尿石成分红外光谱分析及其分布特点的研究

目的 探讨尿石成分红外光谱定量分析方法,为临床防治尿石症提供帮助.方法 采用红外光谱法对516例尿路结石行定性及定量分析;定性分析时将所得样品红外光谱图与尿石成分谱库中标准谱图对照,根据特征峰频率、强度及峰宽等判断结石成分,定量分析采用校准曲线法,建立校准曲线回归方程后,根据定性分析结果选择适当的曲线行定量分析.结合临床资料进行比较,探讨本地区尿石成分在不同解剖部位、不同年龄、不同性别患者及复发性结石中的分布情况.结果 草酸钙的检出率最高,为72.9%,其中一水草酸钙为66.7%.上尿路结石中草酸钙、尿酸或尿酸盐、磷酸镁铵的检出率分别为81.2%、11.6%和4.1%,下尿路结石中该3项的检出率分别为 67.3%,18.3%和11.1%.女性患者一水草酸钙(71.2%)、鸟粪石(8.4%)的检出率高于男性,男性患者二水草酸钙(6.8%)、尿酸或尿酸盐(23.1%)的检出率高于女性.青壮年一水草酸钙(79.0%)检出率高于中老年,中老年尿酸结石(26.8%)检出率高于青壮年.复发性结石中尿酸结石(53.8%)和感染性结石(14.1%)的检出率高于初发结石.结论 采用红外光谱定量分析尿石成分,对尿石症的综合治疗及科学预防具有重要意义.     

426例陕西地区泌尿系结石红外光谱成份分析

目的探讨近年来陕西地区泌尿系结石成份构成情况,并根据结石成份构成指导泌尿系结石的治疗和预防。方法采用天津LIIR型结石红外光谱自动分析系统对426例陕西地区泌尿系结石标本进行成份分析。结果多种成份混合结石占72．30％;各成份的检出率为：一水草酸钙71．83％、碳酸磷灰石63．85％、二水草酸钙42．26％、无水尿酸11．03％、尿酸铵3．76％、磷酸铵镁3．29％。结论陕西地区泌尿系结石的主要成分为草酸钙,碳酸磷灰石和尿酸类结石。     

232例湖北地区泌尿系结石红外光谱成分分析

目的：分析湖北地区泌尿系结石化学成分的构成,为本地区结石的防治提供依据。方法：采用结石红外光谱自动分析系统对2011年11月～2012年8月期间收集到的湖北地区泌尿系结石232例进行成分分析。结果：232例结石中,各成分的检出率为：一水草酸钙（COM）85．34％,二水草酸钙（COD）62．93％,碳酸磷灰石（CA）24．14％,无水尿酸（UA）12．93％,二水磷酸氢钙（PH）4．31％,磷酸铵镁（MAP）6．90％,黄嘌呤1．29％,胱氨酸（CYS）1．29％,方解石0．86％,尿酸铵（AU）0．86％。含草酸钙成分结石86．21％,含磷酸钙成分结石28．45％,含磷酸铵镁成分结石6．90％,含尿酸成分结石13．79％,含胱氨酸成分结石1．29％。混合成分结石181例（78．02％）,尿路结石发病男性多于女性,男女比例为3．14：1。结论：湖北地区泌尿系结石以混合性结石为主,COM检出率最高,其次为COD。结石成分分析对于结石的防治有重要意义。     

