功能性三尖瓣反流研究进展

三尖瓣反流(tricuspid regurgitation,TR)按发生机制分为器质性三尖瓣反流(organic tricuspid regurgitation,OTR)和功能性三尖瓣反流(functional tricuspid regurgitation,FTR)。FTR发生的原因、FTR与左心瓣膜病的关系、外科手术指征、手术方式的选择及手术效果评价都还存在不同的观点。本文就FTR的发病机理、诊断进展、外科手术时机及方案选择的新观念做一综述。     

左心瓣膜置换术后三尖瓣反流的再手术治疗

目的 探讨左心瓣膜置换术后,三尖瓣关闭不全(TR)的因素及手术效果.方法 总结本院2001年6月～2006年12月期间,5例左心瓣膜置换手术术后发生重度TR,行再次三尖瓣成形术(TVP)及三尖瓣置换术(TVR).男2例,女3例,年龄41～60岁,二尖瓣置换术1例,双瓣置换术4例,5例均因第1次手术时伴三尖瓣反流同时行TVP术.术后1～3年发生重度TR,肝大、腹水、右心衰,心功能4级.5例患者左心人工瓣功能良好,其中1例伴二尖瓣瓣周漏.结果 5例均再次手术,1例除三尖瓣环扩大外,瓣叶钙化,萎缩缺如,考虑为风湿性器质性病变,行TVR.3例原Devega成形术缝线割裂瓣环,缝线游离,瓣环扩大,经再次Kay法成形,并对其中1例伴二尖瓣瓣周漏同时修补.以上4例TR得以纠正,术后情况良好.另1例左心瓣膜功能正常,重度TR,行TVR术后肺动脉高压不减,右室进行性扩大,术后3周死于右心功能衰竭.结论 左心瓣膜置换术后远期发生TR可能与以下因素有关:(1)风湿性病变继续发展,侵犯三尖瓣叶;(2)左心瓣膜病变未纠正,瓣膜过小或发生瓣周漏;(3)原TVP失败,特别是Devega成形术,缝线切割瓣环或断裂使环缩失败;(4)左心瓣膜术后,由于肺动脉器质性病变发生持续性肺动脉高压,或心房纤颤等原因,导致右房右室变大致TR发生.对重度TR,出现右心衰竭,内科治疗无效者,应再次行三尖瓣手术,特别是伴左心瓣膜功能障碍的患者应积极处理.首选TVP,如有瓣叶病损应行TVR.     

功能性三尖瓣反流影响因素的分析

左心系统瓣膜病变患者常合并功能性三尖瓣反流(FTR),中度及以上FTR长期存在可引起手术后期心功能恢复不良,甚至心功能进行性恶化、死亡,降低长期生存率。既往研究认为,瓣膜置换术后FTR将不同程度减轻;但观察发现瓣膜置换术后部分患者FTR未能达到术前所期望的疗效,术后远期出现FTR或FTR进行性加重。近年对FTR采取积极的三尖瓣成形术手术,取得良好的临床效果,但仍存在一定的中、远期复发情况。目前影响FTR的残留、逆转或加重的因素较多,尚无定论。     

心脏移植术后的免疫抑制治疗

目的:探讨原位心脏移植术后免疫抑制经验. 方法:2000-01/2003-10施行26例原位心脏移植手术,术后17例采用他克莫司(FK506)、霉酚酸酯(MMF)及泼尼松组成的三联疗法进行免疫抑制治疗,9例采用环孢素-A(CsA)、霉酚酸酯(MMF)及泼尼松三联疗法进行免疫抑制治疗. 结果:死亡3例,存活23例,生活质量良好,其中6例发生了11次急性排异反应,经冲击治疗后逆转. 但同时出现一些药物副作用,如肾功能损害、高血压、高血糖等. 结论 :心脏移植术后采用FK506, MMF及泼尼松新三联或CsA、MMF及泼尼松三联免疫抑制治疗效果良好,但要严密观察药物的毒副作用.     

