Molecular analysis of CD26-mediated signal transduction in T cells

CD26 or dipeptidylpeptidase IV (DPP IV) is a cell surface protease involved in T cell activation. It is a type II transmembrane glycoprotein consisting of a large extracellular part, a single transmembrane region and a short cytoplasmic tail without any common signalling motifs. To eluciate the mechanisms involved in CD26-mediated signalling we have constructed C-terminal deletion mutants of the human CD26 molecule and transfected them into murine T cell hybridomas. Stimulation experiments show that most of the extracellular part of CD26 can be deleted without affecting its costimulatory activity. The membrane proximal glycosylation rich region of CD26 is sufficient to transduce costimulatory signals. Activation of T cells via CD26, however, is not mediated by the important T cell receptor associated adaptor proteins LAT and TRIM as shown in colocalization assays.     

系统性红斑狼疮患者T细胞TCR/CD3复合物介导的信号传导研究

目的：证实SLE患者T细胞功能异常是否与其生物化学信号转导异常有关。方法：用CD3单抗与羊抗鼠二抗IgG相关联刺激T细胞并用Thapsigargin和EGTA干预后，分别用粘附细胞仪连续观察10min T细胞[Ca^2 ]i的变化，并评价[Ca^2 ]i反应与CD3分子和InsP3生成量的相关性。结果：正常人和SLE患者T细胞[Ca^2 ]i反应的基准上似（P＝0．105）；SLE患者T细胞的[Ca^2 ]i反应高峰值、平台值明显高于正常对照（P＜0．001，P＜0．001）；加入Thapsigargin后二者[Ca^2 ]i反应无显著差异，而加入EGTA后二者[Ca^2 ]i反应有显著差异；二者的T细胞CD3阳性率和InsP3生成量无差异（P＝0．665，P＝0．537）。结论：SLE患者T细胞TCR／CD3介导的信号转导途径存在异常；SLE患者T细胞功能异常可能是因细胞内生物化学信号途径异常所致。     

HLA-DR molecules enhance signal transduction through the CD3/Ti complex in activated T cells

Abstract: Crosslinking HLA-DR molecules by monoclonal antibodies (mAb) induces protein tyrosine phosphorylation and results in a secondary elevation of free cytoplasmic Ca²⁺ concentration ([Ca²⁺]_i) in activated human T cells. Here we have studied the effect of DR on CD3-induced signal transduction in allospecific T-cell clones and T-leukemia (HUT78) cells. Co-crosslinking of DR with CD3 produced an enhanced [Ca²⁺]_i response compared to that seen with CD3 alone. In contrast, CD2 responses were not enhanced by co-crosslinking with DR. Co-crosslinking CD45 in a tri-molecular complex of CD45, CD3, and DR completely abrogated the enhancing effects of DR on CD3-induced [Ca²⁺]_i responses. In contrast, the enhancing effect of co-crosslinking CD4 on CD3 responses was not inhibited by co-crosslinking CD45. Thus, the DR-mediated accessory signals appear to be regulated differently from those provided by CD4 accessory molecules. The present data confirm, at the level of second messengers, recent findings suggesting that DR molecules have accessory functions in CD3/Ti-mediated T-cell responses.     

