强直性髋关节炎平片与MRI分析

目的：分析强直性髋关节炎骨盆骨质疏松的细微结构和骨坏死的病理性征象。方法：收集北亚骨科医院强直性脊柱炎患者100例，其中8例行MR成像检查。分析髋部骨质疏松的特殊性和骨坏死征象以及关节软骨破坏程度。结果：髋部多发区域性骨小梁丢失、减少发生率最高85％，骶髂关节侵蚀破坏或骨性强直为100％，股骨头灶性骨坏死，吸收后表现单囊或多囊状破坏或有小死骨34％，关节破坏狭窄54％，股骨头关节软骨边缘滑膜骨化突出33％，耻骨联合吸收或硬化24％，坐骨结节骨化43％。结论：强直性髋关节炎主要表现为区域性迁移骨疏松和股骨头多发灶性骨坏死。     

儿童强直性骶髂和髋关节炎

强直性脊柱炎多见于成年人。根据规定18岁以下为儿童。本文主要报道1~18岁112例儿童强直性骶髂关节炎和髋关节炎的综合征。1资料和方法1·1临床资料北亚医院112例儿童强直性脊柱炎,男101例,女11例,女性发病率仅为10%;最小年龄1岁,最大18岁。发病年龄1~9岁23例(20·5%),10~15岁7     

强直性脊柱炎髋关节病变早期影像征象探讨

目的研究强直性脊柱炎髋关节病变的X线平片、CT、MRI表现及其早期征象。方法从65例强直性脊柱炎髋关节病变中筛选出23例资料完整、临床证实的强直性脊柱炎髋关节病变的X线平片、CT及MRI资料进行分析和研究，人组标准：a）有强直性脊柱炎髋关节病变临床症状；b）符合纽约诊断标准；c）X线平片、CT及MRI三种检查资料完整；d）HLA—B27阳性；e）排除股骨头无菌性坏死等其他疾病。结果研究发现髋臼囊变出现率100％，出现在其他异常征象之前，且能独立出现，并存在于强直性脊柱炎髋关节病变全过程。在早期，本组23例中18例髋臼囊变单独存在，而无其他异常征象，在进展期，其他征象如关节间隙变窄、股骨头囊变等均与髋臼囊变并存。结论髋臼囊变是强直性脊柱炎髋关节病变的早期影像征象，且在所有征象中最具特征性，对确定强直性脊柱炎髋关节病变早期诊断有重要价值。     

强直性脊柱炎的X线平片分析

本组62例强直性脊柱炎病例中，男性54例，女性8例。发病年龄12—57岁，平均年龄28岁，其中20—30岁发病39人，占62．9％，病程2-18年不等。主要临床症状为下腰痛及活动受限.所有病例均摄脊柱正侧位片，41例摄骨盆平片，36例加摄膝、腕关节正侧位片，19例行骶髂关节及下腰椎CT扫描，所见X线征象由笔者与二位高年资医师共同阅片确认。     

强直性脊柱炎的CT、X线平片诊断

目的:探讨强直性脊柱炎的CT、X线平片表现,及其诊断价值。材料和方法:回顾性分析53例强直性脊柱炎的CT、X线平片征象并根据纽约标准分期。结果:53例中,0期正常0例;Ⅰ期可疑改变CT7例,X线平片2例;II期轻度异常CT9例,X线平片6例;III期明显异常24例;IV期关节骨性强直13例(III,IV期CT,X线平片检出率相同)。结论:CT检查能对强直性脊柱炎做出正确分期,对临床诊断及治疗预后有较高的准确性,优于X线平片。     

56例强直性脊柱炎的影像学分析

目的：分析强直性脊柱炎(AS)的影像学改变，提供早期诊断的依据。方法：56例AS病例全部做了X线平片和CT检查，其中32例进行了MRI检查，进行对比分析。结论：X线平片为首选方法，对早期病例CT扫描优于X线平片，MRI优于CT检查。     

强直性脊柱炎160例临床X线若干特点

总结１６０强直性脊柱炎临床及Ｘ线表现，对其临床及Ｘ线特点作了分析：骶髂关节及腰椎病变程度，病程长短与病变进展程度均非绝对一致，性别，发病年龄不同，在发病部位、各部位Ｘ线征象及临床症状等方面存在一定差别。     

