小儿先天性心脏病直视手术后心律失常的影响因素及处理

目的　探讨先天性心脏病直视手术后心律失常的影响因素及预防、处理措施。方法　对 2 87例心脏直视手术患儿术后心律失常的发生因素进行分析。结果　 6 7例患儿术后出现心律失常 79例次 ,发生率为 2 3.3%。包括各类早搏、室上性心动过速、心房颤动、 度或 度房室传导阻滞。复杂心血管畸形术后心律失常发生率较高。低年龄、心功能差、体外循环和阻断主动脉时间长、术后低血钾和低心排出量是术后心律失常的影响因素 ,P<0 .0 1。结论　心脏直视手术后心律失常的发生与手术复杂程度、患者年龄、心功能、术中体外循环和阻断主动脉时间、术后低血钾和低心排出量有密切关系。术前设法改善心功能 ,术中尽量缩短体外循环和阻断主动脉时间 ,术后及时纠正低血钾和低心排出量 ,是预防术后心律失常发生的重要措施。     

介入治疗膜周部室间隔缺损后早期的心律失常

目的探讨介入治疗膜周部室间隔缺损后早期心律失常的特点。方法回顾性分析膜周部室间隔缺损273例心电图资料，了解介入封堵术后早期发生的各种类型心律失常。分析封堵器类型、缺损大小及有无膜部瘤对心律失常发生的影响。结果心律失常发生率33．0％（90／273），其中传导阻滞占68．9％（62／90）。国产和进口封堵器组的心律失常差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；室间隔缺损小于5mm组和不小于5mm组的心律失常发生率分别为25．8％、49．4％（P〈0．05）。结论膜周部室间隔缺损介入治疗后早期心律失常发生率较高，以传导阻滞为主。室间隔缺损大小和有无膜部瘤是影响术后早期心律失常的重要因素。     

介入治疗膜周部室间隔缺损后早期的心律失常

目的探讨介入治疗膜周部室间隔缺损后早期心律失常的特点。方法回顾性分析膜周部室间隔缺损273例心电图资料，了解介入封堵术后早期发生的各种类型心律失常。分析封堵器类型、缺损大小及有无膜部瘤对心律失常发生的影响。结果心律失常发生率33．0％（90／273），其中传导阻滞占68．9％（62／90）。国产和进口封堵器组的心律失常差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；室间隔缺损小于5mm组和不小于5mm组的心律失常发生率分别为25．8％、49．4％（P〈0．05）。结论膜周部室间隔缺损介入治疗后早期心律失常发生率较高，以传导阻滞为主。室间隔缺损大小和有无膜部瘤是影响术后早期心律失常的重要因素。     

体外循环心脏直视术后心律失常的临床分析及治疗

分析 8 2例体外循环心脏直视术后心律失常的发生情况。 16例术后发生了心律失常 ,其中以完全性心内膜垫缺损术后心律失常发生率最高 ,为 60 .0 %,其次为法乐氏四联症、左房粘液瘤、风湿性心脏瓣膜病、室间隔缺损 ,最低为房间隔缺损 (5 .6%)。心律失常的发生与主动脉阻断时间、术前心功能差似乎成正向联系。风湿性心脏瓣膜病以房性心律失常为主。 16例经针对促发因素及对症处理后 ,均恢复正常心律     

经导管封堵小儿室间隔缺损围术期心律失常的处理

目的探讨经导管室间隔缺损封堵术围术期出现的心律失常的处理方法.方法对182例先天性室间隔缺损的患儿进行室间隔缺损封堵术,经心电监测、常规心电图检查和24 h动态心电图检查,对围术期出现心律失常的31例患儿根据病情进行不同的处理.结果本组患儿无死亡,3例术后出现三度房室传导阻滞的患儿安装了临时起搏器,2例恢复窦性心律,1例转外科手术,外科术后恢复窦性心律.1例术中出现三度房室传导阻滞的患儿转心外科手术.左束支传导阻滞及二度房室传导阻滞的病例均行内科治疗并恢复,其他非严重心律失常病例给予内科对症治疗.结论经导管封堵室间隔缺损围术期心律失常的发生率相对较高,围术期的心电监测十分重要,术后要进行密切的随访观察.     

