前列舒通胶囊联合α-1A受体阻滞剂治疗湿热瘀阻型Ⅲ型前列腺炎临床观察

目的 前瞻性研究前列舒通胶囊联合α-1A受体阻滞剂治疗湿热瘀阻型Ⅲ型前列腺炎的临床疗效.方法 将121例湿热瘀阻Ⅲ型前列腺炎患者随机分为观察组和对照组,分别给予前列舒通胶囊（3粒,每天3次）＋盐酸坦洛新胶囊（0.2mg,每晚1次）和盐酸坦洛新胶囊（0.2mg,每晚1次）治疗,8周后按照美国国立卫生研究所（NIH）制定的前列腺症状评分标准（CPSI）量化两组患者的症状积分,并观察治疗前后前列腺液中卵磷脂小体、WBC、PH值的变化,比较两组患者的临床疗效及其副作用.结果 经过8周的治疗,观察组和对照组的NIH-CPSI评分、QOL评分及EPS常规中白细胞数目均有显著下降（P＜0.01）,但观察组下降的程度均较对照组明显（P＜0.01）.结论 前列舒通胶囊联合α-1A受体阻滞剂治疗湿热瘀阻型Ⅲ型前列腺炎比单用α-1A受体阻滞剂疗效明显,值得临床推广.     

前列腺增生症与慢性前列腺炎临床关系的研究

目的探讨慢性前列腺炎（CP）与症状性良性前列腺增生（BPH）的临床关系。方法对2005年10月。2007年10月,在我院泌尿外科门诊就诊的,既往已明确诊断为“良性前列腺增生”而常规使用非那雄胺与α-受体阻滞剂联合治疗半年以上,但国际前列腺症状评分（IPSS）及生活质量评分（QOL）仍为中-重度的123例患者,行前列腺液常规（EPS）涂片和细菌培养。参照慢性前列腺炎症状评分标准（NIH—CPSI）,作为慢性前列腺炎的诊断和分类标准。在原有治疗基础上,使用敏感抗生素治疗4周。结果123例患者中伴有CP者105例（85．4％）。其中Ⅰ度前列腺增生38例,合并CP30例（78．9％）;Ⅱ度52例,合并CP45例（86．5％）;Ⅲ度33例,合并CP30例（90．1％）。使用敏感抗生素治疗4周后,三组患者IPSS改善率分别为：30．0％,31．1％,13．3％。结论BPH患者多合并慢性前列腺炎,腺体增生体积与CP发生呈正相关,炎症与诱发膀胱出口梗阻有关联度。抗炎治疗对轻-中度BPH患者效果比对重度BPH患者好。     

磁疗椅对慢性盆腔疼痛综合征的治疗作用

目的：观察磁疗椅对慢性盆腔疼痛综合征（CPPS）的疗效。方法：2005年6月～2007年4月,我院收治ⅢB型CPPS患者40例,随机分为两组,一组单用α-受体阻滞剂坦索罗辛（O．2mg／d）（单用组）治疗;另一组并用坦索罗辛（0．2mg／d）和磁疗椅（并用组）治疗,磁疗椅每周2次,每次约30min,4周为1个疗程;治疗前后作前列腺炎症状评分（NIH—CPSI）。结果：所有患者均按要求完成治疗。与单用组比较,并用组NIH—CPSI、疼痛评分、排尿评分、严重程度和生活质量评分均有显著下降（P〈0．05）。结论：磁疗椅对CPPS有显著疗效,且操作简单,患者无明显不适,依从性好,值得在临床上推广运用。     

青少年慢性盆底疼痛综合征临床分析

目的：探讨青少年慢性盆底疼痛综合征（CPPS）或慢性非细菌性前列腺炎（CNBP）的临床特点及治疗方法。方法：依据美国国立卫生研究院（NIH）前列腺炎的诊断标准，将30例青少年患者分为Ⅲa型8例，Ⅲb型22例；按前列腺炎症状严重程度评分（SSI）进行分组治疗，规律性治疗1－3个月。全部患者均配合精神心理及物理疗法，部分患者服用清热解毒和（或）活血化瘀类中药。Ⅲa型患者以广谱抗生素及α1－受体阻滞剂治疗为主，Ⅲb型则分别给予α1－受体阻滞剂及镇静镇痛肌松治疗。结果：治疗后SSI评分降低，显效18例，有效8例，无效4例，总有效率为87%。结论：青少年CPPS不完全同于成人CPPS，综合性治疗是一种有效的方法。     

坦索罗辛联合多塞平治疗顽固性ⅢB型前列腺炎

目的：探讨坦索罗辛联合多塞平治疗顽固性ⅢB型前列腺炎的疗效和机制。方法：将106例ⅢB型前列腺炎患者随机分为坦索罗辛单剂治疗组（n=51）和坦索罗辛＋多塞平联合治疗组（n＝55）,治疗时间为6周。治疗前、后分别采用美国国立卫生研究院慢性前列腺炎症状指数评分（NIH—CPSI）对症状进行评测和比较,并记录不良反应。结果：两组患者经过治疗后,在疼痛或不适症状评分、排尿症状评分、生活质量评分及总分4项上均有明显改善;联合治疗组疗效（78．8％）较单剂治疗组（64．7％）显著,联合治疗组中有2例因药物不良反应退出实验,1例失访。结论：坦索罗辛联合多塞平治疗ⅢB型前列腺炎安全有效。     

