心脏临时起搏在老年患者围手术期中的应用及护理

目的总结心脏临时起搏在老年患者围手术期中应用的护理经验。方法回顾分析21例老年围手术期患者应用心脏临时起搏器的护理,包括心理护理、术中配合、术后心率、心律监测及临时起搏器的护理等。结果 21例床边安置临时起搏器均获得成功,手术顺利完成,18例术后3 d内去除起搏电极后自主心率恢复良好,3例出现起搏器依赖, 须安置永久起搏器。结论术前加强心理护理,取得患者配合,术中根据患者年龄特点做好起搏频率及起搏阈的调节,术后加强心率、心律监测及临时起搏器的护理等是确保起搏器有效工作、使手术顺利完成的关键。     

床边临时起搏器植入术病人的护理

[目的]探讨床边临时起搏器的护理.[方法] 49例缓慢型心律失常病人在床边心电监测指引下,经左锁骨下静脉穿刺,应用普通电极导管进行床边临时起搏器植入.[结果] 49例病人临时起搏均获得成功,无感染、血栓形成、心脏穿孔等并发症发生.临时起搏器工作时间为3 d～12 d(6.8 d±4.5 d).[结论]临时起搏器植入前后的正确护理包括:对病人的术前教育,术中的配合,术后的监测、观察,起搏器功能维持的护理等.正确护理是保证临时起搏成功、防止发生并发症的重要因素.     

16例安置临时心脏起搏器的病人行胆道手术的护理

目的:探讨了安置临时心脏起搏器后行胆道手术治疗16例病人的护理.方法:术前认真评估病人的病情,了解心功能情况,做好心理护理和术前准备,术后持续心电监测,加强起搏器管理.密切观察病情,做好切口护理、引流管护理、加强呼吸道管理、及早采用术后镇痛方法等.使病人顺利渡过危险期.结果:本组病人术后1例死亡,15例痊愈出院.结论:围手术期心脏起搏可以预防和治疗术中术后缓慢型或快速型心律失常,做好围手术期各环节的护理工作,能减少并发症,提高手术安全性.     

临时起搏器安置术在严重缓慢型心律失常患者中的应用与护理

探讨因严重缓慢型心律失常行急诊临时起搏器安置术患者的临床观察与护理措施.对我院2007年1月至2009年12月期间收治的40例因严重缓慢型心律失常行急诊临时起搏器安置术的患者进行回顾性分析.40例患者均在紧急状态下成功安置临时心脏起搏器,临时起搏电极留置时间2～14d.术后无感染、血栓形成、心肌穿孔等并发症发生.迅速高效的术前准备,严密细致的术后观察与护理是提高手术成功率,减少并发症的有力保证.     

腹部手术临时心脏起搏器植入患者的围术期护理

总结18例腹部手术临时心脏起搏器植入患者的围术期护理。术前完善各项检查,做好临时心脏起搏器植入和专科疾病手术准备;术后正确安置患者体位,做好临时心脏起搏器起搏功能监测及护理,预防起搏器相关并发症,加强心律失常观察与护理,做好专科疾病手术的护理。15例于手术完成后24h内取出临时心脏起搏器,3例于术后60~96h取出临时心脏起搏器;18例患者腹部手术后7~15d康复出院。     

32例阿斯综合征患者安置床旁临时起搏的配合与护理

目的探讨阿斯综合征患者床旁安装临时起搏器的配合方法和护理措施。方法总结2004年1月至2008年1月对32例阿斯综合征患者安装床旁临时起搏器时的有效配合和安置起搏器后的护理要点。结果除1例电机械分离患者抢救无效死亡外，31例患者均成功安装临时起搏器（其中13例在3-28天内恢复正常自主窦性心律，17例1周后改装永久起搏器，1例行射频消融术），无术后并发症。结论及时有效地配合医生进行床旁临时起搏器安装能及时挽救患者生命，有效的护理能预防术后并发症的发生。     

普通电极经右颈内静脉床旁临时起搏12例

目的探讨使用普通电极经右颈内静脉在床旁快速、安全安置心脏临时起搏器方法。方法对12例患者在体表心电图指导下,经右颈内静脉途径,结合QRS波群在V1及Ⅱ导联主波方向及起搏阈值对临时起搏电极进行定位。结果临时起搏电极一次送入到位,成功率100%,无穿刺失败、血气胸、栓塞、心包填塞、心律失常等并发症。平均手术时间(11.1±3.4)m in;平均起搏阈值(0.9±0.2)V;临时起搏器保留时间(4.0±2.24)d。结论在体表心电图指导下,经右颈内静脉,使用普通电极床旁安置心脏临时起搏器,安全、快捷、有效。     

普通电极导管经股静脉床旁临时起搏的临床应用

目的:探讨紧急床旁应用普通电极导管经股静脉临时起搏的可行性和有效性.方法:选择2003年10月至2005年10月拟择期安置永久起搏器的严重心动过缓患者32例,男18例,女14例,平均(58±19.3)岁.全部患者均在非透视条件下床旁经股静脉置入普通临时起搏电极导管.达稳定起搏器后,摄床旁X线床头片观察起搏电极导管尖端位置.结果:32例患者行临时起搏均取得成功,成功率100%.安置起搏电极导管所花时间2～12 min,平均(8.3±3.8)min.无一例出现深静脉内血栓形成、心肌穿孔、感染或穿刺并发症.结论:在非透视条件下应用普通电极导管行经股静脉临时心脏起搏安全、便捷、成功率高.适合于紧急床旁临时起搏,避免因患者病情危重,搬动造成生命危险,又同时保护了永久起搏器入路及术区.     

