甲状腺手术中甲状旁腺显露及功能保护的临床研究

目的 探讨甲状腺术中直视下甲状旁腺的显露与定位、术中保护甲状旁腺及其血供的方法 .方法 对我院甲状腺手术患者行术中直视下显露并原位保护甲状旁腺及其血供,并观察术后甲状旁腺功能减退的发生情况.结果 259例甲状腺手术中有12例未找到明确的甲状旁腺.术中见上甲状旁腺共242枚,其中221枚(91.32%)位置恒定于甲状腺背面甲状软骨下缘水平;确切显露61枚上甲状旁腺的血管,其中42枚(68.85%)由甲状腺下动脉上行支供血.下甲状旁腺共426枚,位置变异较大,212枚(49.77%)位于甲状腺背面下1/3部分,106枚(24.88%)位于甲状腺侧叶最下端近甲状腺下动脉入腺体处;确切显露128枚下甲状旁腺的血管,其中103枚(80.47%)的血供来自甲状腺下动脉或最下动脉的分支.术后发生低钙血症者27例,其中一侧叶全切除者1例(二次手术患者),一侧叶全切加对侧叶次全切除者3例,甲状腺全切除者4例,甲状腺全切加中央组颈淋巴结清扫者7例,甲状腺全切加一侧颈淋巴结清扫者11例,甲状腺全切加双侧颈淋巴结清扫者1例.无一例发生永久性甲状旁腺功能低下.结论 甲状旁腺血供来源与其位置有密切关系.甲状腺术中完全可以直视下显露和保护甲状旁腺.预防术后甲状旁腺功能减退的关键是术中精细解剖,尽量原位保护甲状旁腺及其血供或行必要的甲状旁腺自体移植.     

囊内切除法在甲状腺手术中的应用意义

目的总结探讨囊内切除法在甲状腺手术中的合理性。方法回顾学习自1998年至今160例甲状腺手术资料、本组病例均采用囊内切除法。结果本组160例患者,结节性甲状腺肿132例行甲状腺一侧或双侧大部切除术,甲亢16例行双侧次全切术,甲癌12例行患侧近全切＋峡部切除＋对侧次全切术。所有病倒均采用囊内切除术式,无一例神经损伤及甲状旁腺损伤。结论在甲状腺手术中,采用囊内切除术式,能够有效的避免神经损伤及甲状旁腺损伤并发症。     

甲状腺手术中甲状旁腺损伤的预防及低钙血症应对措施

目的:探讨甲状腺手术中甲状旁腺损伤因素及预防措施.方法:回顾性分析2005年5月-2012年5月甲状腺手术268例中发生甲状旁腺损伤的临床资料,其中甲状旁腺损伤9例(3.36％).结果:9例中7例经治疗后指(趾)尖及口周麻木、手足抽搐症状消失,检测血钙恢复正常,属暂时性甲状旁腺损伤;2例为永久性损伤,1例发生在甲状腺癌行双侧甲状腺全切除术+中央区清扫者,另1例为复发病例行一侧甲状腺全切对侧大部切除术者,需长期钙剂治疗.结论:在甲状腺手术中对甲状旁腺的解剖特点、血供特点熟悉掌握,术中显露并保护好甲状旁腺,保护其血供,可有效降低术后甲状旁腺功能低下的发生率.     

甲状腺癌根治术致甲状旁腺功能减退的危险因素及预防

目的:探讨甲状腺癌根治术中可能导致甲状旁腺功能减退的危险因素及预防措施。方法:回顾性分析首都医科大学附属北京同仁医院普通外科2014年全年由同一外科医师实施的75例甲状腺癌手术的临床资料。结果:全组术后发生甲状旁腺功能减退20例(26.67%),其中暂时性甲状旁腺功能减退19例(25.33%),永久性甲状旁腺功能减退1例(1.33%)。甲状腺全切术患者甲状旁腺功能减退发生率明显高于甲状腺近全切除术患者(46.88%vs.11.63%,P0.05);行VI区淋巴结清扫患者甲状旁腺功能减退发生率明显高于未行VI区淋巴结清扫患者(45.71%vs.10.00%,P0.05);同时行自体甲状旁腺移植术患者甲状旁腺功能减退发生率高于未行甲状旁腺移植患者,但差异无统计学意义(50.00%vs.22.22%,P0.05)。结论:甲状腺全切和Ⅵ区淋巴结清扫是导致甲状旁腺功能减退的危险因素。术中精细解剖甲状腺后被膜,尤其是尽可能保留下甲状旁腺血运,术后应用预防性药物可能有助于甲状旁腺功能的保护。     