无锡地区2 529例泌尿系结石成分分析

目的分析无锡地区2 529例泌尿系结石标本的结石成分, 为泌尿系结石的临床预防和治疗提供参考。方法回顾性分析2009年3月至2021年10月在江苏无锡地区收集的2 529例泌尿系结石标本, 采用红外光谱分析法分析结石成分, 并结合患者的临床资料进行分析。结果共检测出19种结石成分, 其中单一成分结石9种, 共990例;混合成分结石10种, 共1 539例。单一成分结石以草酸钙为主, 共840例;混合成分结石以草酸钙+碳酸磷灰石为主, 共1 335例。草酸钙类和尿酸类结石中男性患者的发生率高于女性患者;而在感染性结石中, 女性患者的发生率高于男性患者(均P<0.05)。36～60年龄段的结石发病人数最多。在各个年龄段中, 发生率最高的结石成分为草酸钙类。尿酸类结石在61～86年龄段的发病率较其他年龄段高, 差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。在各个不同部位, 发生率最高的结石成分为草酸钙类。尿酸类结石在膀胱中的发生率明显高于其他部位, 差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。在各个不同年龄段中, 上尿路结石的发生率明显高于下尿路结石。膀胱结石在61～86年龄段的发生率最...     

广东东莞地区416例泌尿系结石成分分析

目的 应用红外光谱法测定东莞地区泌尿系结石化学成分,探讨本地区泌尿系结石患者的尿路结石成分特点,为本地区泌尿系结石的深化治疗、防止结石复发及预防提供科学依据.方法 收集经自行排出、碎石后排出或手术中取出的泌尿系结石标本416例,应用溴化钾压片技术的红外光谱法对其化学成分进行定性分析.结果 416例泌尿系结石患者中男性居多,占66.8%(278/416),女性占33.2%(138/416);上尿路结石占88.2%,下尿路结石(膀胱结石居多)占11.8%;结石成分定性分析共检测出一水草酸钙、二水草酸钙、碳酸磷灰石、无水尿酸、六水磷酸铵镁和尿酸铵6种化学成分.单一成分结石163例(一水草酸钙/无水尿酸/碳酸磷灰石/六水磷酸铵镁:98/56/6/3),占39.2%;混合成分结石253例,占60.8%,其中以草酸钙和碳酸磷灰石的混合结石为主(188/253).所有结石标本中草酸钙检出率最高,占80.5%(335/416),其次为碳酸磷灰石(49.3%)及无水尿酸(17.3%);膀胱结石成分以一水草酸钙或无水尿酸为主.结论 东莞为全国泌尿系结石最高发地区,其结石成分以草酸钙和碳酸磷灰石为主,单一成分结石亦占相当比例.尿路结石成分分析对了解结石成因可提供重要的线索,对临床制定个性化治疗方案、预防结石形成及复发具有重要意义.     

南充地区泌尿系结石成分分析及其与国内各地结石成分的差异

目的 研究四川南充地区尿石症患者尿石成分,并与国内其他地区进行比较,为临床预防、治疗提供依据.方法 采用结石红外光谱自动分析系统对2011年3月至2012年9月255例南充市尿路结石患者结石标本进行成分测定,结合临床资料进行研究,并收集国内其他地区报道的结石成分文献进行分析研究.结果 南充地区尿路结石以草酸钙（91.37％）、碳酸磷灰石（62.35％）为主要成分,结石患者男女比为1.90∶1,上尿路结石占87.84％（224/255）,下尿路结石占12.16％（31/255）,上、下尿路结石比为7.23∶1,上尿路结石患者男女比例为1.60：1,下尿路结石患者男女比例为14.5∶1.结论南充地区泌尿系结石成分和国内其他地区结石成分无明显差异,但下尿路结石患者男性所占比例明显高于其他地区.     

尿石标本及双"J"管沉着结石的化学成分分析

目的 比较尿石标本与双“J”管沉着结石的化学成分。方法应用化学分析方法对220例泌尿系结石及74根双“J”管沉着结石化学成分分析。结果尿石标本中草酸钙占60．6％，明显高于双“J”管沉着结石的7．3％；双“J”管沉着尿酸钙结石占19．5％，明显高于尿石标本的6．7％；双“J”管沉着尿酸结石占58．5％，明显高于尿石标本的16．3％；双“J”管沉着尿酸、草酸混合标本结石占15．2％，明显高于尿石标本的3．4％。结论双“J”管表面结石成分与尿石成分不同，尿酸含量增高明显，碱化尿液是预防双“J”管表面结石形成、减少双“J”管阻塞、滞留，是对异物结石形成的一种有效的预防方法。     

