14例新型冠状病毒肺炎病例流行病学和临床特征

 

目的 了解新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）确诊病例、排除病例的流行病学特征及临床特征,为临床诊疗提供建议。方法 将某院留观的COVID-19疑似患者,新型冠状病毒（2019-nCoV）核酸检测阳性的患者列为确诊病例组（确诊组）,2019-nCov核酸检测至少二次阴性,经上海市静安区专家组会诊后予以排除的患者列为排除病例组（排除组）,比较两组患者在流行病学、 临床表现、实验室检查以及影像学资料方面的差异。结果 确诊组14例 患者中,男女性别比1.33∶1,年龄中位数为 51.5（38.3,63.0）岁,有明确流行病学史的10例（71.43%）;排除组 84例患者中,男女性别比0.95∶1,年龄中位数37（29.0,59.75）岁,有明确流行病学史的14例（16.67%）;两组在年龄分布、流行病学史上差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.05）,在性别、居住地分布以及临床表现上差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）。确诊组白细胞正常或降低的患者数占比高于排除组（92.86% VS 72.62%）,差异有统计学意义（P<0.001）,淋巴细胞百分比减少的患者数占比低于排除组（P=0.001）。两组胸部CT结果比较,确诊组患者磨玻璃样渗出影、斑片渗出影等改变所占的比例高于排除组患者,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;确诊组患者由散在或多发肺炎进展为 磨玻璃样肺炎的中位时间为3（2,5）d。结论 患者年龄、明确的流行病学史、白细胞计数、淋巴 细胞百分比,肺部磨玻璃样等CT表现是 COVID-19的特征因素,临床医生在诊疗时应加以甄别,进一步提高 COVID-19诊断的准确性。

     

不发热COVID-19患者临床特征及胸部薄层CT筛查价值评估

 目的 分析20例不发热新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）患者临床及胸部薄层CT影像特征。方法 回顾性分析某院20例临床确诊为COVID-19不发热患者首次入院临床特征，主要包括呼吸道、消化道等症状及白细胞计数、淋巴细胞计数、C反应蛋白等试验室指标，同时对胸部薄层CT扫描资料进行分析。结果 临床症状分为完全无症状、不发热有呼吸道或消化道症状，后者症状均轻微，主要症状为干咳，实验室以白细胞计数及淋巴结细胞计数减少多见。不发热COVID-19患者胸部薄层CT以早期、恢复期影像表现为主，少数表现为进展期：（1）早期呈单肺段或多肺段斑片状、结节状、不规则形磨玻璃密度影（GGO），以肺外周或胸膜下分布为主，常见血管增粗穿行，部分出现长短不一细线状高密度影；（2）进展期病灶融合成不规则片状，可累及多个肺段、肺叶，可见小叶间隔增厚或呈"铺路石"征，部分可见局灶性实变影；（3）恢复期病灶范围缩小、变淡，通常吸收较完全，少见纤维残留灶。结论 不发热COVID-19患者临床特征隐匿，但胸部影像表现具有特征性，胸部薄层CT对COVID-19的早期诊断和评估有重要价值。     

多次核酸阴性后确诊COVID-19病例临床特征

目的分析新型冠状病毒鼻咽拭子核酸检测多次阴性后确诊为新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)患者临床特征。方法筛选2020年2月5日-2月25日武汉大学人民医院隔离病房住院患者,选取73例多次新型冠状病毒鼻咽拭子核酸检测阴性,疑似或者临床诊断为COVID-19的患者作为研究对象,将其分为三组(排除COVID-19组、核酸阴性组和核酸阳性组),收集其临床资料,分析临床症状、实验室检查、新型冠状病毒核酸检测、胸部CT影像学。结果与排除COVID-19组比较,核酸阴性组发病到住院时间较长(P=0.002),淋巴细胞计数较低(P=0.047),更容易出现乏力(P0.05)。与核酸阳性组比较,核酸阴性组重型及危重型患者较多(P=0.012),更容易出现乏力(P0.05)。白细胞总数排除COVID-19组较核酸阴性组、核酸阳性组明显升高(P0.05)。4例患者痰液核酸检测阳性,1例患者同时出现粪便及痰液核酸检测阳性。临床诊断为COVID-19患者新型冠状病毒抗体检测呈阳性,排除COVID-19患者新型冠状病毒抗体检测呈阴性。临床诊断为COVID-19的58例患者影像学均呈典型COVID-19影像学改变。结论 COVID-19诊断一定要结合流行病学资料、临床特点、实验室和影像学检查及病程发展、治疗反应等综合评估。     

某大型综合医院发热门诊1 770例发热患者临床资料分析

 