达芬奇机器人甲状腺手术中甲状旁腺的损伤因素及保护

目的分析达芬奇机器人甲状腺手术中甲状旁腺损伤的相关因素,探讨甲状旁腺保护的方法,避免永久性甲状旁腺功能减退的发生。 方法回顾性分析2014年1月至2016年5月在济南军区总医院甲状腺乳腺外科行达芬奇机器人甲状腺手术的190例患者的临床资料,统计术后患者出现低甲状旁腺激素(PTH)及低血钙的发生率,分析术后发生甲状旁腺功能减退的相关因素,探讨术中如何保护甲状旁腺及其功能。 结果患者术后暂时性低PTH的发生率为20.53%(39/190),暂时性低血钙的发生率为23.68%(45/190),术后随访无永久性甲状旁腺功能减退发生。甲状腺全切术后低PTH、低血钙的发生率高于腺叶 ＋ 峡部切除术者(χ²＝14.789,11.604;P＝0.000,0.001)。行中央区淋巴结清扫的患者术后低PTH、低血钙的发生率高于未清扫者(χ²＝11.200,17.771;P＝0.001,0.000)。甲状旁腺原位保留者术后低PTH、低血钙的发生率低于切除后自体移植者(χ²＝5.536,4.851,6.140,5.453;P＝0.019,0.028,0.013,0.020)。 结论在达芬奇机器人甲状腺手术中,甲状腺全切除、中央区淋巴结清扫、甲状旁腺切除后自体移植是造成患者术后暂时性甲状旁腺功能减退的重要影响因素。在达芬奇机器人手术系统下,准确识别甲状旁腺,精细化手术操作,原位保护甲状旁腺及血供,是预防永久性甲状旁腺功能减退的有效方法。     

医源性甲状旁腺功能低下的预防(附30例甲状旁腺的局部解剖)

甲状旁腺功能低下是甲状腺外科的并发症之一。虽然发生率不高,但也并不少见。Sawyers 等报告254例甲状腺次全切除术造成永久性甲状旁腺功能低下者5例,占1.9%。而施行甲状腺全切除术,甲状旁腺功能低下的发生率为3～4%。Attie 等报告施行甲状腺全切除术时借助手术显微镜解剖甲状旁腺保留其血供以预防术后发生甲状旁腺功能低下。本文分析4例手术后甲状旁腺功能低下的原因,并报告30例新鲜尸体甲状腺局部解剖的结果,对术后甲状旁腺功能低下的预防进行讨论。     

精细化被膜解剖法在甲状腺全切手术中的应用

目的探讨精细化被膜解剖法在甲状腺全切手术中的应用。方法回顾性分析四川省肿瘤医院头颈外科2012年1月至12月118例应用精细化被膜解剖法行甲状腺全切术患者的临床资料。结果所有病例术中均发现并保留l～4枚甲状旁腺。其中16例未发现明确的下旁腺;术中发现上甲状旁腺197枚,其中42枚由甲状腺上动脉分支供血,131枚由甲状腺下动脉上行支供血;下甲状旁腺163枚,明确的下动脉分支血管供血的136枚。术后有62例（52.5%）甲状腺激素（PTH）值低于正常值（一过性甲状旁腺功能低下）,其中56例于术后第7天恢复正常,其余6例于术后2～4周恢复正常;23例有暂时性低钙血症症状的患者,术后4 d～1月都恢复正常,无永久性低钙血症。所有病例术中均解剖并显露双侧喉返神经,除术前喉返神经受侵或损伤的患者,其余患者均未发生永久性喉返神经损伤。结论采用精细化被膜解剖法行甲状腺全切除术,能较好地原位保留甲状旁腺及其血供、避免喉返神经损伤的发生,减少甲状腺全切除术的并发症。     

精确被膜解剖法在腔镜甲状腺全切术中的应用

探讨精确被膜解剖法在腔镜甲状腺手术中的应用价值。回顾性分析2012年9月—2015年5月为50例患者采用精确被膜解剖法行腔镜甲状腺手术的临床资料。48例成功完成腔镜甲状腺手术,成功率96%,2例因为甲状腺癌中转开放手术,手术时间40~120 mim,平均80 min。术后病理组织学检查示甲状腺腺瘤6例,结节性甲状腺肿42例,甲状腺乳头状癌2例。48例腔镜甲状腺手术中,一侧全切36例,双侧全切12例。术后声音嘶哑2例,暂时性甲状旁腺功能减退8例,经治疗后均在6个月内恢复,无永久性甲状旁腺功能减退,术中术后无严重并发症发生。腔镜甲状腺手术具有切口小、美观、隐蔽、术后颈部舒适度好等优点,术中采用精确被膜解剖法,可以增加手术安全性,减少并发症的发生。     

