升显著（P<0.001）;重型/危重型患者D?二聚体、肌酐、肌红蛋白、肌钙蛋白升高以及淋巴细胞下降均较其他类型常见（P<0.05）;重型/危重型和普通型患者使用抗生素、抗病毒药物、胸腺法新和肝素的比例显著高于轻型（P<0.05）。治愈出院患者（138例,91.4%）中,治疗后核酸转阴中位天数为12 d,轻型患者转阴天数显著短于普通型与重型/危重型（P<0.01）;4例（2.6%）死亡病例均>80岁、未接种疫苗、合并多种基础疾病,最终死于原发疾病。结论该区定点医院收治的新冠肺炎患者以聚集性病例为主,未接种新冠疫苗比例高,大多数患者为轻型,但高龄、合并基础疾病多、未接种疫苗均是发展为重型的高危因素。尽早病情评估,制订综合性治疗方案或是改善预后的关键。     

危重型新型冠状病毒肺炎患者的临床特征分析

目的 分析危重型新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)确诊患者的临床特征。方法 选取2020年1-2月于唐山市传染病医院住院确诊的58例新型冠状病毒肺炎患者，按照病情的严重程度，将重型和危重型患者作为病例组（危重组），轻型和普通型组患者作为对照组（轻普组）。对比分析两组人口学特征、既往病史、临床表现、实验室检查指标。结果 58例COVID-19患者，平均年龄47岁，轻普组49例（84.48%），重危组9例（15.51%）。与轻普组患者相比，重危组患者年龄较大，且患高血压、冠心病、糖尿病等基础病史的较多，发热、咳嗽等新冠肺炎典型症状表现较少，而出现头痛、睡眠障碍的比例较高，组间比较差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 危重型COVID-19患者年龄较大，多伴有慢性病，发热、咳嗽等典型症状较少，并出现头痛、睡眠障碍的比例较高。     

北京65例新型冠状病毒肺炎患者临床特征分析

目的　分析新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）确诊病例的流行病学、临床症状及实验室检查指标,为全面总结COVID-19的临床特征与正确评价患者预后提供依据。方法　采用回顾性研究方法,以2020年1月20日—2月29日期间本中心收治的65例COVID-19患者为研究对象,根据临床症状将患者分为轻型组（18例）,普通型组（31例）和重/危重型组（16例）3组,对所有患者流行病学、临床症状及实验室检查指标进行分析。结果　65例COVID-19患者中男37例（57%）,女28例（43%）;年龄3～85岁,平均（46.63±18.63）岁。从出现症状到入院平均时长为（7.00±5.02）d,住院时间为（17.07±10.51）d。3组间及两两分组之间年龄比较差异均具有统计学意义（P均＜0.05）,即年龄越大的患者病情越重。相较于轻型组和普通型组患者,重/危重型组患者合并有更多的基础疾病。COVID-19患者临床症状以发热（75%）、咳嗽（57%）、肌痛或乏力（43%）为主,其余症状还包括咳痰,头痛,胸闷、气短及腹泻等。24例（37%）有武汉暴露史,19例（29%）有家族聚集性接触史。实验室检查结果显示：3组患者WBC和淋巴细胞绝对计数降低;D-二聚体,CRP,IL-6及ESR水平升高。在重/危重型组患者中,8例（50%）出现淋巴细胞绝对计数下降,9例（9/14,64%）出现D-二聚体水平升高。此外,重/危重型组患者中,CRP、IL-6、降钙素原和ESR水平都显著升高。COVID-19患者住院时间与淋巴细胞绝对计数呈负相关。结论　COVID-19患者的临床特点复杂,一般以发热、咳嗽、肌痛或乏力为主要症状。与轻型组和普通型组患者相比,重/危重型组患者淋巴细胞绝对计数减少和炎症相关的指标上升更显著,免疫平衡失调,可能影响患者的疾病进展、恢复和预后。     

云南省新型冠状病毒肺炎临床及流行病学特征

目的 探讨云南省新型冠状病毒肺炎（简称新冠肺炎）确诊病例的临床及流行病学特征。方法 采用回顾性研究对云南省公开发布的新冠肺炎确诊病例的一般流行病学资料及临床检查资料进行分析。结果 确诊病例174例,年龄3~85岁,平均（41.7±18.1）岁,男性89例（51.1%）,女性85例（48.9%）。全省14个地州市均有确诊病例;入院后病情评估轻型占21.3%,普通型占68.8%,重型占9.2%,危重型占0.7%;出院98.9%、死亡1.1%。确诊病例中湖北籍47.4%,云南籍42.9%。51.1%从武汉到云南,11.5%曾到武汉,11.5%密切接触新冠肺炎病例,24.7%为不明确流行病学史。首发和临床症状中,以发热、咳嗽、咳痰、乏力为主要表现。实验室检查95.5%病例白细胞正常或减少,41.3%患者淋巴细胞计数降低,29.2%患者淋巴细胞百分比降低;少部分病例谷草转氨酶（AST）、谷丙转氨酶（ALT）升高;轻/普通型和重/危重型患者首发症状中,发热所占比例差异有统计学意义（48.2%比78.6%,P<0.05）。结论 云南省新冠肺炎大部分病例有明确的流行病学史,人群中普遍易感,且在性别间无差异。临床分型大多患者为普通型,主要表现为发热、咳嗽、咳痰、乏力,预后较好。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎的多层螺旋CT影像学特点及诊断价值

