三维重组皮肤模型在体外替代遗传毒性评价中的应用

三维（3D）重组皮肤模型已证实在模拟体内代谢条件、给药浓度及反应靶器官毒性特点方面具有突出优势。近年来已有多家公司构建3D重组人工皮肤模型,且一些制药公司已将3D细胞模型应用于药物的早期毒性筛选。我国动物实验替代方法的研究仍处于起步阶段,利用3D重组皮肤模型进行体外安全性评价成为目前替代方法的研究热点之一。综述人3D重组皮肤模型在遗传毒性评价中体外微核试验和彗星试验的研究进展,并对该模型在外用药物体外替代遗传毒性评价中的应用前景进行探讨。     

药物神经毒性评价体外模型的研究进展

神经毒性是药物安全性评价的重要方面。体外模型相比较体内动物实验在药物高通量筛选、分子机制研究、检测分析技术应用上具有显著优势。至今,研究和评价药物神经毒性的体外模型主要包括原代神经细胞培养、神经细胞系培养、诱导神经干细胞分化模型,三维细胞培养模型等。这些体外模型的复杂程度、对药物的敏感性及检测方法不尽相同。概述各种神经毒性体外模型的应用领域及研究进展,提出了神经毒性体外评价模型研究应用中存在的问题及今后的发展方向。     

微型中空纤维生物反应器肝细胞培养技术及其在药物肝毒性研究中的应用

传统的细胞培养方法中,肝细胞在体外不能实现高活性高密度的生长,因而无法模拟体内的三维立体生长环境,从而制约了药物肝毒性的体外评价;利用微型中空纤维凝胶包埋技术可以在体外固定肝细胞而模拟体内的立体环境。本文综述了微型中空纤维凝胶包埋技术的发展及其在体外药物肝毒性方面的应用。     

基于3D肝细胞模型评价盐酸胺碘酮重复给药肝毒性

目的：建立3D肝细胞微球模型并用于评价盐酸胺碘酮及联用肝药酶诱导剂利福平或抑制剂酮康唑时的重复给药肝毒性。方法：采用诱导分化的HepaRG和HHSteC细胞混合共培养构建3D肝细胞微球模型,对HepaRG诱导分化后形成的胆管结构功能进行验证,活细胞探针标记肝细胞微球中两种细胞并对其分布情况进行检测,免疫荧光染色对肝细胞微球表达的特异性和功能性蛋白进行检验,并对试验周期内模型的肝功能指标稳定性进行连续监测。模型验证后,对每40个肝细胞微球进行连续4或5天的盐酸胺碘酮重复染毒,并联用肝药酶诱导剂利福平或抑制剂胺碘酮进行重复染毒,检测不同给药组的细胞毒性及肝功能指标。结果：本研究构建的3D肝细胞模型可以模拟肝脏胆管结构的外排功能,HepaRG和 HHSteC细胞在微球中以24∶1的比例始终保持较均匀的分布,肝脏特异性和功能性蛋白表达丰富,并能在至少5天内维持肝功能指标稳定。在重复给予胺碘酮时,模型从给药第三天起出现剂量和时间依赖性的细胞毒性作用,且联用利福平(LDH和TBIL升高)或酮康唑(LDH、ALT、ALP和GLU升高)能产生剂量相关的肝毒性协同作用。结论：本研究成功构建更适用于短期重复给药毒性评价的3D肝细胞微球模型,对于体外药物肝毒性筛选和代谢研究具有明显优势,能够进行药物肝毒性标志物的筛选研究。     

药物特异质肝毒性的发生机制及预测筛选方法

药物特异质肝毒性（ILT）是近年来多种药物撤出市场或标注“黑框”标志的主要原因,也是导致药物开发后期失败的重要原因之一.本文综述了近年来ILT的发生机制,药物开发早期ILT的预测筛选,以及寻找生物标志物方面所取得的研究进展,并提出了未来研究的主要方向.     