CD59锚定蛋白对CD3介导Jurkat细胞活化信号转导中的增强效应

目的用前期构建好的CD59pSUPER-RNAi质粒转染Jurkat细胞,探讨CD59特异性沉默前后CD59对CD3介导Jurkat细胞活化信号转导的相关作用。方法采用Lipofectamine2000转染Jurkat细胞,经G418筛选建立稳定转染细胞系,利用RT-PCR检测转染后CD59在基因水平的表达抑制效果。实验分为未转染的Jurkat细胞组(A组),转染空质粒pSUPER组(B组)和转染CD59pSUPER-RNAi质粒的Jurkat细胞组(C组),用噻唑蓝(MTT)比色法,Western blot技术和激光共聚焦扫描显微镜分别检测交联CD59单抗与固相化CD3单抗联合作用对3组Jurkat细胞的增殖效应,ZAP-70酪氨酸磷酸化的水平及细胞浆内钙离子的变化。结果重组载体转染后,经G418筛选得到稳定转染细胞系,RT-PCR结果表明转染CD59pSUPER-RNAi质粒的Jurkat细胞组CD59分子的表达受到抑制。转染干扰质粒Jurkat细胞组CD59与CD3联合作用后细胞增殖能力,ZAP-70酪氨酸磷酸化水平及钙离子浓度均明显低于未转染组和转染空质粒组(P<0.05);但未转染组和转染空质粒组之间无差异。结论 CD59对CD3介导T细胞活化信号转导有增强效应。     

CD59-CD2对T细胞信号转导的作用

目的将构建的CD59-linker-CD2融合基因真核表达载体在Jurkat细胞中稳定表达,研究CD59与CD2分子在T细胞信号转导中的相互作用,探讨CD59向T细胞内传递信号的相关机制。方法酶切鉴定构建的pIRES-CD59-linker-CD2融合基因真核表达载体,脂质体法转染Jurkat细胞,G418筛选建立稳定转染细胞系,免疫酶法检测转染细胞表面CD59的表达,Western blot检测转染细胞中CD59蛋白的表达;用CD59单克隆抗体作用于各组Jurkat细胞,使用激光共聚焦显微镜检测细胞浆内的Ca2+,ELISA检测细胞上清中白介素2(IL-2)的变化,比较各组差异。结果经酶切鉴定证实携带CD59-linker-CD2融合基因的重组质粒扩增成功;免疫酶法和Western blot证实CD59在转染细胞中稳定表达,且转染组L-Jurkat细胞比正常组Ju-rkat细胞CD59表达量增加,二者比较其差别有统计学意义(P<0.05);与正常细胞相比,胞浆内Ca2+和IL-2在转染细胞中均高表达,两组细胞比较其差别有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 pIRES-CD59-linker-CD2融合基因真核表达载体可在Jurkat细胞中稳定表达,CD59mAb交联刺激后,CD59可通过CD2向细胞内传递信号,引起细胞内信号分子的一系列变化,为研究CD59与CD2在T细胞信号转导中的协同作用及进一步探讨CD59向T细胞内传递信号的机制奠定基础。     

HLA-DR molecules enhance signal transduction through the CD3/Ti complex in activated T cells.

Crosslinking HLA-DR molecules by monoclonal antibodies (mAb) induces protein tyrosine phosphorylation and results in a secondary elevation of free cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in activated human T cells. Here we have studied the effect of DR on CD3-induced signal transduction in allospecific T-cell clones and T-leukemia (HUT78) cells. Co-crosslinking of DR with CD3 produced an enhanced [Ca2+]i response compared to that seen with CD3 alone. In contrast, CD2 responses were not enhanced by co-crosslinking with DR. Co-crosslinking CD45 in a tri-molecular complex of CD45, CD3, and DR completely abrogated the enhancing effects of DR on CD3-induced [Ca2+]i responses. In contrast, the enhancing effect of co-crosslinking CD4 on CD3 responses was not inhibited by co-crosslinking CD45. Thus, the DR-mediated accessory signals appear to be regulated differently from those provided by CD4 accessory molecules. The present data confirm, at the level of second messengers, recent findings suggesting that DR molecules have accessory functions in CD3/Ti-mediated T-cell responses.     

