腹腔镜下不解剖肝门Endo-GIA离断左肝蒂行左半肝切除术

腹腔镜肝切除术已成为当今肝外科发展的潮流,我科室2013年开展腹腔镜切除以来,已完成130例腹腔镜肝切除,约占肝脏手术的1/3。腔镜下控制出血的方法大致分为:1.病侧肝入肝血流暂时阻断法;2.全肝入肝血流暂时阻断法;3.全肝血流阻断法。此处病例采用不解剖肝门预处理病侧入肝血流,选用美敦力创新外科Endo GIA(白色,45 mm)一次性插入左叶肝实质离断左肝蒂,再行左半肝实质离断,该方法具有手术时间短,出血少的优点.但术前应结合CT增强扫描,计算机三维重建排除门静脉,肝动脉及胆道变异情况。     

选择性保留健侧肝动脉血流的入肝血流阻断技术在腹腔镜肝切除术中的应用

目的评价选择性保留健侧肝动脉血流的入肝血流阻断技术在腹腔镜肝切除术中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析11例腹腔镜肝切除时采用选择性保留健侧肝动脉血流的入肝血流阻断技术(甲组)及10例腹腔镜肝切除时采用全肝入肝血流阻断技术(乙组)病人资料,比较2组术中出血量、手术时间、入肝血流阻断时间、术后住院时间、术后丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)升高幅度及恢复正常时间。结果术后ALT升高幅度:甲组(8.16%±7.54%)<乙组(19.72%±13.20%)(t=-2.494,P=0.022);术后ALT恢复正常时间:甲组[(7.0±2.2)d]<乙组[(9.9±1.4)d](t=-3.560,P=0.002)。术中出血量、手术时间、入肝血流阻断时间、术后住院时间差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论腹腔镜肝切除时选择性保留健侧肝动脉血流的入肝血流阻断技术优于全肝入肝血流阻断技术,有推广价值。     

腹腔镜肝切除技术的优化

目的通过动物实验优化腹腔镜肝切除中入肝血流阻断技术及肝实质离断技术。方法以10头猪为实验动物,以肝门阻断钳或可拆卸肝门阻断钳及鞘内解剖优化腹腔镜下入肝血流阻断技术;在没有任何入肝血流阻断的情况下,分别进行肝脏局部切除、左外侧叶及左内侧叶的序贯切除,肝实质离断采用超声刀、LigaSure、微波刀、双极电凝、外科夹及内镜切割闭合器完成,比较不同器械离断肝实质的效果和安全性。结果肝门阻断钳或可拆卸肝门阻断钳行入肝血流全部阻断或部分阻断后,缺血部分肝脏颜色变化明显;鞘内解剖左半肝入肝血流阻断后,左、右半肝间的缺血线明显;各种常用肝实质离断器械均有其适用范围,对其的优化使用可提高断肝效率,减少出血。结论通过动物实验优化的腹腔镜入肝血流阻断技术以及肝实质离断技术,可为腹腔镜解剖性广泛肝切除的临床应用提供依据。     

交替半肝入肝血流阻断解剖性肝中叶切除

目的：探讨交替半肝入肝血流阻断解剖性肝中叶切除的技术方法和优势。
　　方法：分别选取肝左内叶肿瘤、右前叶肿瘤及左内叶和右前叶均受肿瘤累及的患者各1例,术前运用肝功能、肝脏储备功能、肝脏血管情况及预留肝脏体积等综合评估进行手术规划。运用Glisson蒂解剖技术分别解剖出相应肝段的Glisson蒂,确定出明确的切除平面后,分别实施交替半肝入肝血流阻断,解剖性左内叶切除、右前叶切除及左内叶和右前叶的联合切除。
　　结果：3例患者均顺利完成交替半肝入肝血流阻断解剖性肝中叶切除。患者1、患者2、患者3手术时间分别为240、320、380min,术中出血量分别约250、450、1000mL,3例患者术后均顺利恢复, AFP在均术后2个月内降至正常,复查肝脏B超和CT未见肿瘤复发。
　　结论：交替半肝入肝血流阻断解剖性肝中叶切除能够获得清晰的切除平面,有效的减少术中出血,减轻肝脏缺血再灌注损伤。     

三种入肝血流阻断方式肝切除的临床应用比较

目的 比较三种不同入肝血流阻断肝切除方式的安全性及其对肝脏的损伤程度.方法 回顾性分析90例肝癌肝切除病例资料.接受全肝入肝血流阻断、半肝入肝血流阻断和保留半肝动脉阻断者各30例,比较其手术时间、出血量、术后肝功能恢复情况.结果 三种方式手术时间、出血量无差异,但半肝阻断组术中发生2例门静脉分支损伤,1例发生大出血.后两种方式术后1 d谷丙转氨酶和总胆红素上升较少、术后7 d恢复较快.结论 保留半肝动脉入肝血流阻断的肝切除是一种安全、简便的方法,适合于肿瘤位于半肝内(除尾状叶肿瘤),与第一、二、三肝门关系不密切,特别是合并严重肝硬化的病人.     