床边紧急安置临时心脏起搏器的护理

目的总结床边紧急安置临时起搏器的配合护理及并发症预防.方法对9例接受床边临时起搏器安装的患者采取相应有效的护理措施.结果床边临时起搏器安装均成功.结论充分的术前准备、熟练的术中配合、积极的术后观察处理,对临时起搏器的安置成功以及为抢救患者生命赢得时间起着至关重要的作用.     

婴幼儿心脏术后应用临时起搏器的护理

目的 探讨12例婴幼儿心脏术后临时起搏器使用的护理.方法 婴幼儿心脏术后使用临时起搏器的12例患儿,全部均为术后心脏复跳时心律失常而放置起搏导线进行起搏治疗,应用起搏器时间为2～28 d.我们予以心电图监测、起搏器应用、防止电解质紊乱及皮肤四方面的护理与观察.结果 1例因心力衰竭死亡,其余11例逐渐恢复自主心律,顺利度过危险期.结论 我们通过准确的使用临时起搏器,专业细致的病情观察和护理措施,能确保婴幼儿心脏术后临时起搏器使用患儿的顺利恢复.     

三腔起搏器植入术治疗快速型心律失常的护理

目的：总结三腔起搏器植入术治疗快速型心律失常的护理经验。方法：根据患病情采取不同的护理程序，实施分期健康教育，提高健康教育的有效性及严防起搏器电极脱位等。结果：(1)起搏器电极均在理想的位置，无脱落、移位、断裂、起搏器感知、阈值正常；(2)患心功能明显改善，心律失常消失或明显减轻；(3)切口无感染，愈合良好；(4)患均能掌握起搏器植入术后的自我监测及注意事项。结论：应用护理程序，保持体位正确，严密细致的观察病情，有效的健康教育是手术成功的重要保证。     

针刺抑制插胃管过程中呕吐反应的临床观察

目的 :探讨在插胃管过程中针刺抗呕吐的作用 ,提高插胃管成功率。方法 :选取插胃管患者 ,分别使用针刺和常规 2种方法插胃管 ,以呕吐症状为主要观察指标 ,比较针刺在插胃管过程中抗呕吐反应的疗效。结果 :2种插胃管方法效应不尽相同 ,针刺治疗者即时止呕效应明显 ,达到 97 4 %。结论 :针刺在插胃管过程中可有效抑制呕吐反应 ,提高成功率。     

永久心脏起搏器植入术后并发症的原因分析及护理对策

目的探讨永久心脏起搏器植入术后并发症及其原因,并总结护理对策。方法回顾分析2005年1月至2007年2月54例永久心脏起搏器植入术患者的临床和护理资料。结果术后发生并发症9例(11例次),发生率为20.4%(11/54),其中电极脱位5例次(45.4%),囊袋积血3例次(27.3%),起搏器感知功能障碍2例次(18.2%),起搏器综合征1例次(9.1%);所有并发症经相应处理后,患者均恢复正常。结论永久心脏起搏器植入术后并发症以电极脱位和囊袋积血为多见;熟悉永久起搏器植入术相关理论知识、术后密切观察和护理,对预防及减少术后并发症的发生有重要作用。     

Delayed complications following pacemaker implantation

Acute complications resulting from permanent pacemaker implantation are well known and include perforation of the right atrium or right ventricle. Recently, several reports have described the occurrence of perforation and pericarditis as late complications following pacemaker implantation. These complications may occur days to weeks following uncomplicated pacemaker implantation and may lead to death if they are not recognized early. Five patients with late complications caused by active-fixation leads are reported and the clinical features of their presentation and management are reviewed. Late perforation of the right atrium or right ventricle is an uncommon complication after pacemaker implantation but should be suspected by the general cardiologist in a patient who has a device implanted within a week to several months prior to the development of chest pain.     

Complications Associated with Retained Pacemaker Leads

Retention of functionless pacemaker leads may occur following mechanical or infective problems (potentially or definitely infected) or after electrical failure of the lead. One hundred nineteen patients with a pacemaker lead (or leads) retained between 1970 and 1990 were reviewed retrospectively. Lead retention after an intervention dictated by potential or definite infection of the pacing system resulted in complications in 27 of 53 patients (51%), which in 22 patients (42%) were major (septicemia, superior vena cava syndrome, and further surgery under general anesthesia for recurrent "infective" problems) including three deaths. Complications were less likely if lead retention occurred after electrical failure with three minor and two major (surgery under general anesthesia, superior vena cava syndrome) complications in 66 patients (P less than 0.001). Bacteriology of swabs taken at the time of retention in the patients with potential or definite infection was unhelpful in predicting future complications: 8/18 patients (44%) whose swabs were negative had complications of which 5/18 (28%) were major. In our experience retention of functionless pacemaker leads after an intervention dictated by potential or definite infection of the pacing system, is associated with significant morbidity and mortality and should be avoided.     

