PPAR-γ pro12ala基因多态性与甲状腺相关性眼病的相关性研究

目的通过研究过氧化物酶体增殖激活受体-γ（PPAR-γ）pro12ala位点基因多态性在山西地区部分汉族人中的分布规律及其与甲状腺相关性眼病（TAO）的关系,从而探讨TAO可能的遗传因素及发病机制,为TAO的防治提供一定的实验依据。方法研究对象共有166例,共分为3组,其中TAO患者51例,Graves病（GD）患者55例及正常对照者60例,分别选取研究对象的外周抗凝血来提取基因组DNA,采用聚合酶链式反应-限制性片段长度多态性（PCR-RFLP）的研究方法,来检测研究对象PPAR-γ pro12ala位点基因型和等位基因的频率。结果 G等位基因TAO组频率明显高于GD组与正常对照组（27.8%vs13.6%,13.3%,P〈0.05）;CG＋GG基因型的频率TAO患者组明显高于GD患者组与正常对照组（52.9%vs25.5%,26.7%,P〈0.05）,GD组及正常对照组的基因频率的差异无统计学意义。结论山西地区部分汉族人群中存在PPAR-γpro12ala位点基因多态性;PPAR-γ pro12ala位点基因多态性可能与山西地区部分汉族人TAO的发病相关。     

STAT6基因多态性与哮喘的相关性对血浆IgE水平的影响

目的 探讨STAT6基因＋2964G／A多态性与哮喘的相关性及对血浆IgE水平的影响。方法 用聚合酶链反应和限制性片段长度多态性（PCR／RFLP）方法检测哮喘组与对照组＋2964位点多态性，用酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）测定血浆IgE水平。结果 ＋2964位点等位基因G、A频率在两组间分布的差异有统计学意义（Х^2=17．26，P〈0．01），等位基因G与哮喘关联，OR（G／A）=2．62，95％Cl=1．66～4．13，P〈0．01。两组基因型（GG、GA、AA）频率的分布差异亦有统计学意义（Х^2=19．52，P〈0．01），其优势比：OR（GG／AA）=3．30、95％Cl=1．26～8．66，P〈0．05；OR（GG／GA）=3．79，95％Cl=2．03～7．09，P〈0．01；OR（GA／AA）=0．869，95％Cl=0．303～2．496、P〉0．05；同组内，T等位基因携带者血浆IgE水平高于非携带者；同一基因型，哮喘组IgE水平高于对照组。结论 STAT6基因＋2964位点多态性是影响哮喘的重要候选基因，G等位基因与哮喘关联，并影响血浆IgE水平。     

Graves病白细胞减少与CTLA-4基因多态性的相关性

目的：探讨天津地区汉族人Graves病（GD）合并白细胞减少，与细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关抗原-H4（CTLA-4）基因外显子1第49位点A／G和启动子-318位点C／T二态性的相关性。方法：运用PCR—RFLP技术分析40例GD白细胞减少患者、56例GD白细胞正常患者及60例正常人CTLA-4基因、外显子1第49位点和启动子-318位点基因型．计算并比较各组基因型和等位基因频率。结果：GD组第1外显子第49位点基因型GG和等位基因G的频率明显高于正常对照组，3组人群的CTLA-4基因启动子-318位点的基因型与等位基因的分布差别无统计学意义。GD白细胞减少组与GD白细胞正常组之间基因型、等位基因的分布差别无统计学意义。结论：CTLA-4基因外显子1G49可能是天津地区汉族人Graves病的易感基因，而其与启动子-318位点可能不是天津地区汉族人GD合并白细胞减少的易感基因。     

转化生长因子β1基因T869C多态性与类风湿关节炎的相关性

目的 研究转化生长因子β1（TGFβ1）基因T869C多态性与江苏地区汉族人群类风湿关节炎（RA）的相关性。方法 76例随访2年的RA患者及100例健康对照组,PCR-RFLP方法检测TG即1基因T869C多态性,比较两组间基因型及等位基因频率,并分析RA组不同基因型间临床及实验室指标的差异。结果 RA组CC基因型频率较对照组显著下降,而CT及TT基因型频率则显著升高（P〈0．05）,与对照组相比,RA组C等位基因频率下降,而T等位基因频率升高（P〈0．01）,与CC基因型相比,CT、TT基因型的RA危险度分别为2．62倍（P〈0．05）和3．60倍（P〈0．01）;RA组携带T等位基因的基因型（CT＋TT）发病年龄显著低于、CC基因型（P〈0．05）,在X线≥Ⅲ期改变比例也显著高于CC基因型（P〈0．01）。结论 TGFβ1基因多态性与RA相关,T等位基因是RA的遗传易患因子,并且与RA起病及严重程度呈正相关。     