原位同种心脏移植术后早期急性排斥反应的监测与治疗

我院心外科于１９９４年３为１例１３岁晚期扩张型心肌病女性患者施行了原位同种心脏移植术。术后存活２ｄ。因因第三次心肌急性排斥反应抢救无效死亡。作者强调应采用多种抗排斥反应药物，且需小剂量，对使用抗胸腺细胞球蛋白约物廑慎。尽管拥有众多的非侵入性检查，但没有一种非侵入检查技术能直接有效地诊断心肌排斥反应，心内膜心肌活检是监测心肌排斥反应最直接可靠的手段而不能补取代。     

三尖瓣反流动物模型研究进展

我国三尖瓣反流（tricuspid regurgitation,TR）患者分布广,合并症多。中重度TR患者临床药物疗效不佳,且外科手术风险较高,发展为右心衰后预后差。近年来随着瓣膜器械创新与技术发展,经导管三尖瓣手术有望为外科手术中高风险的TR患者提供新的选择。国内外的经导管三尖瓣手术治疗正处于早期探索和临床验证阶段,涌现出许多模拟临床TR的动物模型,用来进行三尖瓣器械的研发及机制探究。因此,本综述聚焦于如何建立TR动物模型,并比较不同方法的优缺点。     

原位同种心脏移植术后早期急性排斥反应的监测与治疗

我院心外科于１９９４年３月成功地为１例１３岁晚期扩张型心肌病女性患者施行了原位同种心脏移植术。术后存活２８ｄ．因第三次心肌急性排斥反应抢救无效死亡。作者强调应采用多种抗排斥反应药物，且需小剂量，对使用抗胸腺细胞球蛋白药物应谨慎．尽管拥有众多的非侵入性检查，但没有一种非侵入检查技术能直接有效地诊断心肌排斥反应，心内膜心肌活检是监测心肌排斥反应最直接可靠的手段而不能被取代。     

风湿性二尖瓣狭窄患者三尖瓣反流程度的影响因素

目的:探讨风湿性二尖瓣狭窄(MS)患者合并三尖瓣反流(TR)的程度与三尖瓣瓣环径(DT)、右室功能的关系.方法:选择64例MS合并TR患者(轻度37例,中、重度27例)和40例正常人.测量DT,体表面积(ABS),校正值为DT/ABS;应用定量组织速度成像(QTVI)测量右心室游离壁基底段收缩期峰值速度(vs).TR程度用TR面积与右房面积比值表示.结果:与正常人相比,MS患者DT/ABS增大(P＜0.001),vs降低(P＜0.001);TR程度与DT/ABS呈正相关(r=0.685,P＜0.01).中、重度TR患者DT/ABS较轻度TR患者增大((21.60±2.86)mm/m2vs(17.2l±1.82)mm/m2,P＜0.01).以DT/ABS≥21 mm/m2为标准,预测中、重度TR的回顾性预测准确率为93.8%,前瞻性预测准确率为92.7%.结论:MS患者合并TR的程度与三尖瓣瓣环径、右室功能密切相关.DT/ABS≥21 mm/m2可作为超声预测中、重度TR的定量指标.     

两种三尖瓣成形术治疗功能性三尖瓣反流疗效比较

目的对比分析两种三尖瓣成形术治疗功能性三尖瓣反流的临床疗效。方法选取我院2008年4月到2011年4月收治的84例功能性三尖瓣反流患者,根据患者治疗术式的不同分为两组,其中De Vega成形组(42例)行De Vega成形术治疗,三尖瓣成形环成形组(42例)行三尖瓣成形环成形术治疗,对比两组患者手术前后右心房横径、右心室内径以及三尖瓣反流程度。结果两组患者术后右心房横径、右心室内径以及三尖瓣反流程度均有效改善,但三尖瓣成形环成形组患者远期改善情况优于De Vega成形组(P<0.05)。结论 De Vega成形术、三尖瓣成形环成形术均是功能性三尖瓣反流的有效治疗术式,患者治疗后右心房横径、右心室内径以及三尖瓣反流程度均可显著改善,且三尖瓣成形环成形术远期效果更优,值得临床推广。     