目的:研究新型冠状病毒肺炎(以下简称“新冠肺炎”)的多层螺旋CT影像学特点及诊断价值。方法:选取2020年2-3月武汉火神山医院接收的600例经核酸检测确诊的新冠肺炎患者为研究对象,其中普通型483例、重型98例、危重型19例。对所有患者均行多层螺旋CT检查。比较多层螺旋CT和核酸检测的新冠肺炎检出率,分析多层螺旋CT检查下新冠肺炎患者累及肺叶情况与病灶特点,并根据临床分型及影像学特点重新分型。采用SPSS 18.0软件进行数据分析。结果:新冠肺炎的多层螺旋CT检出率为99.50%(597/600),与核酸检测相当,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。经多层螺旋CT检查,597例患者中普通型480例、重型98例、危重型19例,而且相较于轻型患者,重型与危重型患者的肺部感染面积更大。新冠肺炎患者的病灶特点主要为单纯磨玻璃密度影(61.47%)。结论:对于新冠肺炎患者,可积极应用多层螺旋CT检查,明确患者的肺部感染情况,从而为临床治疗提供可靠的依据。     

株洲地区80例新型冠状病毒肺炎患者临床特征分析

 

目的 分析新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）患者的临床和流行病学特征,以进一步提高对该病的认识。方法 对2020年1月20日-2月27日株洲市80例确诊为COVID-19住院患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,包括流行病学情况、临床特征、治疗及转归情况,比较轻型和普通型组、重型和危重型组患者的临床特点。结果 80例 确诊患者中,湖北疫区来源22例（27.5%）,非湖北疫区来源58例（72.5%）,其中有明确接触传染源者45例（56.3%）,无明确接触史者13例（16.3%）。聚集性疫情共17起,涉及病例55例,湖北输入性聚集疫情4起,病例9例,其中家庭聚集3起;本地聚集性疫情13起,病例46例,家庭聚集10起,社交聚集2起,朋友聚餐1起。80例患者中位年龄为47.5岁;男女比例为1 ∶1;22例患者（27.5%）合并基础疾病,居前3位的基础疾病依次为高血压病、糖尿病、冠心病;轻型病例8例（10.0%）,普通型55例（68.8%）,重型11例（13.8%）,危重型6例（7.5%）。主要临床症状为发热、咳嗽咳痰、乏力、头痛、肌肉酸痛、腹泻。与轻型和普通型组患者相比,重型和危重型组患者年龄更大,糖尿病、高血压病比例更高,发生呼吸困难、呼吸频率>24次/分比例高,差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.05）。白细胞数正常或减低者78例（97.5%）,淋巴细胞计数<1.0×10⁹/L者20例（25.0%）;重型和危重型组患者的淋巴细胞计数、淋巴细胞百分比、血红蛋白、清蛋白均低于轻型和普通型组患者（均P<0.05）,多项血液指标比较差异有统计学意义。9例（11.3%）患者无肺炎表现,15例（18.8%）患者肺部单侧受累,56例（70.0%）患者肺部双侧受累,17例（100.0%）重型、危重型患者均为双肺受累。结论 新型冠状病毒感染呈家族聚集性发病,年龄大、合并基础疾病在重症和危重症患者中所占比例较高,大多数重型患者淋巴细胞计数显著减少,可作为临床预警指标。

     

新型冠状病毒肺炎患者外周血淋巴细胞亚群与临床分型的回顾性分析

目的 研究新型冠状病毒感染肺炎（COVID - 19）患者外周血淋巴细胞亚群的变化情况,探讨其临床意义,为该类疾病的临床诊断、治疗提供参考。方法 以2020年1月31日 - 3月31日期间武汉大学人民医院东院收治的91例确诊COVID - 19患者作为研究对象,回顾分析其入院后第一次实验室检查的淋巴细胞计数及各类亚群计数,通过方差分析（ANOVA）比较不同疾病严重程度患者之间的差异。结果 随着疾病严重程度的增加,淋巴细胞计数、T淋巴细胞计数（CD3+）、CD4+T淋巴细胞计数、CD8+T淋巴细胞计数均逐渐减低,差异有统计学意义（F = 27.966,P＜0.001;F = 53.574,P＜0.001;F = 42.563,P＜0.001;F = 34.949,P＜0.001）。危重型CD4+/CD8+比值呈异常升高状态,高于普通型、重型,差异有统计学意义（F = 4.849,P = 0.010）。危重型B淋巴细胞计数（CD19+）、NK淋巴细胞计数（CD16+CD56+）均低于其他两组,差异有统计学意义（F = 4.048,P = 0.021;F = 3.667,P = 0.030）,普通型、重症型之间差异无统计学意义。结论 COVID - 19患者的淋巴细胞亚群计数与疾病的严重程度密切相关,有助于对预后的判断。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.