A Comparison of VVIR and DDDR Pacing Following Cardiac Transplantation

We compared the clinical course of patients paced in VVIR versus DDDR mode to determine the most appropriate method of pacing following cardiac transplantation. Pacemaker implantation was required in 9 of 90 orthotopic cardiac transplants (10%). Indications included sinus bradycardia or sinus arrest (8 patients) and AV node dysfunction (1 patient). VVIR pacemakers were implanted in four patients and DDDR in five patients. DDDR patients : The mean P wave was 1.7 mV and the mean atrial stimulation threshold was 0.8 V (at 0.5 msec). During follow-up of 20 months, two atrial lead complications developed (29% of leads in 33% of patients). No lead complications were directly related to endomyocardial biopsy. VVIR patients : All four patients developed VA conduction with mean VA time 180 msec (160–240 msec). Two patients developed pacemaker syndrome. Conclusions : VA conduction and pacemaker syndrome may develop in cardiac transplant recipients paced in the VVIR mode. Dual chamber pacing is technically feasible and preferable following cardiac transplantation.     

心脏起搏器安装术后卧床时间的研究

心脏起搏器安装术后最常见的并发症起搏电极移位术后的传统护理方法，是让病人术后绝对卧床３～７天。病人卧床期间，会出现腹胀、便秘、食欲减退等症状。为此对病人卧床时间进行研究，采取固定病人术侧肩肘关节的方法，术后６ｈ取半卧位，２４ｈ后下床活动。早期下床活动３５例无１例发生电极移位，与常规组相比，腹胀、便秘发生率明显减少，切口拆线时间提前１天，术后住院天数缩短３天     

The prevention of playground injuries.

Playground accidents are the most common cause of injury to children in school. As the health professional who attends to these injured children, school nurses should be aware of safety practices that can help eliminate the risks that children encounter. The National Program for Playground Safety has identified four areas that can reduce the level of risk on school playgrounds: supervision, age-appropriate design of the play area, fall surfaces under and around playground equipment, and equipment and surface maintenance. The article discusses each of these, and recommends leadership methods and practices that nurses can implement that will eliminate or reduce risk factors. In addition, a comprehensive playground risk model is described, and suggestions for policy areas are outlined. Policy areas include assessment, education, and enforcement in relation to each of the risk factors.     

Antibiotic prophylaxis with a single dose of cefazolin during pacemaker implantation: incidence of long-term infective complications

OBJECTIVE: Systemic and localized infections related to permanent pacemaker implantation are not common, but are serious and potentially life-threatening complications. The aims of this prospective observational study were: (1) to assess the safety and long-term efficacy of a simplified scheme of antibiotic prophylaxis, and (2) to identify the predictors of long-term infective complications, in patients undergoing pacemaker implantation or replacement. METHODS AND RESULTS: From October 1998 to July 2001, 852 patients (mean age 77.0 +/- 9.2 years; 474 men) who underwent new permanent pacemaker implantation (69.6%) or pulse generator replacement (30.4%) received a mini-bag of 2 g of cefazolin diluted in 50 mL of saline solution, administered intravenously in 20 minutes before the beginning of the procedure. Early (within 2 months of implantation) and late major and minor infective complications were recorded. During the earlier phase, minor complications were observed in 9 patients (1%). During the long-term phase of the surveillance (mean 25.6 +/- 11.0 months, range 12-55 months) major infective complications were observed in 6 patients (0.7%). On multivariate analysis, no clinical or procedural variable predicted the occurrence of long-term infective complications. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate the safety and efficacy of a single, intravenous 2 g dose of cefazolin in preventing infective complications related to pacemaker implantation or replacement. No clinical or procedural variable predicted the occurrence of long-term infective complications.     

心脏起搏器术后患者早期运动康复的最佳证据总结

目的 检索并评价心脏起搏器术后患者早期运动康复的相关证据,对其所获取证据进行总结,为临床实践提供参考。方法 通过护理循证方法确立问题,按照循证检索数据库的“6 S”分类模型,检索与“心脏起搏器术后早期运动康复”相关证据,证据包括临床指南、系统评价、专家共识和证据总结,并由2名完成循证护理培训的研究员对纳入文献独立评价,同时对遴选出符合质量标准的文献进行证据提取。结果 共纳入证据文献6篇,包括临床指南1篇,专家共识4篇、系统评价1篇,并对证据进行汇总,最终总结了16条最佳证据。证据内容包括运动前评估、运动计划、运动开始指征、运动监督、运动方式及强度、出院指导6个主题。结论 心脏起搏器术后患者开展早期运动康复,需要专业康复团队进行全面的综合评估：包括临床综合症状的评估和起搏器功能的评估,同时借助专业的辅助工具,对康复过程进行安全监测,采用渐进方式逐步增加锻炼强度以期降低术后并发症,确保早期运动康复的安全性,从而提升患者舒适度。