拉萨地区214例泌尿系结石成分分析

目的通过对拉萨地区泌尿系结石成分分析,以期对预防其复发进行健康指导。方法收集214例泌尿系结石患者的结石标本,进行红外光谱分析测定,比较不同性别、结石部位的泌尿系结石的化学成分特征。结果本地区尿路结石中以混合成分结石偏多(58.41%),主要是草酸钙+碳酸磷灰石(39.25%),单一成分结石以草酸钙结石为主(28.01%);草酸钙为本地区泌尿系结石的主要成分,占所有结石标本比例为81.31%;其次为尿酸(17.29%);女性患者中结石成分磷酸镁铵比例明显高于男性患者(P0.05)。结论泌尿系结石成分分析是代谢评估的一项主要内容,可以为预防结石的复发提供针对性的治疗依据。     

红外光谱对1556例尿路结石成份的分析

目的探讨泌尿系结石的成份与分布情况,为临床防治尿石症提供帮助。方法采用傅立叶红外光谱压片法分析1 556例尿石成份。结果上尿路结石1 097例,下尿路结石295例,比例为3.72∶1;在1 556例尿石中单纯结石占20.76（323/1 556）,主要成份为一水草酸钙、二水草酸钙。草酸盐结石42.35%,碳磷灰石40.68%,尿酸盐9.64%,磷酸镁铵3.02%,磷酸铵碳酸钙共晶2.19%,透钙磷石1.22%,胱氨酸0.51%,蛋白质0.39%。结论红外光谱能定量和定性结石中的化学成份,对泌尿系结石的治疗和预防有重要的临床意义。     

广东南海地区泌尿系结石患者结石成分分析(附986例报告)

【摘要】 目的 应用红外光谱法分析广东南海地区泌尿系结石患者的结石,为临床个性化防治泌尿系结石及复发提供理论依据。方法 通过自然排出、碎石后排出或手术取出获得结石样本986例,并应用红外光谱法对其行结石成分分析。结果 泌尿系结石患者男女比例为1.34∶1,51岁~60岁年龄阶段患者所占比例最高,上尿路结石发病人数明显多于下尿路结石,比例达9.49∶1。定性分析共检测出一水草酸钙、二水草酸钙、碳酸磷灰石、无水尿酸、六水磷酸镁铵和胱氨酸6种化学成分。混合成分结石647例,占总人数的65.6%;含钙结石853例,占86.51%。草酸钙检出率最高,占77.38%,其次是碳酸磷灰石(5.27%)和尿酸(13.29%)成分。结论 采用红外光谱法分析泌尿系结石成分,对于了解结石成因、预防结石形成和复发具有重要的意义。     

Problem in analyzing cystine stones using FTIR spectroscopy

Mixed stones form a significant number of all urinary stones. Accurate analysis of individual areas of stones is fraught with uncertainties. Scanning electron microscopy with elemental distribution analysis (SEM-EDAX) is a very important tool in assessing stone composition. The objective of this paper is to project the role of the combination of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and SEM-EDAX combination in achieving a total understanding of mixed stone morphology. Ten mixed urinary stones were washed and dried and the composition recognized by analysis of FTIR spectra by comparing with the spectra of pure components. Spectra for different layers were obtained. Then the stone samples were further studied by SEM-EDAX analysis. The findings of FTIR were correlated with SEM-EDAX and detailed data generated. Using SEM-EDAX, the spatial distribution of major and trace elements were studied to understand their initiation and formation. As much as 80% of the stones studied were mixtures of calcium oxalate monohydrate (whewellite) and calcium phosphate (hydroxyapatite) in various proportions. Quantitative evaluation of components was achieved through FTIR and SEM-EDAX analysis. It was possible to get an idea about the spatial distribution of molecules using SEM analysis. The composition of different areas was identified using EDAX. Analyzing with EDAX, it was possible to obtain the percentage of different elements present in a single sample. The study concludes that the most common mixed stone encountered in the study is a mixture of calcium oxalate monohydrate and calcium phosphate in a definite proportion. The combination identified not only the molecular species present in the calculus, but also the crystalline forms within chemical constituents. Using EDAX, the amount of calcium, phosphorus, oxygen and carbon present in the stone sample could be well understood.     