A unique subset of normal murine CD4+ T cells lacking Thy-1 is expanded in a murine retrovirus-induced immunodeficiency syndrome, MAIDS

Some strains of mice inoculated with LP-BM5 murine leukemia virus (MuLV) develop a syndrome, termed mouse acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (MAIDS), characterized by progressive lymphoproliferation and profound immunodeficiency. LP-BM5 MuLV is a virus mixture that contains ecotropic (eco) and mink cell focus-induced MuLV and a defective genome that is the proximal cause of disease. Flow cytometry analyses of spleen and lymph nodes from susceptible C57BL/6 mice infected with this virus mixture revealed the presence in spleen and peripheral lymph nodes of a previously unrecognized subset of CD4+CD3+ T cells that are Thy-1-. The frequency of these cells increased with progression of disease, eventually comprising between 30% and 50% of all CD4+ cells. Infection of A/J mice, a strain which is genetically resistant to development of MAIDS, did not induce an increase of this T cell population, indicating that infection with the virus mixture was insufficient to induce its proliferation. A central role for the defective virus in this process was suggested by the finding that C57BL/6 mice infected with LP-BM5 eco alone did not have increased frequencies of Thy-1-CD4+ cells in spleen. Studies of spleen and peripheral lymph node cells from normal mice demonstrated the presence of Thy-1-CD4+ cells at frequencies of 1%-2%. Studies using two anti-T cell monoclonal antibodies, SM6C10 and SM3G11, that define four CD4+ subsets showed that Thy-1-CD4+ T cells from normal and infected mice were present only in the 6C10- subsets.     

Identification of intrathymic T progenitor cells by expression of Thy-1, IL2 receptor and CD3

Immature (L3T4-/Lyt-2- "double-negative") thymocytes were separated into several functionally distinct fractions based on their expression of IL2 receptors, Thy-1 and CD3. The majority (60-70%) of double-negative thymocytes in young adult mice lack detectable IL2 receptor expression, have high levels of Thy-1 and rapidly "progress" to a L3T4+ or L3T4+/Lyt-2+ stage when cultured for 20 h in simple medium. In contrast, the IL2 receptor-positive fraction retains the double-negative phenotype for as long as it survives in culture and addition of IL2 has little or no effect on such cells. IL2 does generate strong proliferation from a fraction of cells expressing low levels of Thy-1, but not detectable IL2 receptors. Such culture generates an unusual population of double-negative cells that expresses the pan-B cell molecule B220 and which kill both the NK target cell line YAC-1 and the NK-resistant line EL4. This Thy-1-low fraction includes all of the double-negative thymocytes capable of T cell reconstitution. Thy-1-low fraction could be further separated into two populations with regards to CD3 expression. CD3- but not CD3+ population could reconstitute mature T cells, indicating that Thy-1-low, IL2R- and CD3- cells are the most enriched population of intrathymic T cell progenitors.     

The CD45 tyrosine phosphatase regulates Campath-1H (CD52)-induced TCR-dependent signal transduction in human T cells

Campath-1H, a humanized mAb undergoing clinical trials for treatment of leukemia, transplantation and autoimmune diseases, produces substantial lymphocyte depletion in vivo.The antibody binds to CD52, a highly glycosylated molecule attached to the membrane by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor. Cross-linked Campath-1H is known to activate T cells in vitro. We have investigated the molecular basis for these effects by comparing the protein tyrosine phosphorylation signals induced by Campath-1H and the CD3 mAb OKT3 in primary T cells, and in CD45(+)TCR(+), CD45(-)TCR(+) and CD45(+)TCR(-) Jurkat subclones transfected with CD52. Our results show that Campath-1H triggers similar tyrosine phosphorylation events as OKT3 in both primary T cells and in the CD45(+)TCR(+) Jurkat sub-clone, albeit at quantitatively lower levels. However, no phospholipase C gamma 1 activation nor calcium signals were detected in response to CD52 ligation. The CD52-mediated induction of protein tyrosine phosphorylation was absolutely dependent upon the expression of both the TCR and the CD45 phosphotyrosine phosphatase at the cell surface. Cross-linking of Campath-1H was essential for signal transduction in all cells investigated. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer was used to demonstrate CD52 homo-association at the cell surface in Jurkat T cells in a TCR- and CD45-independent manner, and CD52-TCR association in CD45(+)TCR(+) cells. We propose a model to explain the activating effects of Campath-1H in which CD52 mAb cross-linking causes the trapping of TCR polypeptides within molecular complexes at the cell surface, thereby inducing signals via the TCR by a process which depends on the CD45-mediated regulation of the p56(lck) and p59(fyn) tyrosine kinases.     

