低渗血症对肺心病并发肺性脑病的影响及临床意义

目的 :探讨低渗血症对肺心病并发肺性脑病的影响及其临床意义。方法 :肺心病患者 12 0例 ,再根据血气分析及血浆胶体渗透压筛选出 6 1例患者分为 3组 :①肺脑组 (肺性脑病组 ) 2 2例 ;②混合组 (肺性脑病合并低渗血症组 ) :18例 ;③低渗组 (低渗血症组 ) :2 1例。 3组患者抽取静脉血 2ml测定血钠、血钾、血氯、血糖、血尿素氮 ,另抽取动脉血 2ml测定动脉血氧分压和动脉血二氧化碳分压。并对 3组的血电解质、血浆胶体渗透压及病死率进行比较。结果 :混合组的血浆渗透压、病死率均明显高于肺脑组 (P均 <0 .0 5 )。结论 :低渗血症可明显加重肺心病并发肺性脑病患者的病情 ,使死亡率增高。早期诊断及时治疗是改善病人预后的关键。     

低渗血症对慢性阻塞性肺疾病并发肺性脑病的影响

目的探讨低渗血症对慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)并发肺性脑病的影响。方法92例COPD患者入院后抽取静脉血测定血电解质、血糖(GLU)、血尿素氮(BUN),抽取动脉血测定动脉血氧分压(PaO2)和二氧化碳分压(PaCO2);根据血气及血浆胶体渗透压分为肺脑组(37例)、混合组(21例)、低渗组(34例),比较3组的血电解质、血浆胶体渗透压及死亡率。结果低渗组、混合组血电解质、血浆胶体渗透压均明显低于肺脑组,差异有显著性意义(P<0.05),死亡率均较肺脑组高,差异有显著性意义(P<0.05)。结论低渗血症可明显加重COPD并发肺性脑病患者的病情,增加死亡率。     

慢性肺心病合并低渗脑病47例的护理

慢性肺心病合并低渗脑病是指肺心病继发的低渗血症（血浆渗透压＜280mmol／L），而产生的细胞外液低渗状态，水分向渗透压相对高的细胞内转移引起细胞水肿，脑功能障碍，临床上出现一系列神经、精神症状。肺心病合并低渗脑病在临床上并不少见，但因神经、精神表现无特异性，易误认为肺性脑病，而影响治疗及护理。通过对慢性肺心病合并低渗脑病47例的护理，我们认为，治疗的重点是根据计算血浆毫渗透分子，补充电解质及液体，并对低渗脑病与肺性脑病的鉴别、护理及预防措施进行了讨论。1吃味资料1．1一般资料1993年3月至1996年1月住院患者中…     

低渗性脑病

一、概念 血浆渗透压低于正常为低渗血症,低渗血症严重者可伴发脑症状,伴有脑症状的重症低渗血症称为低渗性脑病。 二、病因及发病机理 肺心病、肺性脑病患者为什么会发生低渗性脑病,概括地讲,大致有如下几种原因: 1.患者可因原发病反复发作,病期延长、长期进食量过少而发生营养不良,致使血浆渗透压下降。 2.患者唯恐发生浮肿或加重咳喘而自动长期限制进盐。血浆渗透压的高低主要取决于体液的晶体渗透压,而晶体渗透压的高低取决于无机盐的含     

无口渴多饮糖尿病患者的饮水护理

目的 :探讨糖尿病患者的饮水护理。方法 :将 35例Ⅱ型糖尿病患者分为有明显口渴多饮史 ,临床认为渴感正常患者 (A组 ) 17例 ;无明显口渴多饮史 ,临床疑有渴感减退患者 (B组 ) 18例。B组患者按每日尿量进行饮水指导治疗 ,观察治疗前后血钠、血浆渗透压的变化。结果 :B组在饮水指导治疗前血钠 145 93± 4 6 5mmol/L ,治疗后 145 93± 4 6 5mmol/L (P <0 0 0 1) ;血浆渗透压治疗前 2 98 49± 7 5 5mmol/L ,治疗后 2 84 17± 6 86mmol/L (P <0 0 0 1)。结论 :对无口渴多饮史的糖尿病患者进行饮水指导治疗可降低血钠、血浆渗透压 ,有临床应用价值。     

慢性肺心病并发低渗血症45例临床分析

本文统计了我区人民医院内科住院的慢性肺心病280例并发低渗血症45例（16．1％），据病情分为代偿组、呼衰组、心衰组及心肺衰竭组。按血浆渗透压=2（Na＋＋K＋）＋血糖＋血尿素氮计算（单位mmol／L，下同），渗透压在280N261为轻度低渗透血症35例（77．8％）260～241为中度7例（15．6％），重度≤2403例（6．7％），分析了低渗透血症与肺心病病情，与电解质酸碱失衡及预后的关系，讨论了肺心病并低渗血症的病理生理、产生原因及防治的重要性，推荐判断低渗血症的简化标准及注意点。同时提出处理此症的关键在预防、积极治疗原发病，防止其医源性因素。一经确诊应据病情及时补充盐，纠正水电解质酸碱失衡及其并发症。     