肝样细胞模型在药物肝脏代谢和毒性研究中的进展

药物诱导肝损伤（DILI）是导致药物临床试验失败和撤市的主要原因。在临床试验前,通常采用人源化的肝样细胞筛选模型来评估药物的代谢和预测药物发生DILI的风险。目前,常用的肝细胞模型包括肝癌细胞系、永生化原代肝细胞、多能干细胞诱导分化肝细胞和直接转分化肝细胞。但这些细胞模型均不能全面重现体内肝细胞功能。为了使体外肝细胞模型更接近体内肝细胞的状态,肝细胞培养体系的作用开始受到重视。与传统的二维（2D）和三明治培养模型相比,三维（3D）培养模型和微灌流系统能够更好地模拟肝细胞的体内微环境,是目前与体内肝细胞的形态和功能最为相似的细胞模型。综述肝样细胞模型在药物肝脏代谢和毒性研究中的进展,旨在为药物临床前研究选择合适的肝样细胞模型提供参考。

     

大鼠原代培养肝细胞作为早期肝毒性筛选模型的研究

目的研究大鼠原代培养肝细胞作为早期肝毒性的筛选模型的生物学特征。方法采用二步灌流法分离提取大鼠肝细胞进行培养;采用荧光倒置显微镜观察原代培养肝细胞的生长情况;采用MTT法绘制肝细胞生长曲线;采用全自动生化分析仪检测细胞上清液的ALT、AST、ALP、CK、LDH、TP、ALB、GGT值;采用爬片技术进行HE检查;采用Elisa法检测细胞上清液中细胞色素P450(CYP450)的总量,并采用肝细胞毒性药物对乙酰氨基酚对肝细胞作为早期肝毒性筛选模型进行验证。结果肝细胞培养4 h后开始贴壁,24 h后绝大多数肝细胞贴壁,体积明显增大;48 h后肝细胞贴壁牢固,维持至第8日,细胞开始逐渐脱落。肝细胞的对数生长期为第2至第3日,ALT、AST、LDH、CK在提取4 h后增高,第1日大幅降低后趋于平稳至第7日。TP、ALB、GGT、ALP提取4 h降低,后趋于平稳至第7日,肝细胞CYP450第1日至第5日分泌呈上升趋势,第6⁷日,轻微下降。HE结果显示提取的肝细胞与肝组织的HE涂片基本一致。对乙酰氨基酚对肝细胞的生长具有抑制作用,IC50为20.5 mmol·L-1,能使肝细胞肿胀,细胞核萎缩,使肝细胞分泌ALT、ALP、LDH增多,对肝细胞分泌CYP450的功能具有抑制作用。结论系统全面的阐述肝细胞的生物学特征及在早期毒性评价中的应用,肝细胞作为肝早期毒性筛选模型敏感的评价指标,对于原代培养肝细胞用于药物的早期毒性筛选研究起到了一个示范作用。     

药物神经毒性的评价模型及应用

药物神经毒性是指由药物引起的对神经系统功能和/或结构的损害。神经毒性是药物不良反应之一,也是药物临床前安全性评价的重要方面。一般来说,研究和评价神经毒性的模型主要指体外模型和体内模型。体外模型包括二维单细胞培养（神经细胞系、原代神经细胞和神经干细胞）,三维多细胞培养（再聚集脑细胞）,以及器官型培养（类器官、器官芯片）等。体内模型包括传统的哺乳动物模型和非哺乳动物模型。非哺乳动物模型由于其结构简单、操作方便也逐渐被广泛地用于神经毒性评价,主要包括线虫、斑马鱼、果蝇等。仅靠单一体内模型或体外模型无法完整全面地评价药物神经毒性,因此对于不同的药物,需要选择合适的方法及模型组合进行综合评价,才能得出准确可靠的结论。     

毒理学研究的高内涵筛选及其在药物肝毒性研究中的应用

药物性肝损伤(DILI)是导致药物研发终止或从市场撤回的重要原因之一,建立可预测、高通量的临床前检测系统以评估临床潜在的肝毒性是药物研发的迫切需要。基于细胞成像的高内涵筛选(HCS)技术,允许同时检测多个细胞参数,通过实时监测多种信号通路阐明细胞损伤的机制,具有高度的敏感性和特异性。目前已有多种肝细胞模型用于高内涵毒性筛选。本文介绍了HCS技术,回顾了近年来利用高内涵成像技术获得的药物肝毒性资料,探讨了其在肝毒性机制探索中的应用,以及高内涵成像技术在DILI研究中的作用。     

