复杂性输尿管上段结石微创术式选择与疗效比较

目的探讨复杂性输尿管上段结石微创手术方式的选择及其疗效分析。方法回顾2005年9月至2011年9月选择经尿道输尿管镜钬激光碎石取石术(URL)、微创经皮肾输尿镜碎石取石术(MPCNL)和后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术(RLU)治疗复杂性输尿管上段结石患者85例,同一手术操作者,比较术中并发症发生情况、结石清除率、手术时间、住院时间和费用等方面临床资料。结果全部患者取结石成功,发生中转手术取石:URL组4例、MPCNL组3例;MPCNL组有3例患者需要术中输血;术后发现URL组有6例患者结石残留;而在手术时间、住院时间和费用方面,URL组手术及住院时间短、费用低,MPCNL组手术时间最长,而RLU组费用最高;三种不同术式比较,均有统计学差异。结论 URL发生并发症少、损伤小、费用低,是治疗复杂性输尿管上段结石的首选。     

输尿管镜与后腹腔镜手术治疗输尿管上段结石的疗效比较

目的 探讨后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术(RLU)和输尿管镜碎石取石术(URL)治疗单侧输尿管上段结石的临床疗效.方法 60 例单侧输尿管上段结石患者被随机分成两组,RLU 组予以气管全麻下后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术,URL 组予以腰硬麻下输尿管镜钬激光碎石取石术,分析两组之间的手术时间、结石清除率、术后住院时间、术后镇痛泵使用时间,比较其临床疗效.结果 两组手术均取得成功,RLU 组平均手术时间(41.3±7.9)min,URL 组(49.2±9.8)min,RLU 组一次性清除率100%,URL 组83.3%.后腹腔镜组手术时间、结石一次清除率均优于输尿管镜组,两组术后随访3 个月以上,未见输尿管狭窄等并发症.结论 两种手术方式治疗单侧输尿管上段结石均有明显临床疗效,但后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术具有一次手术结石清除率高、手术时间短等优点,值得推广应用.     

微创经皮肾镜与后腹腔镜治疗输尿管上段嵌顿结石的疗效比较

目的比较微创经皮肾镜钬激光碎石与后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术治疗输尿管上段嵌顿结石的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2011年3月~2012年12月我院收治的65例输尿管上段结石患者的临床资料。其中,35例行微创经皮肾镜钬激光碎石,30例行后腹腔镜输尿管上段切开取石术。比较两组手术时间、术中出血量、结石清除率及平均住院日等指标。结果微创经皮肾镜组手术时间明显短于后腹腔镜组((62.2±20.2)min vs(73.5±22.4)min),术中出血量明显多于后腹腔镜组((63±12)ml vs(36±14)ml),差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05);而两组结石清除率及平均住院日比较均无统计学差异(P0.05)。经皮肾镜组术后出现大出血1例,发热2例,结石残留(4 mm)1例。后腹腔镜组出现发热1例,尿瘘1例。所有患者术后随访3个月,复查B超未见残留结石。结论微创经皮肾镜取石术和后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术均可有效治疗输尿管上段嵌顿结石,应根据临床具体情况选择适合的手术方法。     

微创经皮肾穿刺取石术治疗输尿管上段结石

目的探讨微创经皮肾穿刺取石术(MPCNL)治疗输尿管上段结石的疗效。方法对82例输尿管上段结石行微创经皮肾穿刺取石术(MPCNL)治疗,其中22例曾行体外冲击波碎石(ESWL)治疗。结果 MPCNL术后3天结石清除率为90.2%(74/82),1个月结石清除率为100%(82/82)。平均住院时间8天。结论 MPCNL治疗输尿管上段结石,取石成功率高,创伤小,尤其对嵌顿性输尿管上段结石、输尿管上段结石并发狭窄时有良好的疗效。     

微创经皮肾穿刺取石术和后腹腔镜下输尿管切开取石术治疗嵌顿性输尿管上段结石的疗效比较

目的比较微创经皮肾穿刺取石术（minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy,MPCNL）和后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术（retroperitoneal laparoscopic ureterolithotomy,RLUL）治疗嵌顿性输尿管上段结石的疗效。方法对72例单侧嵌顿性输尿管上段结石采用MPCNL（45例）或RLUL（27例）治疗,对比2组手术时间、结石清除率和术后高热（〉38．5℃）率。结果72例手术全部成功,手术时间MPCNL组短于RLUL组[（43±9）min与（69±17）min,t=-11．564,P=0．000]。术后第2天结石清除率2组均为100％。术后高热率MPCNL组13．3％（6／45）,与RLUL组11．1％（3／27）比较差异无显著性（Χ^2=0．000,P=1．000）。术后随访1～24个月,平均8个月,2组均未发现有输尿管狭窄和结石复发。结论MPCNL和RLUL治疗输尿管上段嵌顿性结石均是安全、有效的,两者均可以选用。     