EDAX versus FTIR in mixed stones

Mixed stones form a significant number of all urinary stones. Accurate analysis of individual areas of stones is fraught with uncertainties. Scanning electron microscopy with elemental distribution analysis (SEM-EDAX) is a very important tool in assessing stone composition. The objective of this paper is to project the role of the combination of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and SEM-EDAX combination in achieving a total understanding of mixed stone morphology. Ten mixed urinary stones were washed and dried and the composition recognized by analysis of FTIR spectra by comparing with the spectra of pure components. Spectra for different layers were obtained. Then the stone samples were further studied by SEM-EDAX analysis. The findings of FTIR were correlated with SEM-EDAX and detailed data generated. Using SEM-EDAX, the spatial distribution of major and trace elements were studied to understand their initiation and formation. As much as 80% of the stones studied were mixtures of calcium oxalate monohydrate (whewellite) and calcium phosphate (hydroxyapatite) in various proportions. Quantitative evaluation of components was achieved through FTIR and SEM-EDAX analysis. It was possible to get an idea about the spatial distribution of molecules using SEM analysis. The composition of different areas was identified using EDAX. Analyzing with EDAX, it was possible to obtain the percentage of different elements present in a single sample. The study concludes that the most common mixed stone encountered in the study is a mixture of calcium oxalate monohydrate and calcium phosphate in a definite proportion. The combination identified not only the molecular species present in the calculus, but also the crystalline forms within chemical constituents. Using EDAX, the amount of calcium, phosphorus, oxygen and carbon present in the stone sample could be well understood.     

Urinary tract stone disease in the United States veteran population. I. Geographical frequency of occurrence

The geographical distribution of hospitalization for urinary tract stone disease in the continental United States has been studied in the United States veteran population. The current study has been facilitated by the availability of a centralized computer data base containing the International Classification of Disease Codes for all hospital discharges at all Veterans Administration medical facilities. These data have allowed for an accurate mapping of the hospital discharge rate for urinary tract stone disease (stone discharge rate) in a population at risk for urolithiasis. Stone discharge rate data have been compared to those from the 2 previous studies conducted in general hospitals in 1952 and 1974. The stone discharge rate was 7.9 +/- 3.4 in 1952, 9.97 +/- 2.82 in 1974 and 7.58 +/- 2.01 in our study. These data indicate that the urinary tract stone discharge rate has not markedly varied during the last 34 years and also that the southeastern states still evidence the highest hospital discharge rate for urinary tract stone disease.     

复杂性肾结石的早期诊断及预防

目的通过分析复杂性肾结石病史,结石成分等临床特点,为其诊疗及预防提供帮助。方法回顾性研究2009年8月至2010年5月于北京大学人民医院进修期间118例复杂性肾结石病例,对患者病史、既往史、结石化学成分及尿常规、肾功能等临床资料进行总结分析。结果118例患者中,7例(5.9%)接受过定期规律体检,97例(82.2%)从未曾接受过健康体检,64例(54.2%)曾有结石病史,86例(72.9%)以疼痛、血尿及发热等不适症状为主诉,92例(78.0%)伴有泌尿系感染,18例(15.3%)伴有肾功能不全,结石成分中含钙结石94例(79.7%),感染石55例(46.6%),含尿酸结石28例(23.7%)。结石以混合成分为主,其中感染石与草酸钙的混合成分所占比例最大,共51例(43.2%)。结论应通过定期规律体检提高早期诊断比例,控制结石进展,根据不同结石成分,采取有针对性的预防措施,同时必须重视抗感染治疗,以减少患者损伤,降低结石复发率。     

