海洋真菌YS4108抗肿瘤多糖YCP发酵条件的优化

目的寻找优化的摇瓶发酵条件,以提高菌株YS4108抗肿瘤多糖YCP的得率,为工业化发酵生产铺垫。方法采用单因数和正交设计的方法,以YS4108菌丝体得率、粗多糖含量或YCP收获率为指标,优化培养条件和碳源、氮源及无机盐配方。结果该菌最佳摇瓶发酵培养条件为:28℃,初始pH 6.0,120r/min,7 d,1 L摇瓶装液量400 mL;最佳发酵配方为:蔗糖2.5%,玉米粉1%,NaNO30.2%,酵母膏0.2%,KH2PO40.05%,MgSO4.7H2O0.05%,KCl 0.05%,FeSO40.000 1%,人工海水100%。结论该发酵工艺YCP收获率为0.227 2 g/L,为优化前工艺的3.6倍,具有良好的应用前景。     

淡豆豉的多菌种协同发酵工艺优化

目的 优化淡豆豉多菌种(环状芽孢杆菌、黑曲霉、少根根霉)协同发酵工艺,为淡豆豉发酵工艺改进和创新提供参考。方法 以发酵时间、发酵温度、混合菌种比例、接种量为考察因素,以总黄酮、大豆苷元、黄豆黄素、染料木素的含量为考察指标,通过单因素考查对淡豆豉多菌种协同发酵工艺进行优化。结果 淡豆豉多菌种协同发酵最佳工艺条件为：发酵温度30℃,发酵时间8 d,接种量5%,混合菌种接种比例为环状芽孢杆菌∶黑曲霉∶少根根霉=1∶2∶1。结论 淡豆豉多菌种协同发酵工艺可避免杂菌干扰、利于工艺标准化,可为淡豆豉工艺改进和创新以及为中药多菌种协同发酵工艺研究提供参考。     

X杆菌发酵工艺的研究

在工业微生物发酵中,可以说优良的发酵工艺条件会从根本上影响发酵目的产物的产量及活性。本文通过对发酵工艺的研究,改进了发酵工艺流程,由原来一级发酵转为二级发酵,使得新工艺下的发酵活性较原工艺提高了30 % ,物料消耗为原工艺的75 % ,发酵周期缩短了4小时。提高了发酵产量及活性     

纤溶酶产生菌株BS-26的发酵工艺优化

目的对纤溶酶产生菌株BS-26发酵工艺进行优化。方法通过单因素试验和正交试验,确定了摇瓶发酵的最佳条件。结果该菌株产纤溶酶最佳的发酵条件为:3%糊精、1%酵母粉、0.02%CaCl2、0.07%MgSO4,初始pH7.0,接种量为6%,装液量为70/250(mL/mL),摇床温度37℃,转速180 r/min,发酵时间60 h,在该条件下产酶酶活可达593.03 U/mL,是原发酵培养条件下产酶活力的4.5倍。结论此发酵条件可以很好地提高纤溶酶的活力,为发酵规模的扩大奠定了基础。     

Box-Behnken响应面法优化大蒜油提取工艺

目的:优化大蒜油的提取工艺。方法:以大蒜油提取率为指标,在单因素试验基础上采用Box-Behnken响应面法对水蒸气蒸馏法提取大蒜中大蒜油的发酵时间、料液比、发酵温度等条件进行优化研究,对优化工艺进行验证试验。结果:最优提取工艺为发酵时间4.5 h、料液比1∶7、发酵温度55℃。验证试验中大蒜油平均提取率为0.32%(RSD=1.43%,n=3),实测值与预测值之间的相对误差为0.06%。结论:采用Box-Behnken响应面法优化所得大蒜油提取工艺简便、合理、可行,可为大蒜油工业化大生产提供参考。     