肾移植术后早期排斥反应的高危因素分析

目的：探讨肾移植术后早期排斥反应的高危因素，寻找评估移植风险的指标。方法：分析167例次肾移植患的年龄、性别、透析时间、移植史、输血次数、孕次、冷缺血时间、热缺血时间、HLA体液致敏及HLA错配数与术后早期排斥反应的关系。结果：单因素分析与多因素分析均提示致敏及HLA错配与术后早期排斥反应有相关性（单因素分析P＜0．05，多因素分析中Sig分别为0．0001和0．0044）。结论：致敏及HLA错配是肾移植术后早期排斥反应的主要危险因素。     

A modified tricuspid valve annuloplasty technique for functional tricuspid regurgitation

Background Functional tricuspid regurgitation often occurs in patients with concomitant left sided, valve disease. Several types of tricuspid valve annuloplasty have been described, but there is no consensus on the management of functional tricuspid regurgitation. We report a modified annuloplasty technique and compare its efficacy with the conventional Kay technique. Methods A retrospective review was made of 60 patients who received tricuspid valve annuloplasty （group A, modified method; group B, Kay technique） and the early and midterm outcomes of modified method and Kay technique were compared. Results Three patients underwent ring annuloplasty using a semirigid Carpentier-Edwards ring due to failing suture annuloplasty. All patients were completely cured when they left the hospital. The follow-up time was （32＋7） months in group A and （30＋7） months in group B. After three years, tricuspid regurgitation decreased by more than two grades in 13 patients in group A and 11 in group B. The mean postoperative regurgitation grade in group A was lower than group B at 12, 24 and 36 months but not significantly. Three of 28 patients developed recurrent tricuspid regurgitation in group A and five of 26 patients in group B during the follow-up period （three deaths and three ring annuloplasties excluded）. Freedom from recurrent tricuspid regurgitation in group A was higher than that group B at all follow-up points. Postoperative right atrium diameter, right ventricle endodiastolic dimension and tricuspid regurgitation area decreased obviously in both groups. The right ventricle endodiastolic dimension and tricuspid regurgitation area improved more significantly in group A than group B over three years of follow-up, Conclusions The modified annuloplasty technique achieved the same outcomes as the conventional Kay annuloplasty over the first three years postoperation. As this modified technique is simple and less expensive, it is another option for correction of functional tricuspid regurgitation.     

心脏移植术后急性排异反应的监测

目的 总结原位心脏移植术后急性排异反应的监测。方法 2000－01／2002－04施行11例原位心脏移植手术，结合临床表现、心电图、超声心动图、化验检查及心内膜活栓等检查，对心脏移植术后急性排异反应的监测进行分析。结果 采用临床症状＋心电图＋超声心电图＋心肌血清学检测综合判断有6次急性排异反应，行心内膜活检证实Ⅰb级2次，Ⅲa级3次；术后常规行心内膜活检21次，仅发现急性排异反应Ⅰa或Ⅰb级5次。结论 急性排异反应是关系到心脏移植术后患者康复及愈后的重要因素，因此要及时、有效地进行监测；心内膜心肌活检是诊断急性排异反应敏感可靠的方法，但为有创性检查，有一定的并发症风险，其他多项无创性检查可作辅助指标，因此急性排异反应监测应把无创性检查与心内膜心肌活检有机地结合起来。     