Lung parenchymal changes in patients with ankylosing spondylitis

AIM: To assess lung parenchymal changes in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) using high resolution computed tomography (HRCT). METHODS: We included 78 AS patients whose average age was 33.87 (18-56) years with a ratio of 53 males to 25 females who were followed up for 3.88 (1-22) years on average. neumonia and tuberculosis were excluded. In a detailed examination of lung HRCT findings, we investigated the presence of parenchymal micronodules,parenchymal bands, subpleural bands, interlobular and intralobular septal thickening, irregularity of interfaces,ground glass opacity, consolidation, mosaic pattern,bronchial wall thickening, bronchial dilatation, tracheal dilatation, pleural thickening, emphysema, thoracic cage asymmetry, honeycomb appearance, structural distortion, apical fibrosis and other additional findings.RESULTS: In detailed HRCT evaluations, lung parenchymal changes were found in 46 (59%) of all patients. We found parenchymal bands in 21 (27%) cases, interlobular septal thickening in 9 (12%), emphysema in 9 (12%), apical fibrosis in 8 (10%), ground-glass opacities in 7 (9%), parenchymal micronodules in 5 (6%), irregularity in interfaces in 3 (4%), bronchial dilatation in 3 (4%), mosaic pattern in 2 (3%), pleural thickening in 2 (3%), consolidation in 1 (1%), bronchial wall thick ening in 1 (1%) and a subpleural band in 1 (1%) case. Furthermore, we detected subsegmental atelectasis in 2 patients and a cavitary lesion in 1 patient. CONCLUSION: Our study had the highest number of AS cases of all previous studies in evaluating lung paren chymal changes. The rate of lung parenchymal changes was slightly lower than that reported in recent literature.     

强直性脊柱炎髋关节强直的中期全髋关节置换术

目的探讨强直性脊柱炎髋关节强直的外科治疗。方法回顾性研究2001年5月—2007年5月24例40髋强直性脊柱炎髋关节强直行关节置换情况,观察术后髋关节功能及并发症。结果随访24～60个月,所有患者髋关节疼痛得到了不同程度的缓解,术后Harris评分提高到60～92分,平均82分。术后6个月所有患者血沉均在30 mm/h以下。结论强直性脊柱炎髋关节强直中期关节置换可改善功能、提高患者生活质量。     

Diagnostic value of diffusion weighted magnetic resonance image in early ankylosing spondylitis

Background

Diffusion-weighted MRI (DW-MRI) shows the early changes in microscopical movement of water molecules, hence diagnosis of early sacroiliitis which is one of the diagnostic criteria of seronegative spondyloarthropathies.

Objective

To determine the value of DW-MRI in detection of signal characteristics of the sacroiliac joints in patients with early ankylosing spondylitis (AS).

Patients and methods

Fifteen patients with clinically suspected AS, 20 patients with mechanical low back pain and 20 healthy controls underwent conventional MRI and DWI. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) was measured. In addition ten clinically confirmed AS patients underwent whole body-DWI.

Results

Mean ADC values of both sacroiliac joints in AS patients were (0.523 ± 0.15) × 10⁻³ mm²/s in the ilium and (0.502 ± 0.15) × 10⁻³ mm²/s in the sacrum. There was no significant difference between mechanical LBP and healthy controls. But there was a significant difference between AS and LBP patients. Mean ADC value of focal lesions of clinically confirmed AS was 0.965 ± 0.25 × 10⁻³ mm²/s in the sacrum and 0.932 ± 0.31 × 10⁻³ mm²/s in the ilium.

Conclusion

Subchondral bone marrow ADC values of sacroiliac joints allow differentiation between inflammatory and mechanical LBP. Furthermore, it may be helpful in evaluating the efficacy of the treatment and determine disease prognosis.     

The application of MR imaging in the detection of hip involvement in patients with ankylosing spondylitis

Objective

To investigate the changes in hip MR imaging, evaluate the frequency of hip involvement and compare the value of clinical symptoms, radiographs, and MR imaging in the detection of hip involvement in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS).

