后腹腔镜肾上腺手术与开放手术的比较

目的:比较与评价后腹腔镜与开放性手术在治疗肾上腺疾病中的临床价值。方法:回顾分析54例后腹腔镜肾上腺手术和47例开放肾上腺手术的临床资料,统计分析两种术式在手术时间、术中出血量、术后肠功能恢复时间、术后住院时间及并发症发生率等的差异。结果:54例后腹腔镜肾上腺手术,除6例中转开放,余均获成功。两组平均手术时间、平均术中出血量、术后肠功能恢复时间及术后住院天数分别为:(63.5±32.3)min和(125.2±47.6)min;(35.6±21.8)ml和(287.9±179.2)ml;(2.3±1.1)天和(4.1±1.4)天;(5.6±1.8)天和(9.5±2.1)天。1例后腹腔镜手术因膈肌破裂行开放修补。开放组6例胸膜破裂,1例损伤下腔静脉大出血(>1200ml),8例因切口感染或脂肪液化等伤口延迟愈合。结论:后腹腔镜肾上腺手术在手术时间、术中出血量、术后肠功能恢复时间、术后住院时间等均优于开放手术,并发症发生率低于开放手术,因此,后腹腔镜肾上腺手术可作为肾上腺外科手术的首选治疗方法。     

腹腔镜和后腹腔镜肾上腺手术与开放肾上腺手术的疗效比较(附93例报告)

目的　评价腹腔镜和后腹腔镜肾上腺手术与开放肾上腺手术的临床价值。　方法　对 5 0例腹腔镜、后腹腔镜肾上腺手术和 4 3例开放肾上腺手术的临床资料进行比较 ,统计分析三种术式在手术时间、术后住院天数、术中平均出血量、术后并发症发生率等的差别。　结果　经后腹腔镜肾上腺手术 34例全部成功 ;腹腔镜手术 16例除 1例因腹腔广泛粘连改开放手术外 ,余 15例成功 ;4 3例开放手术均获成功。三组手术时间分别为 (6 4 .4± 2 9.2 )min ,(10 4 .3± 33.2 )min和 (12 1.7± 4 0 .2 )min。术后住院天数分别为 (5 .1± 1.6 )d、(5 .3± 1.4 )d和 (9.1± 1.8)d ;术中出血量分别为 (45 .6±36 .3)ml、(6 7.3± 4 2 .6 )ml和 (2 95 .8± 2 80 .8)ml。组间比较差别均有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 0 1)。腹腔镜组和后腹腔镜组术中无并发症 ;开放手术组术中发生胸膜损伤 7例 ,术中大出血 1例 (出血量 >10 0 0ml) ,术后 6例因感染或脂肪液化伤口愈合不佳。　结论　腹腔镜肾上腺手术在手术时间、术中出血量和术后恢复等方面明显优于开放手术 ,其中后腹腔入路虽技术难度较大 ,但手术效果优于经腹入路     

腹腔镜术与开放手术在肾上腺髓质脂肪瘤治疗中的对比研究

目的：比较与评价腹腔镜与开放手术在治疗肾上腺髓质脂肪瘤中的临床价值。方法：回顾性分析47例接受腹腔镜术和开放手术治疗的肾上腺髓质脂肪瘤患者临床资料,统计分析这两种术式在手术时间、术中出血量、术后肠功能恢复时间、术后住院时间及并发症发生率等方面的差异。结果：37例接受腹腔镜术的患者,除1例因肾周脂肪层过厚、分离困难而中转开放手术外．其余均获得成功。10例接受开放手术的患者均获得成功。两组平均手术时间、平均手术出血量、术后肠功能恢复时间及术后住院天数分别为（128．3±49．6）min和（140．5±43．9）min,（53．3±57．1）ml和（145．5±110．5）ml,（2．1±0．7）天和（2．9±0．7）天,（5．6±1．0）天和（10．7±4．9）天。结论：腹腔镜肾上腺髓质脂肪瘤切除术在手术时间、术中出血量、术后肠功能恢复时间、术后住院时间等方面均优于开放手术,并发症发生率也低于开放手术,可作为肾上腺髓质脂肪瘤外科手术的首选治疗方法。     