1168例泌尿系结石患者结石成分分析及其饮食预防指导

目的:研究不同性别以及不同年龄段泌尿系结石患者结石成分组成特点,并探讨针对性饮食预防指导的措施及其效果。方法:回顾分析我院2011年1月~2012年5月收集的尿石症患者结石标本共1 168例,进行红外光谱结石成分分析,并针对不同的结石成分给予不同的饮食预防指导,911例执行饮食预防指导为预防组,257例未遵循饮食预防指导为对照组,随访24个月,并将不同结石成分类型及随访时段进行对比分析。结果:1 168份结石标本中,发生率最高的结石种类为草酸钙与碳酸磷灰石的混合结石,中年(41~60岁)为结石高发年龄段,占整个结石患者一半以上。随访患者中,预防组结石复发率约7.2%,对照组结石复发率为27.6%,饮食预防时间与结石复发率呈现负相关,差异有统计学意义。结论:草酸钙结石与碳酸磷灰石的混合结石发生率最高。男性发病率略高于女性。结石发病率在不同年龄段不同,其中中年发病率最高。针对性给予饮食预防指导可明显降低结石复发的风险。     

饮食结构调整对预防泌尿系结石复发的影响

目的研究根据结石成分分析结果调整饮食结构与结石复发的关系。方法 290例泌尿系结石患者进行结石成分分析,并随机分为2组,一组根据结石成分分析结果调整饮食,另一组则按传统方法嘱患者多饮水等,不进行特别的饮食结构调整。观察2组的复发率。结果饮食结构调整组复发11例（7.5%）,对照组复发23例（16.1%）,饮食结构调整组结石复发率明显低于对照组（χ2=5.181,P=0.023）,差异有统计学意义。结论根据患者代谢及结石成分分析结果进行调整饮食结构,可有效预防泌尿系结石的复发。     

Frequency of renal phosphate leak among patients with calcium nephrolithiasis.

BACKGROUND: Nephrolithiasis is a frequent disorder affecting 10 to 15% of the population in Europe and the United States. More than 80% of renal stones are made of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate. The main identified risks for calcium renal stone formation are hypercalciuria and urinary saturation. A urine phosphate (Pi) loss is often associated with hypercalciuria; furthermore, hyperphosphaturia increases urinary saturation. METHODS: To determine whether urinary phosphate loss is associated with calcium urolithiasis, we measured renal Pi threshold (TmPi) in 207 stone formers with normal parathyroid hormone (PTH) serum concentration and in 105 control subjects. RESULTS: The TmPi followed a normal distribution in both groups. The mean TmPi was significantly lower in stone formers versus controls (0.72 +/- 0.13 vs. 0.87 +/- 0.18 mmol/L, P < 0.0001) because of a shift to the left of the TmPi distribution curve in the stone former population, with no evidence for bimodal distribution. Five percent of the controls had a TmPi <0.63 versus 19% of the stone formers. Daily urinary calcium excretion was significantly higher in stone formers than in controls. Calcium excretion was also significantly higher in stone formers with TmPi <0.63 mmol/L compared with those with TmPi > or =0.63. Serum PTH and ionized calcium concentrations were not different in stone formers and in control subjects, whatever the TmPi value. CONCLUSIONS:: A low TmPi is more frequently encountered in stone formers with a normal PTH concentration than in control subjects and is associated with a high urinary Ca excretion. The hypophosphatemia induced by a renal phosphate leak may predispose the subject to calcium stone formation by increasing the serum calcitriol level, calcium excretion, and urinary saturation.     