Methods

Anteroposterior radiographs of the pelvis, MR imaging of the hip and clinical evaluation were undertaken in 58 patients with definite AS. All patients were followed up 3 years. Annual radiographs and clinical evaluation were carried out. The imaging data were independently assessed by two experienced radiologists who were blinded to patient identity and clinical characteristics. Based on the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Radiology Hip Index (BASRI-hip) scoring system, BASRI-hip scores ≥2 were defined as radiological hip involvement. On MR imaging, both acute and chronic inflammatory changes were considered positive signs for hip involvement. Symptomatic hip involvement was defined as current or past pain or limitation of the hip movement. The statistical analysis was performed using the χ² test for comparison of sensitivity among clinical symptoms, radiographs, and MR imaging in the detection of hip involvement and the Student's t-test for comparison of disease duration between with and without hip involvement. A P value <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. For interpreting MRI and radiographs, the percentage of agreement between the two assessors and the kappa coefficients were calculated.

Results

On MR imaging, positive changes were detected in 86 (74.1%) hips among 116 hips in all 58 patients. Joint effusion was observed in 73 (62.9%) hips; 23 out of 27 patients who underwent fat-saturated contrast-enhanced T₁-weighted sequences had abnormal synovial enhancement in bilateral hips. The other abnormal MR findings included subchondral bone marrow edema in 35 (30.2%) hips, enthesitis in 22 (19.0%) hips, fatty accumulation of the bone marrow in 28 (24.1%) hips, bone erosive destruction in 32 (27.6%) hips, and joint-space narrowing in 4 (3.4%) hips. Based on the BASRI-hip scoring system, 68, 24, 18, 6 and 0 hips had no, suspicious, mild, moderate or severe damage on conventional radiographs of the pelvis, respectively. Thirty-five hips in 20 patients had current or past pain or limitation. The proportion of hip involvement according to MR imaging, radiographs, and clinical symptoms was 74.1% (86/116), 20.7% (24/116), and 30.2% (35/116), respectively. MR imaging yielded higher values than radiographs and clinical symptoms in the detection of hip involvement in patients with AS (χ² = 66.45 and 44.93, P <0.05). Interreader reliability for interpretation of findings was acceptable for both MRI and radiographs. During follow-up, radiological hip involvement were found in 10 hips with BASRI-hip scores ≤1 at baseline and clinical symptoms appeared in 15 sides of the original asymptomatic hip. On baseline MR imaging, inflammatory changes were seen in all hips which appeared symptoms and/or radiological involvement both at baseline and during follow-up.

Conclusion

The proportion of hip involvement is much higher than that suggested by radiographic changes and clinical symptoms. MR imaging is superior to conventional radiographs and clinical symptoms in the detection of hip involvement. Joint effusion and synovial enhancement caused by synovitis are the commonest hip findings on MR imaging in patients with AS.     

超声评价强直性脊柱炎患者外周肌腱端病的临床应用

目的探索强直性脊柱炎患者外周肌腱端病的病变特征。方法通过二维及彩色多普勒超声检测30例强直性脊柱炎患者外周肌腱端,观察其声像图特征和血流情况,并对检查结果进行分析。结果所有受检的强直性脊柱炎患者均发现肌腱端异常,但是各个肌腱端的肌腱端病的发病率并不相同,且各个肌腱端的肌腱端病的异常声像表现也有明显差异。结论强直性脊柱炎患者肌腱端病的发病率很高,且各个肌腱端的肌腱端病的发病率和发病特点也各不相同,而超声可较敏感地探查出AS患者肌腱端的异常。     

Monitoring ankylosing spondylitis therapy by dynamic contrast-enhanced and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging

Objective The effects of different therapies on enthesitis/osteitis in active ankylosing spondylitis (AS) were evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The aim was to assess the role of quantitative MRI in the evaluation of AS treatment efficacy. Materials and methods Thirty patients with active spondylitis or bilateral sacroilitis were selected and followed up for 1 year. Ten of the patients were treated only with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, 10 patients additionally received at baseline an intravenous pulse of glucocorticoids and 10 patients were treated with regular infusions of infliximab. Disease activity was measured according to clinical instruments and laboratory tests. For each patient, one selected inflamed lesion was followed from baseline through control visits quantitatively by diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) measuring the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and by dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging (DCEI) with evaluation of the enhancement factor (f_enh) and enhancement gradient (g_enh). Results Clinical and quantitative MRI parameters diminished significantly with regression of the inflammatory activity. The improvement in AS was most pronounced in patients treated with infliximab; after 12 months the ADC diminished from an average of 1.31 to 0.88 × 10⁻³ mm²/s, f_enh from 1.85 to 0.60, and g_enh from 3.09 to 1.40 %/s. Conclusion Diffusion-weighted imaging and DCEI were shown to be effective in quantifying changes in inflammation in skeletal lesions during the treatment of AS, and could therefore be convenient for assessing treatment efficacy. To the best of our knowledge this is the first time DWI was used to evaluate the activity of skeletal inflammation in rheumatic diseases such as AS.     

Assessment of enthesitis in ankylosing spondylitis by power Doppler ultrasonography

Objective To evaluate the relationship between power Doppler ultrasonography (PDUS) assessment and clinical variables including enthesitis index, pain threshold and disease activity parameters, and to document grey-scale US findings of the 13 entheses examined.Design and patients A total of 390 entheses were examined in thirty patients with AS, and clinical variables of the Maastricht Ankylosing Spondylitis Enthesitis Index (MASES), anthropometric measurements, disease activity and functional parameters were documented. A total MASES score by palpation (t-PS) and algometric pressure pain threshold (t-PPT) was obtained. Grey scale and PDUS examination of 13 entheses were performed. Grey-scale changes such as altered tendon echogenity, calcification, cortical reactive changes and bursitis were noted, and flow on PDUS was graded semi-quantitatively.Results Cumulative power Doppler (t-PDS) score significantly correlated with t-PS and t-PPT. Ultimate correlations were found between power Doppler scores and pain, disease activity and disability parameters. Changes in grey scale combined with PDUS were more prevalent in lower-extremity entheses. The intraobserver agreement of flow signal grading was excellent (kappa=0.82). Clinical and sonographic results were concordant for three regions, but were discordant for four regions where tenderness was accepted as the sole clinical manifestation of enthesis.Conclusion Pain or tenderness is associated with increased vascularity of entheses. Power Doppler US examination of the entheses may be useful and complementary to the clinical evaluation, and further research is needed to assess its role in diagnosis and follow-up of disease course.     

Comparison of radiography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in the detection of sacroiliitis accompanying ankylosing spondylitis

Objective. To compare magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, computed tomography (CT), and radiography in the detection of sacroiliitis accompanying ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Design and subjects. Nine volunteers and 24 patients were recruited. Radiography, CT, and MR imaging were completed within a 1-week period in 24 patients with AS. In precontrast MR examination, spin-echo T1, fast spin-echo T2, and gradient echo with rephasing T2* images were obtained without fat saturation using a 0.3-T imager for all volunteers and patients. Postcontrast MR examination was performed using the same precontrast SE T1 sequence for patients with AS. Results and conclusions. MR imaging directly showed the normal cartilage in all 16 sacroiliac joints of the 8 volunteers. In the 24 patients with AS, cartilage abnormalities were observed in 42 sacroiliac joints. More diagnoses of sacroiliitis were made using MR and CT imaging than using radiography (P<0.001). Therefore, low-field-strength MR can be useful in detecting early sacroiliitis in patients with AS. MR imaging was able to reveal early cartilage changes and bone marrow edema, which could not be found by either CT or radiography.     

骶髂关节强直性脊柱炎CT表现的再分析

目的:提高对骶髂关节强直性脊柱炎CT变化特点的认识,尤其是早期诊断中容易混淆的征象。方法:收集近期临床确诊的强直性脊柱炎88例,另设50例无症状受检者的骶髂关节作对照,均行薄层CT扫描。结果:对照组关节面光滑,关节面下骨质清晰。疾病组关节间隙、关节面下松质骨硬化等改变都具有明显的变化特点。结论:关节面的破坏是该疾病CT诊断的核心问题,CT对Ⅱ级以上的诊断才具有肯定价值。