后腹腔镜手术与开放性肾上腺手术效果的比较

目的：评价后腹腔镜肾上腺手术治疗肾上腺疾病的效果。方法：对行后腹腔镜肾上腺手术患者34例(后腹腔镜组)与同期行开放性肾上腺手术患者17例(开放手术组)的临床效果进行比较。结果：后腹腔镜组除平均手术时间外，估计平均失血量、术后止痛剂用量、术后下床活动时间及术后住院天数均显著优于开放手术组，无一例需要输血和出现严重并发症。术后平均随访9个月。全部病例均达到治疗的目的。无远期手术并发症发生。结论：后腹腔镜肾上腺手术显著优于开放手术。是一种安全有效的方法，特别适合于小的肾上腺良性肿瘤、肾上腺囊肿及肾上腺手术探查。     

后腹腔镜手术与开放肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤手术疗效的比较

目的:评价后腹腔镜手术治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤的临床效果。方法:对后腹腔镜手术治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤患者19例(后腹腔镜手术组)与同期行开放手术治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤患者14例(开放手术组)进行疗效比较。结果:后腹腔镜手术组:19例均成功;肿瘤最大直径1.8~9.5(4.1±1.7)cm;手术时间40~180(90±35)min;出血量15~100(40±25)ml;术后止痛剂应用次数1次;术后下床活动时间2~4(2.1±0.4)天;术后住院时间4~8(6.0±1.5)天。开放手术组:14例均成功;肿瘤最大直径2.1~11.5(3.9±1.5)cm;手术时间95~260(140±41)min;出血量100~700(310±118)ml,6例输血;术后止痛剂应用次数5次;术后下床活动时间4~7(5.1±0.9)天;术后住院时间8~12(9.1±1.2)天。结论:对有较丰富腹腔镜手术经验的术者,后腹腔镜肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤手术显著优于传统开放手术,具有安全、有效、创伤小、疼痛轻、康复快、住院时间短等优点,可作为治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤的首选方法。     

经腹腔途径腹腔镜肾上腺切除术的临床研究

目的 探讨经腹腔途径腹腔镜肾卜腺切除术的临床应用,疗效及安全性.方法 本组68例患者行经腹腔途径腹腔镜肾上腺切除术.记录手术时间、术中估计出血量、术中并发症、术后并发症、留置引流管时间、术后住院时间和术后病理等临床资料,并对结果进行分析.结果 68例手术均由腹腔镜完成,无转开放病例.平均手术时间(157.7±51..5)min,平均术中出血量(68.1±54.2)ml.术后留置引流时间(2.6±1.5)d,术后平均住院时间为(8.7±4.3)d.术后有2例(3.0%)引流管口愈合延迟.4例(6.0%)术区积液,没有经过外科干预恢复.随访期间患者对腹腔镜肾上腺切除术治疗反应良好.结论 经腹腔途径腹腔镜肾卜腺切除术是一种安全可行的治疗肾上腺肿瘤的手术方式.     

经腹腹腔镜和后腹腔镜与开放性肾癌根治手术的疗效比较

目的:评价经腹腹腔镜和后腹腔镜肾切除手术与开放肾根治性切除术的临床价值。方法:回顾分析我院自2011年11月~2014年4月病例资料,对32例经腹腹腔镜肾切除术、115例后腹腔镜肾切除手术和43例开放肾切除手术的临床资料进行比较,统计分析三种术式在手术操作时间、术中平均出血量、输血例数、腹腔引流管留置时间、术后住院时间和术后并发症等方面的差异。结果:经腹腹腔镜肾根治性切除术32例因术中大出血转开放手术2例,其余30全部成功;后腹腔镜手术115例除1例因后腹腔广泛粘连改开放手术外,其余114例成功;43例开放手术均获成功。三组手术时间分别为(153.5±47.4)min、(135.5±34.2)min和(121.8±30.3)min,经腹腹腔镜组和后腹腔镜组手术时间差异无统计学意义,两组手术时间均高于开放手术组(P=0.007,P=0.049)。三组术中出血量分别为(102.7±38.1)ml、(125.1±53.5)ml和(190±79.3)ml,三组比较差异均有统计学意义,经腹腹腔镜组术中出血低于后腹腔镜组(P=0.033),并显著低于开放手术组(P0.001),后腹腔镜组术中出血显著低于开放手术组(P0.001)。输血例数分别为7例、11例和5例,三组比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.13)。腹腔引流管留置时间分别为(6.5±2.9)d、(5.3±2.6)d和(5.7±1.5)d,三组比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.053)。三组术后住院时间分别为(10.5±4.1)d、(10.2±3.8)d和(12.6±3.1)d,经腹腹腔镜组和后腹腔镜组术后住院时间明显低于开放手术组(P=0.017,P0.001)。经腹腹腔镜组术中无并发症,后腹腔镜组术中出现皮下气肿2例;开放手术组术中未发生并发症,术后1例因伤口感染愈合不佳。结论:经腹腹腔镜和后腹腔镜肾切除术在术中出血量和术后恢复等方面明显优于开放手术,开放手术所需时间较经腹腹腔镜和后腹腔镜肾切除术明显缩短,后腹腔入路虽技术难度较大,但手术效果优于经腹入路。     