甲状旁腺的术中观察及术后甲状旁腺功能减退的探讨

目的在甲状腺手术中认识甲状旁腺的局部解剖及甲状腺手术切除范围和甲状旁腺功能减退的关系，探讨术后甲状旁腺功能减退的原因及预防治疗措施。方法回顾2582例甲状腺手术患者的临床资料并术后随访。结果其中对721例双侧甲状腺侧叶全切者行术中探察，发现甲状腺病理状态下甲状旁腺的局部解剖位置及数量变异大，探察到的每种情况术后暂时性甲状旁腺功能减退发生率各不相同，其中上下甲状旁腺双侧均不明显组永久性甲状旁腺功能减退发生1例。2453例手术中行甲状腺部分切除、单侧叶次全切除、单侧叶全切除、双侧叶全切除、双侧叶全切及颈淋巴结清扫者（即甲状腺癌根治）暂时性甲状旁腺功能减退发生率依次增高，其中以双侧叶次全切除暂时性甲状旁腺功能减退发生率最高。且又因甲状腺疾病病种各不相同，甲状旁腺功能减退发生率亦各不相同。结论术后甲状旁腺功能减退的发生与手术操作、甲状旁腺的局部解剖及其变异、甲状腺手术切除范围、巨大甲状腺及其内巨大包块对双侧甲状腺后被膜深面组织的压迫，甲状腺疾病病种不同而手术难度各异等皆有关系。     

甲状腺全切除术中的甲状旁腺保护

在甲状腺全切除术众多的并发症中,术后发生低钙血症常常被医生忽视.而引起术后低血钙的原因往往是因为术中对于甲状旁腺的保护没有足够的重视,误切甲状旁腺或误断甲状腺旁腺的血供造成的.现就甲状腺全切除术中的甲状旁腺保护问题综述如下.     

甲状腺切除手术中暴露并保护甲状旁腺的必要性

【摘要】 目的 探讨甲状腺切除手术中暴露并保护甲状旁腺的必要性。方法 将164例因结节性甲状腺肿和甲状腺癌接受手术治疗的患者根据已完成手术情况分为甲状旁腺暴露组和非暴露组两组。非暴露组76例患者保留甲状腺后被膜,未寻找甲状旁腺;暴露组88例患者寻找并保护甲状旁腺,尽量保证甲状旁腺的血供及完整性。术后进行动态监测血清钙变化,观察甲状旁腺的功能情况。结果 在术中寻找并保护甲状旁腺的观察组中,术后甲状旁腺功能低下的发生率较未寻找甲状旁腺的对照组患者明显降低,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 在甲状腺切除手术中,寻找并保护甲状旁腺,可以有效的降低术后甲状旁腺功能低下的发生率。     

Parathyroid autotransplantation during thyroidectomy. Results of long-term follow-up.

SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Permanent hypoparathyroidism is a recognized complication of thyroidectomy. Operative strategies to prevent this complication include preservation of parathyroid glands in situ and autotransplantation of parathyroid glands resected or devascularized during thyroidectomy. METHODS: An analysis of 194 patients having thyroidectomy and simultaneous parathyroid autotransplantation at Barnes Hospital from 1990 to 1994 was performed. Data were collected regarding patient demographics, indication for thyroidectomy, operative procedure, pathologic diagnoses, and postoperative course, including biochemical assessment of parathyroid autograft function. RESULTS: Of 194 patients having either total, subtotal, or completion thyroidectomy, 104 (54%) experienced a [Ca(+2)]nadir less than or equal to 8.0 mg/dL and had symptoms and signs of hypocalcemia. Parathyroid autotransplantation was successful in 103 (99%) of these 104 cases and resulted in a 1.0% incidence of hypoparathyroidism in this series. CONCLUSIONS: Although preservation of parathyroid glands in situ is desirable, routine parathyroid autotransplantation during thyroidectomy virtually eliminates postoperative hypoparathyroidism. Normal parathyroid glands resected or devascularized during thyroidectomy for well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma or benign disease should be transplanted in the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Patients with Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type 2A should have parathyroid glands resected at the time of thyroidectomy for medullary thyroid carcinoma and transplanted in the nondominant forearm. Postoperative management in most patients after thyroidectomy and parathyroid autotransplantation involves temporary calcium and vitamin D replacement and close biochemical evaluation. This precautionary measure of parathyroid autotransplantation markedly reduces the incidence of permanent postoperative hypoparathyroidism.     