老年心脏瓣膜手术早期死亡原因及相关因素分析

目的探讨≥60岁老年瓣膜疾病患者临床特点及手术早期死亡危险因素。方法回顾性总结1999年8月至2010年6月95例≥60岁瓣膜疾病并行瓣膜手术患者的临床资料,统计分析住院病死率,死亡原因及影响手术早期死亡危险因素。结果术后早期病死率为11．6％（11／95）。死亡原因有：低心排血量综合征,多器官功能衰竭、呼吸功能衰竭、脑血管意外。术后并发症发生率为37．9％;年龄〉65岁、体外循环时间〉3h、主动脉阻断时间〉2h,术后出现并发痖、呼吸机辅助时间〉48h,输血量〉2000ml是老年瓣膜手术后早期死亡潜在危险因素（P〈0．05）。多元回归分析显示：年龄〉65岁、体外循环时间〉3h是老年瓣膜手术后早期死亡的独立预测因素。结论老年瓣膜疾病总体手术病死率可接受,根据老年瓣膜疾病患者临床特点进行术前评估,缩短手术时间,加强围手术期处理,减少并发症,可降低病死率。     

室间隔缺损介入术后心律失常危险因素的研究现状

室间隔缺损是常见的先天性心脏病,传统外科手术是治疗室间隔缺损的金标准。随着介入技术的发展,室间隔缺损介入封堵术逐渐成为室间隔缺损的替代外科治疗方法。然而室间隔缺损介入术后并发症发生率较高,影响病人的预后,心律失常是室间隔缺损介入术后的常见并发症之一。通过收集整理国内外相关文献,从病人的一般情况、心脏的结构、封堵器的特点及术者的操作等方面综述介入术后发生心律失常的危险因素,分析其中可能存在的机制,为今后的临床工作提供参考。     

室间隔缺损介入治疗术后传导阻滞的防治

目的探讨经导管室间隔缺损封堵术后传导阻滞发生的时间、类型、相关因素及其防治方法。方法对53例先天性室间隔缺损的患儿进行室间隔缺损封堵术,经心电监测、常规心电图检查及术后3～12个月的随防,对术后出现传导阻滞的特点进行分析。结果术中及术后当日束支阻滞发生率为26.4%(14/53),2～7d内的发生率为13.2%(7/53),双束支阻滞的发生率为3.8%(2/53),Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞(AVB)的发生率为1.89%(1/53)。膜部有膨出瘤者束支阻滞的发生率相对较低(25.0%vs61.9%)。结论经导管封堵室间隔缺损传导阻滞发生率较高,术后心电监测十分重要,有必要进行密切的随访观察。     

完全性房室间隔缺损修补术后随访分析

目的 探讨完全性房室间隔缺损修补术的疗效.方法 对2003年1月至2006年6月行完全性房室间隔缺损修补术患儿进行随访分析.通过超声心动图心尖四腔切面评估术前,术后第2天、1个月、6个月及1年的房室瓣反流程度.大于6个月患儿术前行心导管检查了解肺动脉压力及肺小动脉阻力(PAR).记录术后监护时间、呼吸机使用时间及肺动脉高压危象发生情况.结果 105例完全性房室间隔缺损患儿术后监护(4.7±2.4)d,呼吸机使用(1.7±1.0)d,出现肺动脉高压危象9例(8.5%).PAR>8 Wood单位患儿与PAR≤8 Wood单位患儿比较,年龄较大,术后监护时间、呼吸机维持时间较长,肺动脉高压危象发生率较高(均P<0.05).院内死亡4例(3.8%),其中3例的共同瓣严重发育不良.与术前比较,术后左侧及右侧房室瓣反流均明显减轻(P<0.05).81例(77.1%)患儿术后瓣膜反流程度稳定,14例(13.3%)患儿术后反流程度逐渐加重,10例(9.6%)患儿术后反流程度逐渐减轻.结论 完全性房室间隔缺损早期修补术安全、有效.术前PAR>8 Wood单位患儿术后易出现肺动脉高压危象.     

小儿室间隔缺损合并重度肺动脉高压的麻醉管理

目的探讨室间隔缺损合并重度肺动脉高压患儿的麻醉管理。方法回顾室间隔缺损合并重度肺动脉高压75例、年龄4个月～3岁，美国麻醉医师协会分级Ⅲ级。采用静脉和吸入复合全麻及浅低温体外循环下行室间隔缺损修补术，复温后常规给予多巴酚丁胺、硝普钠及米力农，停体外循环后适当过度通气维持稍低的动脉血二氧化碳分压。结果开放升主动脉后心脏均自动复搏，顺利停体外循环辅助，术中血流动力学稳定，术前超声提示5例有心室水平双向分流的患儿术后2d拔除气管导管，其余患儿均于术后1d拔除气管导管，全组患儿均顺利出院。结论在保证前负荷足够的前提下，体外循环前保持一定的肺循环阻力、体外循环后降低肺循环阻力并合理使用血管活性药物是维持术中血流动力学平稳的关键。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.