肝肾综合征患者血管紧张素转换酶基因多态性研究

目的探讨失代偿性肝硬化并发肝肾综合征（HRS）患者血管紧张素转换酶（ACE）基因插入缺失（I／D）多态性。方法对96例失代偿性肝硬化并HRS患者及各对照组采用聚合酶链反应扩增其ACE基因上的DNA片断,根据I／D来判断其多态性,同时各例均采血测ALT、AST、血清肌酐（SCr）及尿素氮（BUN）等指标,并测。肾小球滤过率（GFR）,比较不同基因型间这些指标的差异。结果HRS患者中,各基因型及等位基因频率与各对照组间差异均无统计学意义（均P〉0．05）;除其他肝病组外,各组Ⅰ等位基因频率均显著高于D等位基因频率（均P〈0．01）,各对照组中,三种基因型频率间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,HRS组中,Ⅱ基因型频率显著高于ID及DD型（P〈0．05）。Ⅱ基因型的SCr等显著高于ID型及DD型（均P〈0．05）,GFR显著低于ID型及DD型（P〈0．05）。结论ACE基因Ⅱ型可能为失代偿性肝硬化易并发HRS的遗传学因素。     

CDKN2A／B基因三个单核苷酸多态性位点与冠心病的相关性研究

目的研究CDKN2A／B基因邻近的rs2383206、rs10757274、rs10757278三个位点的单核苷酸多态性（SNP）,探讨其与冠心病的发病及冠状动脉病变程度的相关性。方法采用聚合酶链式反应（PCR）扩增CDKN2A／B基因邻近rs2383206、rs10757274、rs10757278三个SNP位点的核苷酸片段,进行多态性分型并分析其与冠心病发病的相关性,对冠心病患者冠脉造影结果进行Gensini积分评定,分析单核苷酸多态性分型与Gensini积分的关系。结果CDKN2A／B基因邻近的3个SNP位点rs2383206、rs10757274、rs10757278的AG／GG基因型分布频率均高于对照组（P〈0．05）,G等位基因分布频率高于对照组（P〈0．05）。经校正混杂因素的影响后,与AA纯合子相比rs2383206、rs10757274、rs10757278的AG／GG基因型具有显著增加冠心病风险的效应校正比值比（OR）分别为1．492,1．915,1．866。冠心病组3个SNP位点AG／GG基因型冠脉Gensini积分均高于AA基因型（P〈0．05）。结论CDKN2A／B基因的rs2383206、rs10757274、rs10757278三个单核苷酸多态性位点是昆明地区汉族冠心病发生的易感位点,且与冠状动脉病变的严重程度呈正相关。     

细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关抗原4基因多态性与抗甲状腺药物所致白细胞减少的相关性

目的:研究中国北方汉族弥漫性毒性甲状腺肿(GD)患者细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关抗原4(CTLA-4)第1外显子49位点A/G多态性与抗甲状腺药物(ATD)所致白细胞减少的相关性.方法:收集2009年10月至2010年6月到青岛大学医学院附属医院内分泌科就诊的GD患者(GD组)和同期到体检中心查体的健康人群(健康对照组).GD组分为3个亚组:ATD治疗后白细胞减少组、ATD治疗后白细胞正常组和ATD治疗前白细胞减少组.收集所有研究对象外周非抗凝静脉血血凝块,提取基因组DNA,应用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性技术测定CTLA-4基因第1外显子49位点基因型,抽取部分样本进行测序,并计算各组的基因型和等位基因频率.结果:GD组211例患者(ATD治疗后白细胞减少组73例,ATD治疗后白细胞正常组86例,GD合并白细胞减少组52例)、健康对照组85例纳入研究.GD组CTLA-4基因第1外显子49位点AA、AG和GG基因型频率分别为2.4％(5例)、38.8％(82例)、58.8％(124例),A、G等位基因频率分别为21.8％、78.2％;健康对照组AA、AG和GG的基因型频率分别为15.3％(13例)、32.9％(28例)和51.8％(44例),A和G的等位基因频率分别为31.8％和68.2％;2组的基因型和等位基因频率差异有统计学意义(x2 =17.74,P=0.000 1;x2 =6.48,P=0.01).CTLA-4基因第1外显子49位点基因型和等位基因频率在ATD治疗后白细胞减少组、ATD治疗后白细胞正常组和GD合并白细胞减少组之间差异均无统计学意义(均P ＞0.05).结论:中国北方汉族人群GD发病与CTLA-4基因第1外显子49位点A/G多态性相关,而ATD导致的白细胞减少似乎与其多态性无关.     