Delayed diagnosis for tricuspid regurgitation after blunt chest trauma

Tricuspid valve regurgitation is a rare complication of blunt chest trauma.Approximately 150 cases have been reported since first being described by Todd et al in 1848.1 During the past few decades traumatic tricuspid regurgitation has been reported with increasing frequency,which may in part be attributed to more patients surviving blunt chest trauma as well as improved diagnostic imaging studies,such as echocardiography.The incidence of traumatic tricuspid regurgitation is likely underestimated since chronic,isolated tricuspid insufficiency may be well tolerated in some patients who experience few or no symptoms after the traumatic event.2 Furthermore,some patients may not recall antecedent chest trauma unless specifically questioned.Most cases of traumatic tricuspid regurgitation are secondary to blunt chest trauma.1     

肺动脉高压合并三尖瓣中重度反流的外科术式对比

目的 探讨三尖瓣Edwards MC3成形环成形术与置换术治疗肺动脉高压合并三尖瓣中重度反流的中远期效果.方法 选取患者41例,分为成形环组和置换组,分别行Edwards MC3成形环成形术和St.JudeMedical第3代生物瓣膜置换术,采用彩色多普勒超声随访12～36个月.结果 成形环组与置换组相比有较高的三尖瓣反流复发率,置换组有着更为明显的心功能改善.结论 对于肺动脉高压合并三尖瓣中重度反流的患者,即便三尖瓣瓣下及瓣叶结构正常也应积极行三尖瓣置换术以提高患者中远期手术效果及生存率.     

心脏移植术后非排异期超声心动图表现特点(附1例报告)

目的动态观察原位心脏移植术后1年内不同时间段移植心脏超声心动图表现,研究心脏移植术后非排异期超声心动图表现特点。方法应用Acuson彩色多谱勒超声心动图诊断仪观察房室腔大小、室壁及室间隔厚度、二尖瓣及三尖瓣血流频谱、左室肌质量及肌质量指数,计算不同时间段数值平均值并同术前供体作对照。结果患者在术后1年长期存活,无急性排斥反应发生。超声心动图监测表现为:左室、右室及右房内径显著下降,而左房内径则显著上升;室间隔、左室后壁及右室前壁厚度显著增加;左室肌质量及肌质量指数显著增加;二尖瓣E、A峰及三尖瓣E峰均显著下降,三尖瓣A峰变化不明显。术后4个月出现二尖瓣反流,术后持续存在三尖瓣反流。结论心脏移植术后非排异期的形态、结构及功能具有特殊性,某些特点类似早期急性排斥反应,最终确诊尚需心内膜心肌活检。     

Percutaneous establishment of tricuspid regurgitation: an experimental model for transcatheter tricuspid valve replacement

Background Valve replacement or repair Is recommended in patients with tricuspid regurgitation when deterioration of their clinical status occurs as a consequence of right ventricular dysfunction. Percutaneous valve replacement was developed in recent years. To investigate the feasibility, effectiveness and long-term results of percutaneous tricuspid valve replacement, an experimental model with tricuspid regurgitation is needed. We developed a simple and reproducible percutaneous approach for the creation of tricuspid regurgitation in sheep.Methods A specially designed grasping forceps were used to grasp chordae tendineae or the tricuspid valve leaflets through a catheter. Transcatheter creation of tricuspid regurgitation was performed on 7 healthy sheep. These sheep were followed up shortly after the procedure and at 6th month post-procedure with echocardiography. Additionally, all the sheep were sacrificed for anatomic evaluation at 6th month after the procedure.Results Creation of tricuspid regurgitation was successfully accomplished in all sheep. Necropsy confirmed that damage was done to the tricuspid valve apparatus in all animals （tearing of the anterior leaflet of the tricuspid valve in five animals and posterior leaflet of the tricuspid valve in two animals）. At the six-month follow-up, there was no significant increase in the right ventricle dimension and ejection fraction measured by echocardiography. Autopsy examinations demonstrated the tearing of tricuspid valve leaflets.Conclusions The creation of an animal model of tricuspid regurgitation via a percutaneous approach using forceps to sever one or more tricuspid leaflets is feasible and will allow investigation of devices designed replace the tricuspid valve via a percutaneous approach. Despite significant tricuspid regurgitation, the hemodynamics did not change during the follow-up period in this model.