后腹腔镜手术治疗肾上腺疾病(附25例报告)

目的:探讨后腹腔镜手术治疗肾上腺疾病的手术技巧及优缺点。方法:对25例肾上腺疾病患者行后腹腔镜下肾上腺切除术。结果:24例手术均获成功,1例转开放手术;手术时间40~160(60±17)min;术中出血20~100(30±10)ml;住院时间天3~7(5±2)天。结论:后腹腔镜下肾上腺手术创伤小、出血少、并发症少,术后患者恢复快、住院时间短。     

腹膜后腹腔镜与开放手术治疗肾上腺疾病的对比分析

目的:比较腹膜后腹腔镜与开放手术治疗肾上腺疾病的临床特点,总结应用腹膜后腹腔镜技术治疗肾上腺疾病的临床经验。方法:回顾分析2007年9月至2009年10月治疗46例肾上腺疾病患者的临床资料,其中26例行腹膜后腹腔镜手术,20例行开放性手术,对比两组的手术时间、术中出血量、术后肠功能恢复时间、术后住院时间等指标。结果:46例均顺利完成手术。腹膜后腹腔镜组1例胸膜损伤,用合成夹妥善处理;开放组2例切口感染,经积极治疗后痊愈,余均未发生严重并发症;腹膜后腹腔镜组术中出血量、术后肠功能恢复时间及术后住院时间均优于开放手术。结论:腹膜后腹腔镜技术治疗肾上腺疾病具有患者创伤小、出血少、康复快、术后住院时间短等优点,随着手术技术的不断成熟,手术时间会短于开放组,并可成为治疗肾上腺疾病的理想术式。     

腹腔镜、后腹腔镜与开放肾癌根治术的疗效比较(附92例报告)

目的评价腹腔镜和后腹腔镜肾癌根治术与开放肾癌根治术的临床价值。方法对32例后腹腔镜、18例腹腔镜肾癌根治术和32例开放肾癌根治术的临床资料进行比较,统计分析三种术式在手术时间、术后住院天数、术中出血量、术后并发症发生率等的差别。结果1例腹腔镜手术因肾静脉撕裂改开放手术,余81例均获成功。3组手术时间分别为(100.5±19.2)m in,(90.3±21.4)m in和(127.2±20.5)m in,术中出血量分别为(40±15)m l、(50±15)m l和(200±30)m l,术后住院天数分别为(5.2±1.3)d、(5.6±1.1)d和(9.1±1.8)d。腹腔镜组、后腹腔镜组均优于开放手术组(P<0.001)。腹腔镜组术中1例肾静脉撕裂;后腹腔镜组无并发症;开放手术组术中发生胸膜损伤2例,术后4例因感染或脂肪液化伤口愈合不佳。结论腹腔镜肾癌根治术在手术时间、术中出血量和术后恢复等方面明显优于开放手术,是一种安全、有效的治疗方法。     