Selective parathyroid auto‐transplantation during thyroidectomy

Aim: Permanent hypoparathyroidism is a debilitating morbidity following thyroidectomy and parathyroid auto‐transplantation has been shown to be effective in preventing permanent hypoparathyroidism. Controversy exists regarding the benefit of routine versus selective auto‐transplantation. We evaluate the outcome of selective parathyroid auto‐transplantation in our hospital. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted to assess the incidence of postoperative hypocalcaemia. Indication for parathyroid auto‐transplant was doubtful viability of parathyroid gland during thyroidectomy. From 1 July 2000 to 30 June 2005, all patients who underwent total, subtotal and completion thyroidectomy were included. Other outcome measures including recurrent laryngeal nerve injury and operative time were also analyzed. Results: A total of 170 bilateral or completion thyroidectomies were performed within this period. Total, subtotal, and completion total thyroidectomies were performed in 103 (60.6%), 62 (36.5%), and five (2.9%) patients, respectively. Median age was 45 years (range 19–82). One hundred and twenty‐four patients (73%) had benign thyroid disease, and 46 patients (27%) had thyroid carcinoma. Parathyroid auto‐transplant was performed in 35 patients (20.6%). Mean operation time was 204 min (range 95–510 min). There was no difference in the operation time between the patients with parathyroid auto‐transplant and those without auto‐transplant (217 vs 200 min, P = 0.229). Transient hypocalcaemia occurred in 31 patients (18.2%) whereas two patients had permanent hypocalcaemia (1.2%). Permanent recurrent laryngeal nerve injury occurred in one patient (0.6%). Conclusions: The adoption of selective parathyroid auto‐transplant during thyroidectomy achieves an extremely low incidence of permanent hypoparathyroidism without excessive transient hypoparathyroidism.     

内镜在甲状腺切除术的临床应用

目的 探讨应用内镜外科技术施行甲状腺手术的可行性及效果。方法 采用须部无瘢痕内镜甲状腺切除术(SET)和微创电视辅助甲状腺切除术(MIvA)。SET切口选择在乳晕上缘、胸骨旁，钝性游离胸前和颈前皮下腔隙，在内镜下行甲状腺肿瘤或腺体次全切除术。MIvA切口选择在胸骨切迹上1cm处长约3cm，在电视辅助下行甲状腺肿瘤或腺体次全切除术。结果 SETl0例和MIvAl2例全部手术成功，无并发症。术后恢复良好，无声嘶、呛咳，颈部水肿、隆起明显改善。结论 对甲状腺切除手术，SET具有明显的美容效果，MIVA是一种微创和有效方法。     

Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Using a New Bilateral Axillo-Breast Approach

Introduction Endoscopic techniques have recently been applied in thyroid surgery using cervical, axillary, and breast approaches. We modified the axillo-bilateral breast approach (ABBA) and developed the bilateral axillo-breast approach (BABA) to obtain optimal visualization for total thyroidectomy. Methods We used two 12-mm ports through bilateral circumareolar incisions for flexible videoscopy and Harmonic scalpel and two 5-mm ports through both axillae for graspers and dissectors. Thyroidectomy was performed under full visualization of the superior and inferior thyroidal arteries, parathyroid glands, and recurrent laryngeal nerves. Results After performing 25 ABBA endoscopic thyroid surgeries, we developed BABA and performed 110 operations using this method. The BABA operations included 52 total thyroidectomies, 2 near-total thyroidectomies, 8 subtotal thyroidectomies, 43 lobectomies, and 3 subtotal lobectomies. Pathology revealed 41 benign lesions and 69 cancers. Mean operation time was 165.3 ± 43.5 minutes. There were 2 cases of conversion to open surgery, 1 due to cancer with capsular invasion and the other due to tracheal injury. Nine postoperative complications developed: transient unilateral vocal cord palsy in 4 cases, transient hypocalcemia in 4 cases, and postoperative infection in 1 case. The 2-month postoperative thyroglobulin level was less than 1 ng/ml in all examined cases of total thyroidectomy. Cosmetic results were excellent. Conclusions The BABA technique for endoscopic thyroid surgery is a feasible method of total thyroidectomy with a low rate of postoperative complications and, additionally, excellent cosmetic results. Therefore, in selected cases of thyroid cancer, the BABA endoscopic total thyroidectomy should be considered as a valid surgical option.     