Using high-content screening technology for studying drug-induced hepatotoxicity in preclinical studies

Introduction: The need for alternatives to animal experimentation and traditional testing methods has been widely discussed in recent years. This has led scientists and regulatory authorities to investigate alternative methods for toxicity testing. High-content screening (HCS) has emerged as a powerful tool in predictive toxicology since it permits molecular, cellular and tissue-based toxicity assessments. HCS allows automated image acquisition and analysis, and provides information on multiple properties of individual cells loaded simultaneously with fluorescent dyes, which is used for drug safety evaluations.

Areas covered: Herein, the authors review the principles of HCS technology and some of the most widely used HCS assays for studying drug-induced hepatotoxicity in preclinical studies in general and in the pharmaceutical industry in particular.

Expert opinion: The widespread acceptation of HCS by pharmaceutical companies and academic researchers highlights the potential usefulness of this technology as a prioritization tool in drug development. The improvement of different key points such as fluorescent probes or bioinformatics tools will consolidate HCS in drug discovery.     

Innovation for hepatotoxicity in vitro research models: A review

Many categories of drugs can induce hepatotoxicity, so improving the prediction of toxic drugs is important. In vitro models using human hepatocytes are more accurate than in vivo animal models. Good in vitro models require an abundance of metabolic enzyme activities and normal cellular polarity. However, none of the in vitro models can completely simulate hepatocytes in the human body. There are two ways to overcome this limitation: enhancing the metabolic function of hepatocytes and changing the cultural environment. In this review, we summarize the current state of research, including the main characteristics of in vitro models and their limitations, as well as improved technology and developmental prospects. We hope that this review provides some new ideas for hepatotoxicity research.     

抗结核药物性肝炎相关危险因素探讨

目的：探讨抗结核药物性肝炎的相关危险因素。方法回顾分析2011年12月-2012年12月658例（男296例,女362例）结核病患者的临床资料。结果抗结核药物性肝炎发生率24.9%,男性少于女性,HBV感染组高于非HBV感染组;随年龄增长发生率升高;大约90%的患者发生在用药后3个月内。结论年龄、HBV感染是抗结核药物性肝炎的主要危险因素,女性患者及HBV-DNA阳性患者更易出现药物性肝炎,对于此类患者需密切监测肝功能。     

Real-time concurrent monitoring of apoptosis,cytosolic calcium,and mitochondria permeability transition for hypermulticolor high-content screening of drug-induced mitochondrial dysfunction-mediated hepatotoxicity

A quantitative high-content screening (HCS) was suggested for the real-time monitoring of drug-induced mitochondrial dysfunction-mediated hepatotoxicity. This HCS is very advantageous in that it allows simultaneous observation of drug-induced activations of hepatotoxic pathways using hypermulticolor cellular imaging. The mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT), cytosolic calcium, and caspase-3 were selected as functional markers to verify drug-induced hepatotoxicity and were concurrently monitored in HepG2 cells in a real-time manner. Nefazodone, tolcapone, and troglitazone caused mitochondrial dysfunction and subsequent apoptotic HepG2 cell death in addition to marked cytosolic calcium increase. On the other hand, extrinsic pathway-mediated apoptotic cell death was monitored when HepG2 cells were treated with piroxicam. It was found that piroxicam-treated HepG2 cells showed apoptotic cell death without the MPT formation, while a cytosolic calcium increase was clearly observed. This finding was confirmed by the caspase-8 inhibition assay. These results demonstrated the unique potential of real-time hypermulticolor HCS to screen hepatotoxic drugs at the in vitro stage rather than the later in vivo stage based on an animal model and to ultimately reduce the probability of drug failure.     