Feasibility of laparoscopic adrenalectomy for large adrenal masses

Laparoscopic adrenalectomy (LA) is a preferred method for the removal of small adrenal masses. However, the role of LA for surgical treatment of large adrenal masses is less established. We evaluated the outcomes of LA for large (>/=5 cm) adrenal masses. We retrospectively reviewed 24 consecutive patients who underwent LA for large adrenal masses at a tertiary care university hospital. The average age of the 24 patients was 49 years, and each underwent laparoscopic resection of a large adrenal mass. All LAs were performed via a lateral transperitoneal approach. The average (+/- standard deviation) size of the masses was 6.8 +/- 1.5 cm (range, 5-11). Pathologic diagnoses included adrenal cortical adenoma (10 cases), pheochromocytoma ( 7), cyst/pseudocyst ( 3), myolipoma ( 2), and adrenal cortical hyperplasia ( 2). Statistical analysis was performed with a two-sample t test. The average operating time was 178 +/- 55 minutes (range, 120-300), and average blood loss was 87 +/- 69 mL (range, 20-300); the averages were nonsignificantly greater in the right LA group than in the left LA group (203 vs. 166 minutes, P = 0.89; 124 vs. 77 mL, P = 0.14). The average duration of nothing-by-mouth (NPO) status was 0.7 days (range, 0-4), and the average time until return to a regular diet was 1.74 +/- 0.9 days (range, 1-5). The average length of stay was 2.5 +/- 1.9 days (range, 1-10). One patient had a transient episode of pseudomembranous colitis. There were no conversions to open adrenalectomy and no major morbidities or mortalities. LA is safe and effective for surgical treatment of large adrenal masses. Both right and left large adrenal masses can be approached laparoscopically with equal success. The role of minimally invasive approaches to adrenal malignancies necessitates further investigation.     

Laparoscopic approach reduces likelihood of perioperative complications in patients undergoing adrenalectomy

Laparoscopy has been reported advantageous over the conventional open technique for adrenalectomy. However, most comparative series include the relatively more challenging cases in the open group. The aim of this study is to assess the actual role of laparoscopy in reducing perioperative complications compared to open surgery in patients undergoing adrenalectomy. Between January 1992 and December 2002, we performed 148 adrenalectomies in 138 patients. Depending on the approach, patients were divided into laparoscopic (LA) or open adrenalectomy (OA) groups. Demographics, tumor characteristics, operative data, and outcomes were analyzed. Linear and logistic regressions identified factors influencing perioperative outcomes. Multivariate-adjusted logistic regression assessed independent relationship between factors and perioperative outcomes. A total of 78 cases were performed laparoscopically and 70 open. Patients were matched for age and sex. Tumor size was smaller (3 +/- 2 vs 5 +/- 3 cm), operative time was shorter (133 +/- 65 vs 165 +/- 100 min), estimated blood loss was less (114 +/- 152 vs 350 +/- 417 cc), length of stay was shorter (3 +/- 2 vs 7 +/- 3 days), and overall complication rate was lower (7% vs 20%) in the LA compared to the OA group. The incidence of cancer in tumors > or = 6 cm (31%) was higher than in those < 6 cm (4%). All patients with cancer underwent OA. LA was the only factor independently associated with a decreased likelihood of intraoperative bleeding and postoperative pulmonary complications. Large and malignant adrenal tumors are more frequently removed through an open approach. However, this fact has no influence on the advantages of the LA over the OA. Laparoscopy reduces perioperative adrenalectomy perioperative complication rates. It has a positive impact on intraoperative bleeding and postoperative pulmonary complications.     

Surgical Management of Adrenal Tumours Lessons from a 10 Years Personal Experience

Objective: To review our personal experience of the last 10 years with adrenal surgery in order to define the indications of laparoscopic adrenalectomy (LA) and open adrenalectomy (OA), respectively.

Patients and methods: From November 1993 to June 2003, we performed 105 adrenalectomies on 97 patients (29 males and 68 females). The lesions resected were preoperatively considered non-secreting in 47 cases (45%) and hormonally active in 58 cases (55%). In 78 patients (80%), La was performed and 84 adrenal glands were resected. In 19 patients (20%), OA was considered the best modality of resection and 21 adrenal glands were resected. The average tumour size was 37.2 mm (range 25-90) in LA group and 82.6 mm (30-260) in the OA group. All the LA were performed using a trans-peritoneal approach. Depending on the particularities of the lesions and of the patients, the OA were performed by anterior or lumbar incisions.