Analysis of Thy-1 variants of murine lymphoma cells

Cells obtained from a radiation-induced T-cell lymphoma of BALB/c mice, RL-I, were adapted to long-term tissue culture. Clones of cells were obtained in soft agar and a clonally derived population studied for the frequency of mutation in the expression of the surface antigen Thy-1.2 (ØC ₃H) by immunoselection. The mutation rate was 1.05–1.50× 10^–6 per cell per generation. Antigenic and structural analysis of prototype positive and negative clones demonstrated clear differences between them.     

Comparison of Fas- versus perforin-mediated pathways of cytotoxicity in TCR- and Thy-1-activated murine T cells

T cell-mediated cytotoxicity can be triggered by cross-linking of TCR or Thy-1 surface proteins. While the TCR-triggered signaling initiates both perforin- and Fas ligand (FasL)-Fas-mediated mechanisms of cytotoxicity, it was not clear which mechanism was utilized by Thy-1-triggered signals and which pathway of cytotoxicity was triggered at low levels of antigen expression. It is shown that glycophosphatidylinositol-linked surface glycoprotein Thy-1 preferentially activates FasL-Fas- but not perforin-mediated cytotoxicity. This is explained by the lesser intensity of Thy-1-mediated signaling in T cells. The data suggest that Thy-1-triggered Fas-mediated cytotoxicity is completely dependent on cross-talk between Thy-1 and TCR signals since mutations in TCR-CD3 complex molecules or inhibition of tyrosine kinases or calcineurin abolished or strongly inhibited Thy-1-triggered FasL-Fas-mediated cytotoxicity. Lower concentrations of antigenic peptide or levels of cross-linking with anti-TCR-CD3 mAb are required to trigger Fas-mediated than perforin-mediated cytotoxicity by different cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) lines and clones, and it is shown that cross-linking of Thy-1 is much less efficient in triggering accumulation of second messengers (intracellular Ca(2+)) than cross-linking of TCR on CTL. Taken together, these data reflect the possibility of differential activation of FasL and/or perforin pathways of cytotoxicity depending on the nature of activating stimuli and surface receptor.     

Interleukin 4 (BSF-1) induces growth in resting murine CD8 T cells triggered via cross-linking of T3 cell surface structures

To analyze the role of interleukin 4 (IL4, BSF-1) during primary activation of resting (high-density) murine CD8 T cells, a model system was used which bypasses antigen-presenting cells by the use of anti-T3 monoclonal antibodies immobilized on Sepharose beads. In high, but not in low cell density cultures, IL4 alone induced cell growth. In low cell density cultures, further to T3 cross-linking a soluble macrophage product was required as co-stimulator to induce sensitivity to IL4. This co-stimulator activity was unrelated to recombinant (r)IL1, rIL6 and rTNF-α (tumor necrosis factor α). In primary CD8 T cell responses rIL4-driven growth was about half of that induced by rIL2, and not inhibitable by anti-IL 2 receptor antibodies. Higher concentrations of IL4 down-regulated cell proliferation. In the course of IL4-driven growth, the proliferating cells acquired sensitivitiy to the growth-promoting effect of IL2. Activated CD4 or CD8 T cells were found to be equally sensitive to the IL4 and IL2-driven growth pathway. Taken together, these results define a physiologic role of IL4 as growth factor during primary activation of resting CD8 T cells and thus extend the spectrum of target cells for IL4.     

