肾综合征出血热发病机制的研究进展

肾综合征出血热（hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, HFRS）是由汉坦病毒感染引起的以发热、休克、出血和肾脏损害为主要特征的急性自然疫源性疾病。汉坦病毒主要感染人血管内皮细胞,引起小血管和毛细血管广泛损伤。血管通透性增加是HFRS临床表现的病理基础。国内外学者尽管在汉坦病毒致病机制方面开展了诸多研究,如病毒诱导的免疫病理反应、宿主遗传与细胞凋亡、血小板减少与功能障碍、血管内皮损伤等,但HFRS发病机制仍未完全阐明,也无特效治疗药物,深入探讨汉坦病毒致病的分子机制,寻找有效治疗药物仍是汉坦病毒/HFRS领域的研究热点。本文结合近年来国内外相关研究,阐述HFRS发病机制的研究进展。     

汉坦病毒感染的实验室诊断技术

汉坦病毒是引起肾综合征出血热和肺综合征出血热的病原体,近年来不断发现新的血清型和基因型。由于汉坦病毒感染所引起的临床症状严重、病程长、治疗难度大,因此建立快速、准确的实验室诊断方法尤为重要。本文就近年来有关汉坦病毒感染的实验室诊断技术的研究进展加以综述。     

汉坦病毒感染的实验室诊断技术

汉坦病毒是引起肾综合征出血热和肺综合征出血热的病原体，近年来不断发现新的血清型和基因型。由于汉坦病毒感染引起的临床症状严重、病程长、治疗难度大，因此建立快速、准确的实验室诊断方法尤为重要。本文就近年来有关汉坦病毒感染的实验室诊断技术的研究进展加以综述。     

吉林省出血热宿主动物汉坦病毒型别分析

人类感染汉坦病毒能够导致两种严重的疾病：肾综合征出血热（出血热）和汉坦病毒肺综合征（迄今仅美洲发现）,汉坦病毒的主要宿主是啮齿类动物。吉林省为了科学防控出血热疫情,掌握汉坦病毒的型别分臣情况,在国家相关业务部门的大力支持下,开展了出血热宿主动物汉坦病毒（HV）的型别研究工作。本文主要针对该省HV的型别进行分析,对出血热科学防控起到积极推动作用。     

汉坦病毒感染生态流行病学研究现状

汉坦病毒由啮齿动物携带遍及世界各地,在人群中主要导致肾综合征出血热和肺综合征出血热两种疾病,对公共卫生安全持续构成重大威胁。目前随着新发病例的出现以及新宿主、病毒新亚种的不断发现,汉坦病毒更加受到人们的关注,本文主要介绍了汉坦病毒、储存宿主、人群感染与环境生态之间关系等方面的研究现状,为研究疾病传播机理和疾病防控提供依据。     

流行性出血热疫苗接种问答

1 .什么是流行性出血热 ?流行性出血热 (又称肾综合征出血热 ) ,是由布尼亚病毒科汉坦病毒属中主要两型病毒引起的一种自然疫源性疾病。2 .流行性出血热的临床病症是什么 ?感染了汉坦病毒后 ,病人初期症状为发热 ,体温急剧上升 ,出现“三痛”(头痛、腰痛、眼眶痛 ) ,“三红”(面红、颈红、上胸红 )等症状 ,出现病毒血症 ,在身体某些部位出现出血点 ,发生毛细血管出血 ,病毒侵入肾脏引起肾功能衰竭而死亡。发病初期症状与感冒相似 ,临床上很容易误诊而延误治疗 ,由于没有特效药 ,极易导致死亡。3.流行性出血热的危害是什么 ?流行性出血热由于…     

深圳地区流行性出血热疫点鼠类汉坦病毒血清学调查研究

目的了解深圳地区肾综合征出血热疫点鼠形动物汉坦病毒的带毒情况和抗体水平,为本市肾综合征出血热的预防和控制提供科学依据。方法用酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)法检测鼠血清汉坦病毒Ig M抗体和Ig G抗体,并用汉坦病毒定量试剂盒测定汉坦病毒总抗体浓度。结果深圳地区肾综合征出血热疫点的鼠种主要为褐家鼠(占50.82%)和臭鼩鼱(占47.51%)。鼠类汉坦病毒Ig M抗体和Ig G抗体阳性率分别为10.5%和16.6%。鼠形动物血清汉坦病毒总抗体浓度为(54.98±9.87)pg/ml。结论深圳地区褐家鼠具有较高的汉坦病毒感染率和抗体水平,同时臭鼩鼱在疫点鼠中的比例较大,并可携带汉坦病毒。应加强肾综合征出血热疫点的灭鼠和后续监测工作。     

泗洪县2006年～2010年肾综合征出血热疫情分析

肾综合征出血热(HFRS)又称流行性出血热,是由汉坦病毒感染引起的一种自然疫源性疾病,鼠类为其自然宿主和主要传染源。为摸清近年来该病流行特点,进一步做好防治工作,对泗洪县2006年～2010     

肾综合征出血热T细胞的免疫应答

肾综合征出血热是由汉坦病毒(HV)引起的、以鼠类为主要传染源的自然疫源性疾病.HV感染后机体存在着错综复杂的免疫应答,其中细胞免疫应答是主要的应答方式之一.因此,研究T细胞免疫应答对肾综合征出血热的预防、诊断、治疗以及发病机制的了解具有重要意义.此文就HV感染后T细胞应答和CTL表位预测的研究进展进行了综述.     

延边朝鲜族自治州肾综合征出血热病例血清中汉坦病毒核酸检测与分析

目的对2013年延边朝鲜族自治州(简称延边州)肾综合征出血热病例血清进行病毒核酸检测,了解病例感染汉坦病毒的基因型别,为当地肾综合征出血热防控提供科学依据。方法采用胶体金法检测肾综合征出血热临床诊断病例血清标本的Ig M抗体,从而确定肾综合征出血热实验室确诊病例,而后采用荧光定量PCR法对血清标本汉坦病毒核酸进行检测。结果 33例肾综合征出血热临床诊断病例中,有3例标本检测出汉滩病毒核酸,另有2例标本检测出汉城病毒核酸。结论延边州肾综合征出血热病例以汉滩和汉城型汉坦病毒感染为主,该地区适宜使用肾综合征出血热双价疫苗对暴露人群进行免疫接种。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.