Glycosaminoglycans content of stone matrix

The role of urinary glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in lithogenesis is a topic of current interest in urologic research. One GAG, chondroitin sulfate, has previously been shown to inhibit calcium oxalate crystal formation. It has long been known that the chemical components of GAGs are present in the matrix of urinary concretions, but it has not been determined whether these components exist in free form or as constituents of GAG. This study was undertaken to determine whether GAGs are present in urinary stone matrices and, if so, to characterize them. Matrices of nine single urinary stones of various compositions and of three stone pools (calcium oxalate, magnesium ammonium phosphate) were isolated by exhaustive dialysis. The techniques of cellulose acetate electrophoresis, Alcian blue staining and enzymatic degradation were used to identify various GAGs. Material that stained Alcain blue was present in eleven of twelve samples. GAG was detected as this material in ten samples. The GAGs identified are heparan sulfate, hyaluronic acid and possibly keratan sulfate. The most prominent urinary GAG, chondroitin sulfate, was notably absent from urinary stone matrix. GAG seems to be incorporated into matrix on a selective basis. This finding may be due to differences in the affinities of different GAG species for the crystals which comprise the calculi. It has been proposed that the inhibitory activity of GAGs lies in their ability to bind to (and therefore block) the growth sites of crystals. It is apparent from this study that certain GAG species are incorporated into the structure of the stone and they may be intimately related to stone development and growth.     

Preliminary feasibility study of FTIR microscopic mapping system for the rapid detection of the composited components of prostatic calculi

Awareness of the chemical composition of prostatic calculi is of great importance for pathogenesis of prostatic lithiasis, the feasibility of FTIR microspectroscopic mapping system used for rapidly screening and detecting the real composited components of prostatic calculi in a short time was initially evaluated. Prostatic calculi were retrieved during transurethral resection of the prostate from nine patients diagnosed having benign prostatic hyperplasia with lower urinary tract symptoms. The level of serum prostatic-specific antigen was within 0–12.63 ng/ml. The calculi samples were examined and compared using FTIR microspectroscopic mapping system, or the traditional FTIR and Raman microspectroscopies. The traditional FTIR microspectroscopic results indicate that nine calculi samples mainly consisted of carbonated HA (hydroxyapatite), but calcium oxalate (undifferentiated) might be also detected in some samples. However, Raman spectral results could detect three components, HA, COM (calcium oxalate monohydrate) or COD (calcium oxalate dihydrate) separated in nine samples. Different compositions in the prostatic calculi were obtained by both spectroscopic detections with manual single-point random analysis implying that both manually traditional methods were failed to provide the real chemical composition of the prostatic calculi in a short time. The FTIR microscopic mapping system via point-by-point mapping analysis evidenced that it could rapidly detect all the complicated components distributed within the prostatic calculi rather than uncertain components detected by traditional FTIR or Raman microspectroscopy. More studies should be carried out in future. This preliminary result suggests that the FTIR mapping better characterizes the stone composition over single-point FTIR and Raman microscopic analysis in prostatic calculi.     

Optical microscopy versus scanning electron microscopy in urolithiasis

Stone analysis is incompletely done in many clinical centers. Identification of the stone component is essential for deciding future prophylaxis. X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) still remains a distant dream for routine hospital work. It is in this context that optical microscopy is suggested as an alternate procedure. The objective of this article was to assess the utility of an optical microscope which gives magnification of up to 40× and gives clear picture of the surface of the stones. In order to authenticate the morphological analysis of urinary stones, SEM and elemental distribution analysis were performed. A total of 250 urinary stones of different compositions were collected from stone clinic, photographed, observed under an optical microscope, and optical photographs were taken at different angles. Twenty-five representative samples among these were gold sputtered to make them conductive and were fed into the SEM machine. Photographs of the samples were taken at different angles at magnifications up to 4,000. Elemental distribution analysis (EDAX) was done to confirm the composition. The observations of the two studies were compared. The different appearances of the stones under optical illuminated microscopy were mostly standardized appearances, namely bosselations of pure whewellite, spiculations of weddellite, bright yellow colored appearance of uric acid, and dirty white amorphous appearance of phosphates. SEM and EDAX gave clearer pictures and gave added confirmation of the stone composition. From the references thus obtained, it was possible to confirm the composition by studying the optical microscopic pictures. Higher magnification capacity of the SEM and the EDAX patterns are useful to give reference support for performing optical microscopy work. After standardization, routine analysis can be performed with optical microscopy. The advantage of the optical microscope is that, it is easy to use and samples can be analyzed in natural color.