纤维蛋白原-455G／A基因多态性与子痫前期相关性研究

目的通过检测子痫前期患者β-纤维蛋白原-455基因,分析其基因多态性及子痫前期发生的关系。方法利用聚合酶链反应,限制型长度多态性对2007年1至12月在广东省妇幼保健院分娩的96例子痫前期患者和98例正常孕妇进行不同β-纤维蛋白原-455G／A基因型分析,并观察两组血浆纤维蛋白原情况。结果子痫前期患者血浆纤维蛋白原水平显著高于正常妊娠者（P〈0．05）。β—FIB-455G／A基因多态性GA＋AA等位基因携带者血浆纤维蛋白原水平明显高于GG等位基因者（P〈0．05）,可见A等位基因与高纤维蛋白原水平相关。A等位基因频率及GA、AA基因型在子痫前期组和对照组间无明显区别（P〉0．05）。结论β—FIB-455G／A基因多态性A等位基因可能不是子痫前期的遗传易感基因,但与子痫前期患者血浆高纤维蛋白原水平相关。     

胱硫醚-β-合酶(CBS)基因与冠心病发病机制的研究

目的：研究冠心病患者血浆同型半胱氨酸（HCY）水平及HCY代谢相关酶胱硫醚－β－合酶（CBS）基因T833C位点、G919A位点碱基突变与冠心病的关系。方法：用酶联免疫试剂盒测定血浆HCY水平，采用扩增阻滞突变体系法检测CBS基因中T833C和G919A基因型。结果：冠心病组HCY水平显著高于对照组（P＜0．01）。CBS基因T833C冠心病组CC、CT、TT型频率分布及C、T等位基因频率分布，G919A冠心病组AA、AG、GG型频率分布及A、G等位基因频率分布，均与对照组有非常显著性差异（P＜0．05或P＜0．01）。T833C、G919A冠心病组中3种基因型的HCY水平有显著性差异（P＜0．05）。冠心病组的CC、CT基因型HCY水平显著高于TT型，AA、AG基因型HCY水平显著高于GG型。结论：（1）高HCY血症是冠心病发病的危险因素，CBS基因T833C的CC、CT突变和G919A的AA、AG突变是高HCY血症的原因。（2）CBS基因T833C、G919A多态性与冠心病的发生有关。     

佛山市汉族人群HIFIA基因1790（G→A）多态性研究

目的研究低氧诱导因子-1α基因（HIF1A）第12外显子1790（G→A）单核苷酸多态性在广东佛山市汉族人群中的分布特征。方法随机选取佛山市汉族健康个体90人的血样,提取白细胞基因组DNA,利用限制性片段长度多态性-聚合酶链反应（restriction fragment length polymorphisrm-polymerase chain reaction, RFLP-PCR）技术检测HIF1A基因第12外显子1790（G＋A）的单核苷酸多态性基因型,并分析其基因多态性特征。结果HIF1A基因1790（G→A）单核苷酸多态性的GG、GA和AA基因型频率分别为75．56％、21．11％和3．33％,G、A等位基因频率分别为86．11％、13。89％。广东佛山汉族人群HIF1A基因1790（G→A）单核苷酸多态性等位基因分布频率与日本人群相比差异有显著意义（P〈0．05）。结论广东佛山汉族人群HIF1A基因1790（G→A）多态性以GG基因型分布频率高,具有一定的种族差异性。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.