目的 分析发热门诊患者新型冠状病毒感染的流行病学临床特征,及时了解发热门诊患者的发热原因及临床表现,为疾病的预防与治疗提供依据。方法 对某大型综合医院2020年1月17日-2月2日发热门诊就诊患者的病历资料进行分析,包括一般资料、流行病学史、新型冠状病毒核酸检测及其他实验室检查结果。结果 共有1 770例患者,男性888例,女性882例,其中21~40岁患者占61.24%。实验室检查结果显示：15例新型冠状病毒核酸检测阳性的患者,主要以白细胞计数正常或减少,淋巴细胞计数减少为主,分别占100.00%、40.00%。857份胸部CT普通扫描检查报告中,阳性822份,阳性率为95.92%。结论 发热门诊的设立有利于对发热患者进行快速、有效的筛检,就诊患者中以病毒感染最为常见,以中青年为主,新型冠状病毒核酸检测阳性的患者行胸部CT检查阳性率较高。

     

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情形势下的急诊应对策略

目的分析中山大学附属第三医院粤东医院发热门诊接诊病例和确诊住院的新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)患者临床特征,为COVID-19早发现、早诊断提供临床依据,探索当前疫情形势下的急诊应对策略。 方法回顾性分析中山大学附属第三医院粤东医院2020年1月25日至2020年2月6日发热预检分诊处分诊的537例临床资料和分诊结果;同时对收住院的7例已确诊的COVID-19患者,就其流行病学资料,入院时临床资料、影像学检查、实验室检查,以及新型冠状病毒(2019-nCoV)核酸检测阳性结果(咽拭子＋大便)进行回顾性分析。 结果发热预检分诊处共分诊537例,其中分诊至普通发热门诊469例(占87.3%),均行胸部CT检查,影像学表现为肺部炎症37例(占7.8%),全部病例经咽拭子和大便2019-nCoV核酸检测为阴性;分诊至特殊发热门诊68例(占12.7%),其中负压救护车接回41例,确诊6例;自行来院就诊27例,确诊1例,确诊患者占特殊发热门诊患者10.3%。确诊患者均与武汉疫源区有关(包括武汉疫源区居住史或与疫源区人员密切接触史),临床表现主要为发热和(或)呼吸道症状(咽痛,咳嗽、咳痰,胸闷,声嘶,鼻塞、咽干,乏力等),入院时病程1～8 d,平均3.7 d;全部患者胸部CT扫描均表现肺部炎症,其中双肺肺炎占71.42%;仅1例患者外周血白细胞计数、淋巴细胞比例、淋巴细胞绝对值和C反应蛋白异常;7例COVID-19患者咽拭子2019-nCoV核酸检测均为阳性,4例同时伴大便2019-nCoV酸检测阳性,大便核酸检测阳性时间均晚于咽拭子核酸检测阳性1～7 d,平均3.25 d。 结论根据流行病学史进行急诊快速预检分诊,在抗击COVID-19疫情中体现出接诊效率高,可最大程度减少误诊和预防院内交叉感染,值得推广应用。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎患者治愈后再入院病情分析探讨

目的分析探讨新型冠状病毒肺炎(Corona virus disease 2019,COVID-19)治愈后再入院患者核酸复检阳性可能的原因,为COVID-19患者的诊断、治疗和治愈出院患者的管理、防护提供依据。方法收集湖北医药学院附属东风医院2020年2月18-20日收治的5例COVID-19复查核酸阳性再次入院的患者病例,回顾性分析其临床资料、影像学特征和核酸检测结果等。结果 5例COVID-19再入院患者中,年龄最大60岁,最小19岁;4例患者有基础疾病;5例均有流行病学史,首发症状主要为发热和腹泻;入院诊断中4例为COVID-19普通型,1例为重型;确诊依据中4例核酸检测阳性确诊,1例临床诊断确诊;胸部影像学检查均表现为磨玻璃影,首次入院给予抗病毒药物和对症治疗后均好转;首次住院时间为(13.60±3.93)d,从首次出院到再次入院时间为(7.40±1.36)d。结论治愈后再入院患者核酸复检阳性的原因可能与多种因素有关,应警惕复阳患者成为慢性病毒携带者;应从标本的采集运送、检测试剂的比对、药物治疗疗程、病毒本身原因、机体免疫力等方面入手,尽量避免复阳情况的发生。     

基于健康大数据平台的鄞州区新型冠状病毒肺炎监测病例流行病学特征分析

目的 分析鄞州区基于健康大数据平台的新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）监测病例流行特征,为COVID-19监测网络体系建设提供依据。方法 收集鄞州区新型冠状病毒肺炎监测与预警信息系统每日COVID-19监测病例数据,分析COVID-19监测病例人群构成、流行病学史比例、核酸检测率、核酸阳性检出率和确诊病例监测发现率。结果 2020年1月1日至3月30日共报告COVID-19监测病例1 595例,其中社区人群和重点人群分别占79.94%和20.06%。监测病例现场调查核实率100.00%,有武汉市或湖北省接触流行病学史占6.27%,社区和重点人群中有流行病学史者占比分别为2.12%和22.81%（P<0.001）。COVID-19核酸总检测率18.24%（291/1 595）,有、无流行病学史者核酸检测率分别为53.00%和15.92%（P<0.001）,COVID-19核酸阳性检出率1.72%（5/291）。监测确诊病例发现率0.31%（5/1 595）,监测确诊病例和其他确诊病例初次就诊至初次核酸检测时间间隔差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 基于健康大数据平台的COVID-19监测工作运转良好,但确诊病例监测发现率有待提高。     