固态发酵产纳豆激酶的工艺优化

目的研究纳豆菌的固体发酵。方法采用单因素和正交试验 ,对以豆渣为原料纳豆菌固体发酵生产纳豆激酶的工艺条件进行了优化。结果固体发酵最佳条件为培养基配比豆渣∶麸皮 =5∶2 ,初始含水量 6 5 % (w) ,接种量 10 % (φ) ,初始pH 8 0 ,培养温度 35℃ ;采用最适培养基和优化工艺 ,在 2 5 0mL三角瓶中进行验证实验 ,纳豆激酶的酶活可达到 15 77U·g-1。结论以豆渣为原料固体发酵产纳豆激酶是可行的     

海洋小单孢菌FIM02523产rakicidin B发酵工艺研究#br#

目的 提高海洋小单孢菌FIM02523发酵液中的生物活性成分rakicidin B含量。方法 采用单因素实验、正交设计实验等方法优化发酵培养基组成比例及培养条件。结果 确定了最优rakicidin B发酵培养基：可溶性淀粉4.0%,蔗糖1.0%,大豆蛋白胨1.0%,酵母粉2.0%,甘氨酸0.1%,NaCl 0.5%,MgSO4 0.05%,CaCO3 0.5%;最优摇瓶发酵条件：发酵周期为120h,接种量5.0%,500mL摇瓶装量100mL,摇床转速220r/min,发酵温度30℃,培养基初始pH值为7.5。结论 优化后发酵工艺rakicidin B的发酵效价较初始工艺提高了约7.3倍。     

Rakicidin B1发酵提取液活性炭脱色工艺的研究

目的 研究rakicidin B1发酵提取液的脱色工艺条件,提高纯化后rakicidin B1样品的质量。方法 以UV和HPLC为检测方法,以脱色率和rakicidin B1保留率为指标,先通过单因素实验考察活性炭用量、脱色时间、脱色温度以及pH值对指标的影响。在单因素基础上,采用4因素3水平正交试验分析各因素与两个指标的关系。结果 Rakicidin B1发酵提取液采用活性炭脱色最佳条件为活性炭用量0.5%、脱色时间40min、脱色温度50℃、pH7.0,在该条件下活性炭脱色率达74.53%,rakicidin B1保留率为85.66%。结论 该脱色工艺简单可靠,脱色效果较好,适合于工业化生产。     

雅致小克银汉霉对16α,17α-环氧黄体酮C_(11)α-羟基化的工艺研究

目的研究雅致小克银汉霉对16α,17α-环氧黄体酮的C11α-羟基化的工艺条件。方法通过单因素试验和正交设计,以C11α-羟基化转化率为指标,确定最佳发酵工艺条件。结果该菌株最佳发酵工艺条件为:葡萄糖3%,玉米浆2.8%,(NH4)2SO40.3%,MnSO40.01%,BaCl20.02%,ZnSO40.005%,LiCl 0.01%,初始pH4.5,接种量3%,装液量100 mL/500 mL,摇床选用往复式摇床。结论采用优化后的培养条件,C11α-羟基化转化率达65.16%。作为1株高羟化能力的新菌株,具有良好的应用前景。     

硫酸软骨素裂解酶ABC产生菌的筛选及发酵工艺研究

从成都井研生猪屠宰厂等地采集的样品中平板分离粗筛到 4 8株硫酸软骨素裂解酶 ABC产生菌 ,进一步复筛出一株高产、稳定的硫酸软骨素裂解酶 ABC产生菌株 GT38,初步鉴定为彭氏变形菌 (P.pen-neri)。通过单因素实验和正交分析研究了摇瓶最适产酶条件和 2 L 实验室小罐发酵工艺 ,该菌的最适发酵工艺为培养基大豆蛋白胨 2 .5 % ,蔗糖 1.5 % ,Na Cl0 .4 % ,硅油 0 .0 5 % ,p H7.5 ,接种量 5 % ,通气量 1∶ 1～1∶ 1.2 (v/ v) ,搅拌转速为 6 0 0 r/ min,30℃发酵 10 h,酶活力单位高达 32 2 U/ L。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.