探讨肺心病急性加重期与慢性重度心力衰竭脑钠素的水平及意义

目的探讨慢性肺源性心脏病患者急性加重期与慢性重度心力衰竭患者血浆脑钠素(BNP)水平及临床意义。方法用免疫荧光法定量测定血浆BNP,慢性重度心力衰竭患者(心衰组)41例,慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)合并肺心病急性加重期患者(肺心病组)31例,健康对照者(对照组)31例。并在肺心病组监测血气分析。结果心衰组血浆BNP(889.41±606.38)ng/L,肺心病组(374.00±377.95)ng/L,分别与对照组(12.08±9.24)ng/L比较差异有显著性(P<0.05),心衰组与肺心病组比较差异亦有显著性(P<0.05);肺心病组血浆BNP与PO2、PH、PCO2之间均无相关性(P>0.05)。结论血浆BNP升高参与肺心病的病理生理过程,并可用于鉴别心源性和肺源性呼吸困难。     

慢性肺心病血浆一氧化氮水平和影响因素关系的研究

目的 :研究慢性肺心病不同状态血浆NO产物 (NO-2 /NO-3 )及其他相关指标 (L Arg、TNF、Ca2 )的水平变化以及它们之间的相互关系。方法 :采用高效液相色谱分析法 (HPLC)、放射免疫测定法 (RIA ) ,检测了 68例慢性肺心病患者、2 0例健康对照者血浆NO产物 (NO-2 /NO-3 )及其他相关指标。结果 :慢性肺心病患者不同状态血浆NO产物水平变化不同 ,与对照组 ( 2 72 2 .5 3± 80 4.40 )ng/ml比较 ,急性发作期PaO2 <60mmHg( 8kPa)时 ,血浆NO产物 ( 2 2 46.2 3±670 .5 4)ng/ml,明显降低 ( P <0 .0 1) ,当PaO2 >60mmHg时 ,其水平明显升高 ( 3 877.47± 93 0 .10 )ng/ml( P <0 .0 1) ,缓解期为 ( 2 82 8.96± 73 7.11)ng/ml,与对照组比无变化 ( P >0 .0 5 ) ,血浆NO产物变化与PaO2 呈正相关。慢性肺心病急性发作期PaO2 >60mmHg组血浆L Arg( 0 .3 5± 0 .19)mmol/L明显降低 (P <0 .0 1) ,而PaO2 <60mmHg组及缓解期组与对照组之间无差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,且NO与L Arg呈线性负相关。急性发作期TNF高于缓解期 ( P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :慢性肺心病急性发作期NO的水平变化与PaO2 呈正相关 ,与L Arg呈线性负相关。     

高浓度静脉补钾治疗低钾血症的临床研究

目的：探讨高浓度静脉补钾治疗低钾血症的有效性和安全性。方法：70例低钾血症随机分为慢速组和快速组,根据公式[钾剂量(mmol)=(4．5-血钾浓度)×公斤体重×0．2]计算需要的补钾量,注射氯化钾的浓度均为200mmol/L,两组的速度分别为10mmol／h和20mmol／h。测定补钾前后的血钾浓度、尿量和尿钾浓度。计算细胞外液钾含量、尿排钾量、净补钾量和钾跨细胞转移量等指标。结果：两组补钾前血钾浓度、需要的补钾量和尿钾浓度相似。但慢速组与快速组相比,钾注射时间长[(2．10±0．18)h比(0．97±0．21)h,P<0．01],补钾后血钾浓度较低[(3．44±0．62)mmol／L比(3．94±1．22)mmol/L,P<0．05],尿排钾量较多(7．13±1．47)mmol／L比[(3．67±0．75)mmol,P<0．01],钾跨细胞转移量较多[(5．16±1．31)mmol／L比(3．35±2．73)mmol,P<0．05]。两组中均未见高钾血症及与之相关的一过性心律失常。结论：本研究中设定的补钾方法是安全的。快速组更有效,可能与肾排钾和钾跨细胞转移较少有关。     

肺心病患者血浆内源性一氧化碳水平及其临床意义

目的　探讨慢性肺源性心脏病患者血浆内源性一氧化碳 (CO)的水平及其临床意义。方法　肺心病组 30例 ,正常对照组 30例。血浆CO测定采用分光光度法 ,同时测定血浆内皮素 1(ET 1)水平、动脉血氧分压 (PaO2 )及反映肺动脉压的超声指标—右室射血前期时间 (RVPEP)与肺动脉血流加速时间 (AT)的比值。结果　肺心病组急性加重期血浆CO水平 (1.78± 0 .79)ng/L和缓解期血浆CO水平 (1.2 1± 0 .38)ng/L ,均高于正常对照组 (0 .87± 0 .2 3)ng/L(均P <0 .0 0 1) ,且血浆CO水平与ET I、RVPEP/AT呈正相关 ,与PaO2 呈负相关。结论　内源性CO参与了肺心病的病理生理过程 ,肺心病患者血浆CO水平升高对于延缓肺动脉高压的发展具有一定的保护意义     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.