Results: There was no mortality. Conversion from LA to open surgery was necessary in two patients. Mean operating time was 110 minutes for LA and 135 minutes for OA. Two (2.6%) patients suffered complications after LA and 4 (19%) after OA.

Conclusions: In our experience, trans-peritoneal LA proved to be a safe and reliable procedure for benign adrenal disease. In our institution, it has become the gold standard technique for the resection of adrenal tumours, except for those suspected or proven malignant.     

The safety and efficacy of laparoscopic adrenalectomy in children

HYPOTHESIS: Laparoscopic adrenalectomy (LA) has become standard therapy for benign adrenal masses in adults. The utility of LA in children with adrenal masses is less well defined because of the infrequency and pathologic variability of pediatric adrenal masses, and body size and instrumentation considerations that exist in small children. Evaluation of a case series of children undergoing lateral, transperitoneal LA will reflect the safety and efficacy of this procedure in pediatric patients and identify preferred patient selection criteria. DESIGN: A combined case series including patients treated between March 1999 and November 2004. SETTING: Urban tertiary referral pediatric teaching hospitals. PATIENTS AND INTERVENTIONS: All children with pathologic adrenal masses undergoing LA were included. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary study outcome measures included operative duration, conversions to open adrenalectomy, complications, length of hospital stay, and freedom from recurrence of the original pathologic adrenal mass. RESULTS: A total of 21 LAs (including a staged, bilateral LA) were performed in 20 patients (13 girls, 7 boys) with a mean age of 6.4 years (range, 14 months to 18 years). Nine patients (43%) had neuroblastic tumors. Operative duration averaged mean +/- SD 101 +/- 48 minutes, and there was a single conversion to open adrenalectomy in a patient with a left adrenal carcinoma and tumor thrombus extending into the renal vein. There were no perioperative complications, and no patients required blood transfusions. The postoperative hospital stay averaged 1.5 days (range, 1-4.5 days). At a mean +/- SD follow-up of 31 +/- 17 months, all patients remained clinically (radiologically and/or biochemically) free of their original adrenal disease. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic adrenalectomy can be used to safely treat suspected benign and selected malignant adrenal masses in children.     

Outcomes analysis in patients undergoing laparoscopic adrenalectomy for hormonally active adrenal tumors

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic adrenalectomy (LA) has become the preferred method of removal of most adrenal neoplasms, but few studies have evaluated the functional outcomes of this approach. The purpose of this study was to analyze our operative results and the clinical and biochemical responses to LA in patients with various hormonally active adrenal tumors. METHODS: From 1993 through November 2000, 72 patients with functional adrenal tumors underwent attempted LA. Data were obtained retrospectively by review of medical records, during routine follow-up, and by patient questionnaire. RESULTS: Indications for adrenalectomy were pheochromocytoma (n = 35), aldosteronoma (n = 29), cortisol-producing adenoma (n = 5), and adrenocorticotropic hormone-dependent Cushing's syndrome (n = 3). LA was completed in 70 of 72 patients, with 2 conversions (3%) to open adrenalectomy. Mean operative time for unilateral LA was 176 +/- 60 minutes, and postoperative length of hospital stay averaged 3.0 +/- 1.7 days. Complications, most of which were minor, occurred in 19% of patients; there were no serious complications or perioperative deaths. Two patients were unavailable for follow-up. At a mean follow-up interval of 37.6 months after LA (range, 2-90 months), resolution of clinical and biochemical signs of adrenal hyperfunction was accomplished in 34 of 34 patients with pheochromocytomas, 25 of 26 patients with aldosteronomas, 5 of 5 patients with cortisol-producing adenomas, and 3 of 3 patients with andrenocorticotropic hormone-dependent Cushing's syndrome. Two patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type 2 had contralateral pheochromocytomas removed 4 and 5 years after the initial surgery. Persistent hypertension necessitating medication was present in 72% of patients with aldosteronomas, although 92% of these patients had improved blood pressure control after LA. Recurrent hypokalemia developed in 1 patient (4%) with a cortical nodule in the contralateral adrenal. No local or distant tumor recurrences have occurred. CONCLUSIONS: LA results in an excellent clinical outcome in patients with various functional endocrine tumors. LA is associated with few major complications, and clinical and biochemical cure rates are comparable with those of open adrenalectomy during long-term follow-up.     