肝静脉阻断技术在肝切除术中的应用(附105例报道)

目的探讨肝静脉阻断技术在复杂肝脏肿瘤切除术中防止肝静脉破裂大出血及空气栓塞的作用。方法对105例肝脏肿瘤手术切除患者施行了1根以上主肝静脉阻断。所有肿瘤均位于第二肝门并侵犯或压迫1根以上主肝静脉。肝静脉阻断方法采用绕线结扎、血管带阻断或血管夹及心耳钳夹闭法。结果105例中无一例肝静脉分离破裂。施行半肝全血流阻断41例（右侧27例，左侧14例），交替半肝全血流阻断4例，第一肝门阻断加部分肝静脉阻断45例，第一肝门阻断加全部肝静脉阻断（不阻断下腔静脉的全肝血流阻断）15例。其中46例同时行第三肝门分离。105例肿瘤顺利切除。结论肝静脉阻断技术是一种安全、有效的血流阻断技术。不阻断下腔静脉的全肝血流阻断术既能控制术中出血，又能保证全身血流动力学稳定。     

解剖性肝脏区域血流阻断在肝癌切除术中的应用

目的探讨解剖性肝脏区域血流阻断在肝癌切除术中的效果。方法将95例进行肝切除术的原发性肝癌患者分为第一肝门阻断组(Pringle′s)和解剖性肝脏区域血流阻断组(anatomical regional vascular occlusion),比较两种不同的肝脏血流阻断对手术及病人术后恢复的影响。结果95例病人中行常规的肝门阻断60例,解剖性肝脏区域血流阻断35例,全部病人肿瘤均获完整切除,术后肝功能及康复情况,两组间差异存在统计学意义。结论两种不同的入肝血流阻断均能有效地控制出血,解剖性肝脏区域血流阻断更安全,对肝功能恢复的不良影响更小,更适合于在肝硬化及肝功能不良的肝癌患者中使用。     

肝静脉阻断技术在肝切除术中的应用

目的 探讨肝静脉阻断技术在复杂肝脏肿瘤切除术中防止肝静脉破裂大出血及空气栓塞的作用。方法 对71例肝脏肿瘤手术切除病例施行了1根以上主肝静脉阻断。所有肿瘤均位于第二肝门并侵犯或压迫1根以上主肝静脉。肝静脉阻断方法采用绕线结扎、血管带阻断或血管夹及心耳钳夹闭法。结果 71例中无1例肝静脉分离破裂，行肝静脉结扎28例，血管带阻断26例，血管夹阻断17例；阻断右肝静脉34例，右肝静脉＋中肝静脉2例，左、中肝静脉共干24例，左、中肝静脉分干2例，左、中、右三干9例。施行半肝全血流阻断35例（右侧24例，左侧11例）。交替半肝全肝血流阻断4例，第一肝门阻断加部分肝静脉阻断23例。第一肝门阻断加全部肝静脉阻断（不阻断下腔静脉的全肝血流阻断）9例。71例肝肿瘤均顺利切除。结论 肝静脉阻断技术是一种安全、有效的血流阻断技术。不阻断下腔静脉的全肝血流阻断术既能控制术中出血，又能保证全身血流动力学稳定。     

腹腔镜肝切除术中血流阻断技术的应用

目的 探讨腹腔镜下不同的入肝血流阻断方法下行规则性或不规则性局部肝切除的手术方法及其临床应用。方法 回顾性分析2007年5月至2012年7月期间在江苏省苏北人民医院完成的25例腹腔镜肝切除术患者的临床资料,其中行规则性肝切除术14例,不规则性局部肝切除术11例。术后病理学检查证实原发性肝癌9例,肝血管瘤10例,结直肠癌肝转移1例,左肝内胆管结石5例。结果 本组25例均成功完成了腹腔镜肝切除术（其中合并胆囊切除术3例,合并胆囊切除及胆总管探查术1例）,无中转开腹手术者。其中行区域性入肝血流阻断联合规则性肝切除术14例,应用自制的第一肝门阻断器行全肝入肝血流阻断联合不规则的局部肝切除术11例。手术时间（149.6±19.8） min （120～195 min）,术中出血量（320±73.6） mL （180～460 mL）,腹腔引流管放置时间3～11 d。有1例术后第3天出现胆汁漏,予以放置自制双套管冲洗后引流量逐渐减少,术后第11天顺利拔管;其余病例未发生胆汁漏、出血、感染等并发症。术后住院时间（8.6±2.4） d （5～13 d）。9例肝脏恶性肿瘤患者术后均获随访,截至2012年7月29日,其随访时间12～48个月,平均17个月,1年无瘤生存患者有7例。结论 腹腔镜肝切除术是安全可行的,肝脏血流阻断技术是其成功的关键和保障。左半肝或左外叶病灶可考虑行区域性入肝血流阻断联合规则性肝切除术;右半肝不规则的病灶或病灶较小时,应用自制的第一肝门阻断器行全肝入肝血流阻断联合不规则的局部肝切除术,是简洁、实用的方法,可避免切除过多的肝组织。     

腹腔镜肝切除治疗肝脏肿瘤15例临床分析

目的 探讨完全腹腔镜肝切除治疗肝脏肿瘤的安伞性及有效性.方法 不阻断肝脏血流的情况下,联合采用超声刀、Ligasure及血管夹进行完伞腹腔镜下肝切除15例,其中肝海绵状血管瘤9例,直径5.0～15.0 cm(平均直径7.9 cm),肝囊肿纤维化3例,其中2例为引流术后复发,均位于左外叶,左外叶明显缩小.原发件肝癌3例,直径1.0～5.0 cm,肝功能均为Child A级.结果 15例患者腹腔镜肝切除均获成功,其中左外叶切除6例,其余患者为肝不规则切除,无中转手术.平均手术时间110 min,术中出血虽30～500 ml,平均251 ml.术后平均住院时间6.5 d,无术后死亡,术后除1例患者肝癌创面渗血,保守治愈外,其余无并发症,全部治愈.结论 对位于Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳa、Ⅴ、Ⅵ段肝脏肿瘤患者,采用完全腹腔镜肝切除是一种安全有效的微创治疗方法.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.