CD45 ligation in T cells regulates signal transduction through both the interleuhn-2 receptor and the CD3/Ti T-cell receptor complex

The cytoplasmic domain of the CD45 leukocyte cell surface antigen has recently been shown to possess protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPase) activity. The existence of a cell membrane-bound PTPase may represent a mechanism by which an activation signal, initiated by ligand binding to a surface receptor, is down-regulated following delivery of the signal. Both the interleukin-2 (IL2) growth factor receptor and the CD3/Ti T-cell antigen receptor contain a subunit which is phosphorylated on tyrosine by an activated protein kinase (PTK) during T-cell activation. We compared the effect of CD45 ligation on signal transduction mediated by the binding of IL2 or anti-CD3 to these two receptors. Immunoblotting with anti-phosphotyrosine antiserum was used to investigate the effect of CD45 ligation on anti-CD3- or IL2-induced protein tyrosine phosphorylation. When CD3 and CD45 were triggered together, changes in the pattern of tyrosine phosphorylation of specific substrates was observed in comparison to the stimulus triggered through CD3 alone. In contrast, CD45 ligation did not alter the pattern of tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins in "resting" T-cell blasts responding to IL2, except for a mobility shift of a 55 kDa protein and increased phosphorylation of a 112 kDa substrate. The proliferative response of T cells to both anti-CD3 or IL2 was inhibited by ligating CD45. The CD45 molecule down-regulated CD3-induced T-cell activation when the CD45 and CD3 molecules were ligated simultaneously with immobilized antibodies. In contrast, immobilized CD45 mAb alone inhibited IL2-induced proliferation, and the inhibition was not potentiated by simultaneously using a CD25 mAb which was non-competitive for IL2-binding.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Lipid and glycolipid antigens of CD1d-restricted natural killer T cells

In spite of their relatively limited antigen receptor repertoire, CD1d-restricted NKT cells recognize a surprisingly diverse range of lipid and glycolipid antigens. Recent studies of natural and synthetic CD1d-presented antigens provide an increasingly detailed picture of how the specific structural features of these lipids and glycolipids influence their ability to be presented to NKT cells and stimulate their diverse immunologic functions. Particularly for synthetic analogues of α-galactosylceramides which have been the focus of intense recent investigation, it is becoming clear that the design of glycolipid antigens with the ability to precisely control the specific immunologic activities of NKT cells is likely to be feasible. The emerging details of the mechanisms underlying the structure–activity relationship of NKT cell antigens will assist greatly in the design and production of immunomodulatory agents for the precise manipulation of NKT cells and the many other components of the immune system that they influence.     

Antibody valence and induced signal transduction: the role of antibody valence in anti-CD3-induced signal transduction in isolated normal T cells

This report provides direct evidence that protein kinase C (PKC) is activated in isolated, rigorously accessory cell (AC)-depleted T cells when the T cell antigen recognition complex is stimulated by divalent anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody. Anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody-stimulated PKC activation alone does not, however, directly stimulate T cell proliferation in the absence of AC. A rise in cytosolic calcium is the second signal believed to be of paramount importance in T cell activation. While mitogenic concentrations of some divalent anti-CD3 antibodies do not cause a rise in cytosolic calcium, polyvalent anti-CD3 does evoke increased intracellular Ca2+ in rigorously AC-depleted resting human T cells.     

Recognition and phagocytosis of apoptotic T cells by resident murine tissue macrophages require multiple signal transduction events

Macrophages (M?) ingest apoptotic cells with unique effects on their cytokine production, but the signaling pathways involved are virtually unknown. Signal transduction in response to recognition of apoptotic thymocytes by resident murine alveolar (AM?) or peritoneal (PM?) M? was studied by in vitro phagocytosis assay. Phagocytosis was decreased in a dose-dependent and nontoxic manner by inhibiting phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (wortmannin and LY294002), protein tyrosine phosphorylation (herbimycin A, genistein, piceatannol, and for AM? only, PP2), and protein kinase C (staurosporine, G? 6976, and calphostin C). Exposure of M? to apoptotic or heat-killed thymocytes, but not to viable thymocytes, activated ERK1/2 rapidly, as detected by specific phosphorylation, but did not activate NF-kappaB or MAP kinases p38 or JNK. M? phagocytosis of apoptotic T cells requires tyrosine, serine/threonine, and lipid phosphorylation. M? recognition of apoptotic T cells triggers rapid but limited MAP kinase activation.     