慢性骨盆疼痛综合征的综合性治疗

目的 :探讨慢性骨盆疼痛综合征 (CPPS)的诊疗方法。　方法 :分析 16 5例CPPS患者的病史和实验室检查结果 ,依据美国国立卫生研究院 (NIH)前列腺炎的诊断标准 ,对患者进行分类。综合性治疗 6～ 8周。ⅢA型患者以广谱抗生素及α1受体阻滞剂治疗为主 ,ⅢB型则分别给予α1受体阻滞剂、镇静剂、镇痛肌松剂治疗 ;全部患者均配合精神心理及物理疗法 ,部分患者加服中成药。根据慢性前列腺炎症状指数 (CPSI)评分判断疗效。　结果 :治疗 6周后显效 12 1例 (73.3% ) ,有效 2 6例 (15 .8% ) ,无效 18例 (10 .9% )。　结论 :综合性治疗是CPPS有效的治疗方法。     

体外短波热疗联合前列腺灸及哈乐治疗非细菌性前列腺炎和前列腺痛疗效观察

目的 探讨慢性非细菌性前列腺炎（CNP）和前列腺痛（PD）的治疗方法。方法 应用体外短波热疗联合前列腺灸及α1A-肾上腺素能受体阻滞剂哈乐治疗CNP和PD患者26例，疗程8周。观察治疗前后前列腺炎症状评分（CPSI）与最大尿流率（MFR）变化。结果 有效率为80．8％。治疗前后CPSI和MFR均有显著改善（P〈0．05）。结论 体外短波热疗联合前列腺灸及哈乐治疗CNP和PD安全有效。     

前列腺炎患者治疗前后PSA变化及其临床意义

目的：探讨伴有PSA升高的ⅢA型前列腺炎患者药物治疗后血清PSA的变化,评估PSA变化率对疗效的预测价值。方法：收集2010年9月-2012年3月期间门诊就诊的有4μg／L〈PSA〈50／μg／L,拟诊断为ⅢA型前列腺炎患者60例,所有患者均予以抗感染治疗4周,分别于治疗前后行血清PSA检测和填写慢性前列腺症状评分表（NIH—CPSI）,并对相关资料予以总结分析研究。结果：穿刺活检患者共60例,其中12例证实为PCa,43例为慢性前列腺炎,5例为BPH。前列腺炎患者治疗前后PSA相关指标（PSA,游离／总PSA,PSA密度）和CPSI评分均出现显著变化,各指标差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;PSA变化率（PSA—VCh）对鉴别诊断PCa有一定价值,在最佳临界点-5．22％处,敏感度和特异度分别为84．7％和78．6％;治疗后前列腺炎症分级与PSAD及CPSI间存在相关性（r=0．518,r=0．379,P均〈0．05）,PSA—VCh与△CPSI及患者治疗前PSA均呈中等相关（r=0．481,r=0．410,P均〈0．01）。结论：抗感染治疗后,可使伴有PSA升高的ⅢA型前列腺炎患者主客观指标均得以改善;PSA变化率可作为评估慢性前列腺炎治疗效果的有价值指标,并为排除PCa提供依据。     

α-受体阻滞剂和抗抑郁药联合治疗Ⅲ型前列腺炎

目的研究α-受体阻滞剂和抗抑郁药联合治疗Ⅲ型前列腺炎的效果。方法本组48例被诊断为Ⅲ型前列腺炎（CP／CPPS）的患者，年龄20-50岁，平均30岁。均有会阴区域疼痛、尿频及紧张、焦虑等症状。病程3月。2年，平均18个月。均有抗生素治疗史，疗效不佳。采用α-受体阻滞剂（多沙唑嗪控释片4mg／d或坦索罗辛2mg／d口服）、抗抑郁药（舍曲林50mg／d或文拉法辛75mg／d口服）联合疗法，3个月为一疗程。在治疗前、治疗后4周、8周和12周对患者进行美国国立卫生研究院慢性前列腺炎症状指数（NIH-CPSI）评分并记录不良反应情况。疗效评定标准为：（1）显效：NIH-CPSI较治疗前下降〉15分：（2）有效：NIH-CPSI较治疗前下降〉5分：（3）无效：NIH-CPSI较治疗前下降〈5分或上升。总有效率为显效率与有效率之和。结果显效16例，有效25例，无效4例，总有效率91％（41／45）。2例患者因药物不良反应退出治疗。结论α-受体阻滞剂和抗抑郁药联合治疗方案安全有效，可以明显缓解Ⅲ型前列腺炎患者的临床症状。     

三金片联合坦索罗辛及环丙沙星治疗慢性前列腺炎疗效观察

目的观察三金片联合坦索罗辛、环丙沙星治疗慢性前列腺炎的临床治疗效果。方法患者根据美国国立卫生研究院（NIH）制定的慢性前列腺炎分类标准选取Ⅱ型和ⅢA型慢性前列腺炎患者120例,并随机分为治疗组和对照组各60例联合治疗。治疗组服用三金片、坦索罗辛、环丙沙星;对照组仅服用坦索罗辛、环丙沙星;比较两组治疗1月前后的症状指数（NIH～CPSI）评分、前列腺液（EPS）白细胞计数及卵磷脂小体数量。结果治疗组总有效率为91．7％,对照组总有效率为78．2％,两组总有效率差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）,两组发生不良反应均为轻度且持续时间较短。结论三金片联合坦索罗辛、环丙沙星治疗慢性前列腺炎的疗效满意,无明显不良反应,值得临床推广使用。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Immunomodulation in Transplantation with Photopheresis

Abstract: Photopheresis is a technique in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells, in the presence of a photoacti-vatable compound, are exposed extracorporeally to ultraviolet A light and reinfused, inducing a host autoregula-tory immune response. Experimental work and ongoing clinical studies are helping to define the role of this novel, safe, and non-toxic immunomodulating technology in the field of transplantation.