经腹腔途径腹腔镜解剖性肾上腺切除术的临床体会

目的：总结经腹腔途径腹腔镜解剖性肾上腺切除术的手术体会及经验。方法：2008年10月至2013年3月采用经腹腔途径行腹腔镜解剖性肾上腺切除术56例,其中男34例,女22例,平均（45.1±11.2）岁。左侧37例,右侧19例,肿瘤直径平均（3.3±0.61）cm。结果：56例手术均经腹腔途径顺利完成,无中转开放,手术时间平均（67±16）min,估计术中出血平均（38±10.3）ml,术后平均（1.5±0.5）d肛门排气,术后24 h下床活动,术中、术后均未输血,且无严重并发症发生。术后病理证实为肾上腺腺瘤。结论：经腹腔途径行腹腔镜解剖性肾上腺切除术具有手术空间大、解剖标志清晰、手术创伤小、康复快等优点,是肾上腺切除术的安全术式。     

Comparison of laparoscopic versus open surgery for adrenal tumor

We performed 25 laparoscopic adrenalectomies for adrenal tumor between January 1998 and December 2000. In 23 cases, adrenal tumors were successfully removed laparoscopically, but in 2, the laparoscopic procedure was converted to open surgery because of liver injury and endoscopically uncontrolled bleeding at the renal hilum. Postoperative complications, involving retroperitoneal hematoma, hypercapnia, and wound infections, could be managed without surgical treatment. We compared laparoscopic adrenalectomy with conventional open surgery, which had been performed for 24 adrenal tumors in our clinic. The mean operative time for the laparoscopic adrenalectomy (228.8 +/- 65.5 minutes) was significantly longer than those for the open surgery (156.0 +/- 43.8 minutes). The estimated blood loss (82.3 +/- 125.4 g) was significantly less than those for the open surgery (210.8 +/- 167.7 g), and the laparoscopic adrenalectomy had significant advantages in lessening postoperative analgesic requirements, shortening postoperative recovery period, and preserving good physical appearance. Therefore, we conclude that the laparoscopic adrenalectomy is a less invasive surgery, and is acceptable as a standard operation for adrenal tumors.     

Laparoskopische Adrenalektomie in Seitenlage – ein Vergleich mit der konventionellen dorsalen Technik

OBJECTIVES: Minimal invasive techniques are gaining more and more acceptance in adrenal gland surgery. In a matched case control study laparoscopic transabdominal adrenalectomy in the lateral position (LA) was compared to the conventional open dorsal technique (DA) with resection of the 11th or 12th rib. METHODS: Between July 1998 and March 2000, 26 LA in 24 patients (two bilateral) were prospectively documented and compared to 25 DA in 23 matched patients (two bilateral), who had been operated on between January 1995 and June 1998. Indications for adrenalectomy in all patients were benign adrenal lesions < 6 cm. RESULTS: Age, gender, average tumor size (3.5 cm/3.6 cm) and tumor types (Conn adenoma: 10/7; Cushing: 8/7, including 2 bilateral in each group; pheochromocytoma: 3/6, incidentaloma: 2/2; others: 3/3) were distributed in both groups (LA/DA) without statistical differences. However, statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) were present (LA vs DA) comparing intraoperative blood loss (200 vs 360 ml), postoperative narcotic equivalents (1.1 vs 6.2), morbidity (8 vs 30%), and length of hospital stay (5.5 vs 9 days). Average operating time was significantly longer in LA (130 vs 105 min), but decreased during the last LA cases to the DA level. One LA had to be converted to open surgery due to diffuse bleeding. Following LA we observed two minor complications (small retroperitoneal hematoma, nerve irritation below the 12th rib); following DA there were 6 minor (2 dorsal subcutaneous hematomas, 2 nerve irritations, dystelectasis, pleural effusion) and one major complication (wound infection). CONCLUSION: LA represents a safe procedure with all the common advantages of minimal access surgery. Based on our experience and that of others, laparoscopic adrenalectomy has become the gold standard for adrenalectomy in most cases of benign adrenal disease. As adrenal surgery is rare, at present LA should be restricted to centers with a special interest in endocrine and laparoscopic surgery.