The role of vitamin D3 upregulated protein 1 in thioacetamide-induced mouse hepatotoxicity

Thioacetamide (TA) is a commonly used drug that can trigger acute hepatic failure (AHF) through generation of oxidative stress. Vitamin D3 upregulated protein 1 (VDUP1) is an endogenous inhibitor of thioredoxin, a ubiquitous thiol oxidoreductase, that regulates cellular redox status. In this study, we investigated the role of VDUP1 in AHF using a TA-induced liver injury model. VDUP1 knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice were subjected to a single intraperitoneal TA injection, and various parameters of hepatic injury were assessed. VDUP1 KO mice displayed a significantly higher survival rate, lower serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels, and less hepatic damage, compared to WT mice. In addition, induction of apoptosis was decreased in VDUP1 KO mice, with the alteration of caspase-3 and -9 activities, Bax-to-Bcl-2 expression ratios, and mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. Importantly, analysis of TA bioactivation revealed lower plasma clearance of TA and covalent binding of [¹⁴C]TA to liver macromolecules in VDUP1 KO mice. Furthermore, the level of oxidative stress was significantly less in VDUP1 KO mice than in their WT counterparts, as evident from lipid peroxidation assay. These results collectively indicate that VDUP1 deficiency protects against TA-induced acute liver injury via lower bioactivation of TA and antioxidant effects.     

Association of slow N-acetyltransferase 2 profile and anti-TB drug-induced hepatotoxicity in patients from Southern Brazil

Purpose  To determine the frequency of N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) polymorphisms, the NAT2 acetylation profile and its relation to the incidence of gastrointestinal adverse drug reactions (ADRs), anti-tuberculosis (TB) drug-induced hepatotoxicity, and the clinical risk factors for hepatotoxicity in a population from Brazil. Methods  Two hundred and fifty-four Brazilian TB patients using isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RMP), and pirazinamide (PZA) were tested in a prospective cohort study. NAT2 genotyping was performed by direct PCR sequencing. The association between gastrointestinal ADRs/hepatotoxicity and the NAT2 profile genotype was evaluated by univariate analysis and multiple logistic regression. Results  Of the 254 patients analyzed, 69 (27.2%) were slow acetylators and 185 (72.8%) were fast acetylators. Sixty-five (25.6%) patients were human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive. Thirty-three (13%) and 14 (5.5%) patients developed gastrointestinal ADR and hepatotoxicity, respectively. Of the 14 hepatotoxicity patients, nine (64.3%) were slow acetylators and five (35.7%) were fast acetylators. Sex, age, presence of hepatitis C virus, alcohol abuse, and baseline aminotransferases were not found to be risk factors for hepatotoxicity. However, logistic regression analysis revealed that slow acetylator status and the presence of HIV (p < 0.05) were independent risk factors for hepatotoxicity. Conclusions  Our findings show that HIV-positive patients that have the slow acetylation profile are significantly associated with a higher risk of developing hepatotoxicity due to anti-TB drugs. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Use of toxicogenomics to understand mechanisms of drug-induced hepatotoxicity during drug discovery and development

Hepatotoxicity is a common cause of failure in drug discovery and development and is also frequently the source of adverse drug reactions. Therefore, a better prediction, characterization and understanding of drug-induced hepatotoxicity could result in safer drugs and a more efficient drug discovery and development process. Among the 'omics technologies, toxicogenomics (or the use of gene expression profiling in toxicology) represents an attractive approach to predict toxicity and to gain a mechanistic understanding of toxic changes. In this review, we illustrate, using selected examples, how toxicogenomics can be applied to investigate drug-induced hepatotoxicity in animal models and in vitro systems. In general, this technology can not only improve the discipline of toxicology and risk assessment but also represent an extremely effective, hypothesis-generating alternative to rapidly understand mechanisms of hepatotoxicity.     

基于细胞模型的高通量筛选技术在药物研发中的应用进展

发现一种具有临床疗效的新药,通常需要对成千上万种化合物进行逐一筛选,获得目标化合物后,再对其进一步深入验证,这个过程工作量大且周期长.高通量高内涵筛选技术的出现缩短发现目标化合物的时间,选用适当的生物模型提高了目标化合物的验证结果的准确性.本文主要对干细胞生物模型、CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑细胞模型及3D细胞培养模...