ABO血型不合对异基因外周血干细胞移植造血重建的影响

目的探讨ABO血型不合对HLA相合的异基因外周血干细胞移植(allogeneic peripheral bloodstem cell transplantation,Allo-PBSCT)的影响。方法回顾分析6例ABO血型主要不合,9例次要不合的HLA相合的Allo-PBSCT术后受者造血重建情况,选用同期ABO相合的Allo-PBSCT受者作对比。结果15例ABO血型不合的Allo-PBSCT受者植入骨髓后均未发生急性溶血,有2例发生迟发性溶血。ABO血型不合对Allo-PBSCT骨髓植活、血小板恢复、粒系重建均无影响。在ABO血型主要不合组,红系恢复时间明显延迟。结论ABO血型不合并不是Allo-PBSCT的障碍,仅在ABO血型主要不合时,出现红系恢复时间延迟。     

ABO血型检测在异基因造血干细胞中的应用及移植后的输血

目的监测ABO血型不合的患者异基因造血干细胞移植前后ABO血型的变化,探索移植后的输血方案,为患者输注合适的血液成分提供依据。方法干细胞移植前检测患者ABO血型,植活后再次检测患者ABO血型抗原及抗体的变化,对输注血液成分的种类和数量进行统计学分析。结果 28例ABO血型不合的患者干细胞移植后35~193 d血型成功转变为供者血型,ABO主要不合、ABO次要不合及ABO主次要不合的受者输注红细胞、血浆和血小板的量和ABO相合组的输注量相比无统计学差异(P<0.05)。结论 ABO血型不合的干细胞移植后,患者血型成功转变为供者血型,相容性输血可以用于异基因造血干细胞移植并能够确保输血安全。     

ABO血型不合异基因外周血造血干细胞移植的护理

异基因外周血造血干细胞移植(Allo-PBSCT)是治疗血液系统恶性疾病的有效手段,在组织相容性白细胞抗原(HLA)相合的异基因造血于细胞移植(Allo-HSCT)中,供者与受者ABO血型不合是常见的问题.2006年11月～2009年12月我科共进行ABO血型不合的Ailo-PBSCT 29例,护理体会报道如下.     

ABO血型不合异基因外周血造血干细胞移植后血型的转变（附2例报告）

近年来 ,我院采用 ABO血型不合异基因外周血造血干细胞移植 (ALLOPBSCT)治疗白血病 ,获得成功。本文主要对ABO血型不合患者移植后的血型、抗体滴定度及染色体的转变进行观察 ,现报告如下。1　资料和方法1 .1　病例介绍 :例 1男 ,9岁。急性单核细胞白血病首次缓解(AML- M3a CRI) ,血型 B,Rh D阳性 ;供者为其大姐 ,血型 A型 ,Rh D阳性 ,HLA- A- B位点与病人相合。例 2男 ,2 5岁。急性粒细胞白血病部分分化型首次缓解 (AML- M2 a CRI) ,血型B型 ,Rh D阳性 ;供者为其大哥 ,血型 O型 ,Rh D阳性 ,HLA-A- B- DR位点与病人相…     

HLA半相合异基因造血干细胞移植并发症的预防

异基因造血干细胞移植是治疗白血病的有效方法，在缺乏HLA配型完全相合供者的情况下只得用HLA半相合异基因造血干细胞移植，但易发生移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)、出血性膀胱炎(HC)、肝静脉闭塞病(VOD)等严重并发症而导致移植失败。本文报告HLA半相合异基因造血干     

2例异基因造血干细胞移植后的植入状态监测及近期胸腺功能重建

目的 监测异基因造血干细胞移植后的植入状态,评价移植后的近期胸腺功能重建.方法 对1例接受人类白细胞抗原(human leukocyte antigen,HLA)半相合亲缘供者与1例HLA全相合非亲缘供者异基因造血干细胞移植(allo-HSCT)治疗的白血病患者,收集供者和受者术前、受者移植后1个多月、受者移植后4个多月的EDTA抗凝静脉血,同时采集10例正常健康志愿者的EDTA抗凝静脉血作为正常对照.采用STR-PCR技术检测20个常染色体STR基因座及1个性别基因座的基因型.采用实时荧光定量PCR方法检测受者不同时期和10例正常健康志愿者的T细胞受体DNA重排删除环(TREC)水平.结果 2例造血干细胞移植病例监测在移植后1个多月及4个多月均完全表现为供者源型.造血干细胞移植后1个多月及4个多月,半相合供者的白细胞及血小板恢复晚于HLA全相合供者.2例病人移植前TREC相对定量略低于年龄相近的正常对照组,移植后1个多月及4个多月TREC水平明显升高,其中HLA全相合移植病人TREC相对定量高于HLA半相合移植病人.结论 移植后1个多月及4个多月供者造血干细胞在受者体内完全植活.全相合造血干细胞移植后造血及免疫重建快于半相合造血干细胞移植.     

异基因造血干细胞移植治疗儿童白血病疗效观察

目的观察异基因造血干细胞移植治疗儿童白血病的疗效。方法在3例行异基因造血干细胞移植的白血病患儿中,2例行无血缘相关人类白细胞相关抗原（HLA）不全相合脐血造血干细胞移植,1例行同胞HLA全相合骨髓造血干细胞与外周血造血干细胞联合移植。移植后进行对症治疗及相关并发症的预防。结果 3例患儿均获造血重建,其中病例1在＋37d全血恢复正常;病例2在＋90d外周血供体嵌合率（STR）97.8%,脐血造血干细胞完全稳定植入。病例3在＋80d外周血STR：99.4%,造血干细胞完全稳定植入。结论异基因造血干细胞移植是一种治疗儿童白血病的较好方法,可以提高白血病患儿的长期生存率。     

染色体在异基因造血干细胞移植的应用

目的 研究染色体在白血病异基因造血干细胞移植方面的价值。方法 应用常规细胞遗传学方法定期检测白血病患者异基因造血干细胞移植前后常染色体、性染色体情况。结果 5例移植成功患者其中异性别4例,性染色体表现为供者性染色体,原有异常消失;1例术后复发患者原有异常重现。结论 常规细胞遗传学可以作为异基因造血干细胞移植成功与否的标志和评价疗效的指标。     

非清髓异基因外周血造血干细胞移植治疗一例慢性粒细胞白血病

异基因造血干细胞移植仍是目前唯一公认能够治愈慢性粒细胞白血病(CML)的方法,在慢性期移植效果最佳,50%～60%患者可获得长期存活和长期缓解。我们采用非清髓性HLA相合同胞供者外周血造血干细胞移植成功治疗CML 1例,现报告如下。     

白血病异基因造血干细胞移植并发真菌性前色素膜炎1例

男性,42岁.1年前因患慢性粒细胞白血病2年,在我院干细胞移植中心行血缘相关性异基因造血干细胞移植,供者系其胞姐,45岁,血型为AB型,患者血型为B型,HLA配型主要A、B、DR位点全相合,经Bu-CY方案,Bu4 mg/公斤体质量×4 d,CY60 mg/公斤体质量×2 d.预处理后第2天回输CD34+造血干细胞5.6×106/L公斤体质量,回输后第17天,患者外周血中性粒细胞达1.0×109/L之上.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.