PKCdelta is involved in signal attenuation in CD3+ T cells

PKCdelta has been implicated in the signalling events after engagement of the antigen specific receptor on B cells and the Fc-epsilon receptor on mast cells. Employing our recently established PKCdelta null mice , we here investigate the physiological function of PKCdelta in CD3+ T cells. As result, administration of anti-CD3 antibodies in vivo induced markedly increased blood plasma IL-2 levels (but not IL-4, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels) in the PKCdelta null mice, when compared to wild-type sibling controls. Additionally, in vitro T cell proliferative responses to allogenic MHC are significantly enhanced in PKCdelta-deficient CD3+ T cells. These findings suggest that PKCdelta serves a so far unrecognized role in TCR-induced negative regulation of IL-2 cytokine production and T cell proliferation.     

CD46 RNAi对CD59介导的T细胞信号转导的作用研究

目的构建携带针对CD46基因的pSUPER retro RNAi逆转录病毒载体,研究糖基磷脂酰肌醇(GPI)锚定蛋白CD59与CD46在介导T细胞信号转导中的相关性。方法将能转录产生靶向CD46小发夹RNA(shRNA)的寡核苷酸序列,克隆入逆转录病毒载体pSUPER retro,转化大肠杆菌JM109并转染Jurkat细胞。将Jurkat细胞分为未转染的Jurkat细胞组(Ⅰ组)、转染空质粒的Jurkat细胞组(Ⅱ组)、转染CD59干扰质粒的Jurkat细胞组(Ⅲ组)及转染CD46干扰质粒的Jurkat细胞组(Ⅳ组)。用RT-PCR、Western blot技术检测各组细胞中的CD59、CD46基因的表达水平。用噻唑蓝(MTT)比色法检测CD46与CD59联合作用对4组Jurkat细胞的增殖效应。结果重组载体经PCR及限制性内切酶酶切鉴定初步成功后送测序,结果表明序列正确,构建成功,稳定转染后,Ⅳ组细胞CD46分子的表达被成功抑制,Ⅲ组细胞CD59分子的表达被抑制。Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组细胞CD46与CD59单抗联合作用后,增殖能力明显高于Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组(P<0.05);但Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组,Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组之间无差异。结论 CD59可增强CD46对T细胞信号转导的效应。     

CD59锚定蛋白对CD55介导的T细胞信号转导的增强效应

目的:研究糖基磷脂酰肌醇(GPI)锚定蛋白CD59对CD55介导T细胞信号转导的增强效应。方法:实验分为未转染的Jurkat细胞组(Ⅰ组)、转染空质粒的Jurkat细胞组(Ⅱ组)及转染CD59干扰质粒的Jurkat细胞组(Ⅲ组)。用RT-PCR检测3组细胞中的CD59基因表达水平。用噻唑蓝(MTT)比色法、免疫印迹技术和激光共聚焦扫描显微镜分别检测CD55与CD59联合作用对3组Jurkat细胞的增殖效应,Src家族酪氨酸激酶(SrcPTK)磷酸化的水平及细胞内钙离子的变化。结果:稳定转染后,Ⅲ组细胞CD59分子的表达被成功抑制。Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组细胞CD55与CD59联合作用后增殖能力,SrcPTK磷酸化水平及钙离子浓度均明显高于Ⅲ组(P<0.05);但Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组之间无差异。结论:CD59可增强CD55对T细胞信号转导的效应。