MPCNL与URL治疗输尿管上段结石梗阻合并感染的对比研究

目的:对比研究微创经皮肾镜取石术(MPCNL)与经输尿管镜钬激光取石术(URL)治疗输尿管上段结石梗阻合并感染的有效性与安全性。方法:回顾性分析2010年6月～2016年12月于我院接受手术治疗的输尿管上段结石患者,共纳入180例,随机分为MPCNL组97例和URL组83例。收集所有符合纳入标准患者的性别、年龄、结石大小、结石清除率、手术时间、术后住院时间、术后并发症并进行比较分析。结果:两组患者在性别、年龄及结石大小方面比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);MPCNL组术后一期结石清除率为97.9%(95/97),URL组术后一期结石清除率为89.2%(74/83),两组比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.014);MPCNL组和URL组平均手术时间分别为(35.37±5.62)min和(37.24±6.15)min,两组比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.198);MPCNL组和URL组平均术后住院时间分别为(5.29±0.69)d和(2.43±0.63)d,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.001)。MPCNL组并发症总发生率为27.8%(27/97),术后感染发生率为6.2%(6/97),均显著低于URL组的51.8%(43/87)和15.7%(13/87),差异均有统计学意义(P=0.001,P=0.038)。结论:输尿管上段结石梗阻并感染的手术治疗选择MPCNL可能更安全、有效。     

后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术与输尿管镜碎石术治疗输尿管上段嵌顿性结石的疗效比较

目的 比较后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术(retroperitoneoscopic ureterolithotomy,RPUL)与输尿管镜碎石术(ureteroscopy lithotripsy,URL)治疗输尿管上段嵌顿性结石的临床疗效.方法 单侧嵌顿性输尿管上段石患者98例,其中46例采用RPUL治疗,52例采用URL治疗,比较两组平均手术时间、平均术后住院时间、手术成功率、结石清除率以及相关并发症的发生率.结果 RPUL组平均手术时间(96.8±17.6)min,平均住院时间(8.2±2.54)d,手术成功率97.8%,结石清除率95.6%,并发症发生率2.1%;URL组平均手术时间(55.2±14.1)min,平均住院时间(4.8±2.10)d,手术成功率96.1%,结石清除率76.8%,并发症发生率3.8%.RPUL组平均手术时间、术后住院时间、结石清除率明显高于URL组(P<0.05),但两组在手术成功率、并发症发生率方面差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 对于输尿管上段嵌顿性结石,两种治疗方法均可选用,但对于较大的输尿管上段结石和有条件的医院,建议首选RPUL术.     

三种腔镜技术治疗复杂性输尿管上段结石的疗效比较

目的：比较经尿道输尿管镜取石术（URL）、微创经皮肾镜取石（MPCNL）、后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术（RLU）治疗复杂性输尿管上段结石的疗效.方法：113例复杂性输尿管上段结石患者按治疗方法分为三组：URL组46例,MPCNL组38例,RLU组29例.结果：URL组一周结石清除率21.74%（10/46）,无严重并发症发生,平均住院6天.MPCNL组1周结石清除率92.10%（35/38）.术后发热10.52%,6例因术中出血,改为二期取石,手术成功;8例术中冲洗液外渗,1例大出血行保守治疗好转,平均住院9天.RLU组有1例转开放取石,一周结石清除率100%,无严重并发症出现,平均住院6.5天,RLU组的一周结石清除率显著高于URL及MPCNL组,术后并发症发生率明显低于MPCNL.结论：RLU治疗复杂性输尿管上段结行具有结石清除率高、术后并发症少、恢复快的优点.MPCNL、URL和RLU三种方法均可用于治疗复杂性输尿管上段结石,使用何种方法应视临床具体情况而定.     

上段输尿管结石三种微创治疗方法的比较

目的：探讨治疗上段输尿管结石的最佳方法。方法：对我院经微创经皮肾镜取石术（MPCNL）、输尿管镜下碎石术（URL）及后腹腔镜下输尿管上段切开取石术（RLU）三种方法治疗的167例上段输尿管结石患者疗效进行比较。结果：行MPCNL术82例,一次碎石率为96．3％;行URL术59例,一次碎石率为83．1％;行RLU术26例,取石成功率为100％。MPCNL术中有2例因穿刺后出血改行2期MPCNL术,1例因结石下移改行输尿管镜下碎石术。URL术中碎石失败改行切开取石术5例,结石移位到肾盂改行MPCNL术5例。结论：RLU术是一种微创且有效的方法,但需要全面的腹腔镜技术训练。MPCNL术已成为治疗上段输尿管结石的主流技术和最佳方法。URL术不作为上段输尿管结石治疗的首选方法。输尿管切开取石术虽然创伤大,但是一切输尿管手术的基础。     

比较输尿管镜碎石取石术与微创经皮肾镜碎石取石术治疗输尿管上段大结石的效果

目的比较输尿管镜碎石取石术(URL)与微创经皮肾镜碎石取石术(MPCNL)治疗输尿管上段大(15 mm)结石的效果。方法随机将152例输尿管上段15 mm结石患者分为2组,每组76例。对照组行URL,治疗组行MPCNL。结果治疗组手术时间、术后住院时间及术后第3天结石清除率均优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。2组并发症及术后1个月,2组结石清除率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 MPCNL治疗输尿管上段大结石,一次性结石清除率高、手术时间短,且并发症无明显增加。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.