Complications and sequelae of benign thyroid surgery]

A series of 640-operations performed on benign thyroid gland during 8 years is presented. The pre and post operative mortality is 0.62 per cent. Late recurrent nerve paralysis occurred in 2.6 per cent. 27 patients had transit hypocalcemia and 8 had permanent hypoparathyroidism or 1.2 per cent. These complications has been studied in relation with patient benign thyroid affection and operation. In case of thyroidectomy without search for recurrent laryngeal nerve, nervous paralysis are frequent when if parathyroid gland are rare, for these lata are protected. Systematic dissection of recurrent nerve reduce nervous sequelae, but increase hypoparathyroidism, mainly by devascularisation of parathyroids glands. Complications and sequelae of thyroid surgery can yet be reduced by a rigorous surgical technic, a most sure experience and a systematic dissection of recurrent nerve and gland parathyroid in case of bilateral operation.     

Parathyroid autotransplantation during thyroidectomy: is frozen section necessary?

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the accuracy of parathyroid gland identification and the need for routine frozen section examination before parathyroid autotransplantation during thyroidectomy. DESIGN: A prospective case series. SETTING: An endocrine surgical unit. PATIENTS: From January 1, 1995, to December 31, 1997, parathyroid autotransplantation was attempted for devascularized or inadvertently removed glands in 152 (33.7%) of 450 patients during thyroidectomy. Before autotransplantation, a biopsy specimen of the transplanted tissue was sent for histological examination without frozen section confirmation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Positive identification of parathyroid tissue in microscopic examination. RESULTS: Of 179 attempted autotransplantations of parathyroid glands, parathyroid tissue was confirmed in 167 biopsy specimens (93.3%). Incorrect identification of parathyroid gland occurred in 12 instances. The tissue mistaken as parathyroid gland included fat in 6 cases, thyroid tissue in 4 cases, lymph node in 1 case, and thymus in 1 case. Transplantation of at least 1 parathyroid gland (range, 1-3) was confirmed in 144 patients. For patients with confirmed parathyroid autotransplantation at risk of hypoparathyroidism (n = 112), postoperative transient hypocalcemia occurred in 22 (19.6%), while no patient developed any permanent hypocalcemia during a median follow-up of 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: Devascularized or inadvertently removed parathyroid glands can be identified expeditiously without routine frozen section during thyroid surgery. Immediate autotransplantation should be performed and permanent hypoparathyroidism can be avoided with this measure.     

内镜甲状腺切除术150例

目的 探讨内镜甲状腺切除术的方法与优缺点。方法 采用胸部乳晕人路行内镜甲状腺切除术150例,其中甲状腺腺瘤41例、结节性甲状腺肿64例、原发性甲状腺机能亢进40例、甲状腺癌5例。手术时间80(50～270)min,行甲状腺肿瘤切除术32例,甲状腺单叶大部分切除54例,甲状腺双叶大部分切除19例,甲状腺功能亢进行甲状腺双叶次全切除37例,甲状腺癌行甲状腺单叶并峡部全切除2例。结果 成功完成手术144例。无神经或甲状旁腺损伤等严重并发症。术后住院时间4(3∽7)d,术后随访1～13个月,无复发,患者均对手术的美容效果满意。中转开放手术6例。结论 内镜甲状腺手术是一种安全、理想的手术方法,微小切口选择在身体的隐蔽位置,具有很好的美容效果。     

经乳晕入路行腔镜甲状腺切除术的应用价值

目的:探讨行腔镜乳晕入路手术治疗甲状腺疾病的价值。方法:2008年11月至2009年12月为15例患者行经双侧乳晕三孔法腔镜甲状腺手术,通过分离胸前皮下和颈阔肌深面,注入CO2(压力6～8mmHg),建立操作空间。用超声刀切割、分离甲状腺组织和血管;术中保护喉返神经、喉上神经及甲状旁腺。结果:15例手术均获成功,其中甲状腺囊肿切除术1例,甲状腺腺瘤切除术5例,单侧甲状腺部分切除术3例,双侧甲状腺部分切除术3例,甲状腺次全切除术3例。手术时间(110.0±31.3)min,术中出血(70±20.5)ml,术后1例颈部皮肤灼伤,1例胸部少量皮下积液,无中转开放手术。结论:经乳晕径路行腔镜甲状腺手术具有极佳的美容效果,值得临床推广应用。