咽拭子新型冠状病毒核酸检测的临床价值

 目的 了解某院新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）患者的临床资料及咽拭子检查结果,评价咽拭子新型冠状病毒（SARS-CoV-2）核酸检测的临床价值,为临床诊断COVID-19提供参考。方法 回顾性收集中南大学湘雅医院2020年1月23日—2月18日经SARS-CoV-2核酸检测确诊COVID-19患者病历资料,分析患者临床资料、病毒核酸检测的取样次数、取样方法、标本类型、检测手段等信息。结果 28例确诊患者平均年龄（43.78±14.46）岁,男女比例为2.5∶1,46.42%的患者有武汉/湖北旅居史,14.29%的患者与确诊COVID-19患者有密切接触史。患者临床表现以发热（78.57%）、咳嗽（53.57%）为主,实验室检查可见白细胞计数正常（71.43%）,淋巴细胞计数下降（53.57%）,肺部CT呈多发磨玻璃影（92.59%）及斑片影（70.37%）。28例确诊病例中,发病至确诊的中位时间为5.5 d。首次采集标本SARS-CoV-2检测阳性者18例（64.29%）,首次可疑阳性1例;首次阴性（包括可疑阳性）,第二次采集阳性者5例（17.86%）;前两次采集阴性,第三次采集阳性者2例（7.14%）;经四次检测阳性者1例（3.57%）;经五次检测后阳性者2例（7.14%）。鼻/口咽拭子采样26例（92.86%）,诱导排痰2例（7.14%）,经鼻咽拭子、咽拭子、痰标本RT-PCR确诊27例（96.43%）,痰标本NGS测序确诊1例（3.57%）。结论 COVID-19临床常表现有发热及干咳,但无特异性,仍需依赖SARS-CoV-2核酸检测才能确诊。咽拭子作为发热门诊首选的SARS-CoV-2核酸采集方式具有简便易行的优势,但检测结果呈阴性并不能排除SARS-CoV-2感染。     

安徽某医院发热门诊患者流行病学特点及临床特征

  目的  分析新型冠状病毒肺炎（coronavirus disease 2019,COVID-19）疫情期间发热门诊患者的流行病学特征,为疾病的防治提供科学依据。  方法  选择2020年1月20日-2月18日在安徽医科大学第四附属医院发热门诊就诊的患者作为调查对象,调查内容包括一般人口学特征、主要临床症状和体征及实验室检查等,并对COVID-19疑似患者进行流行病学史调查。  结果  调查期间共有880例就诊患者,其中42例COVID-19疑似患者。就诊患者中以中青年为主,男女之比为1.61:1。COVID-19疑似患者与普通患者间年龄的差异有统计学意义（t=4.546,P < 0.001）;COVID-19疑似患者与普通患者多数在1~7 d内就诊,临床症状均以低热为主。有32例（76.2%）COVID-19疑似患者出现了淋巴细胞计数降低,39例（92.9%）COVID-19疑似患者出现了C反应蛋白升高。  结论  根据就诊患者的临床特征、实验室检查等结果做出综合预判,对COVID-19疑似患者进行严格的医疗隔离和观察,有助于疾病的控制和预防。     

新冠肺炎疫情下急诊科的保障与防护措施

目的：分析及比较新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）的流行病学及临床特征,为制定急诊科疫情分级诊疗策略和应对措施提供科学依据。方法：通过参考相关文献,针对新冠病毒肺炎疫情下南通大学附属第二医院急诊科分级分诊进行相关探讨。结果：（1）发热、乏力和咳嗽是冠状病毒所致疾病的共同症状,COVID-19在早期症状可不典型;（2）动态观察白细胞计数、中性粒细胞计数、中性粒细胞计数/淋巴细胞计数（N/L）、C反应蛋白（CRP）/平均血小板体积、CRP和血沉,N/L比值是重症患者的独立危险因素;（3）关注胸膜下磨玻璃影的影像学征象,警惕早期肺肿瘤可能;（4）COVID-19核酸检测可与影像学结果不一致,做好实验室质控;（5）急诊预检分诊不应过分关注发热症状,有效的分级分层防控管理,尽快减少人员聚集。结论：急诊科的疫情防护不容懈怠,早期识别非发热新型冠状病毒肺炎患者,降低漏诊及误诊病例。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine in relation to surface temperatures

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine was assessed in relation to thermal conditions prevailing on the surface. For each day of a 1-year prospective case series of heat exhaustion, surface 24-h mean wet and dry bulb temperatures were recorded. From this data, 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperatures were derived using certain assumptions. The three surface temperature variables were significantly higher on those days on which heat exhaustion occurred, compared to those days on which it did not occur (P < 0.001). The relative risk of heat exhaustion on days when the 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperature was in the range 26.0-28.0 degrees C was 4.82 (95% confidence interval 2.12-10.96). Surface temperature data could be used at this mine to warn miners about the risk of heat exhaustion.