Bicuspid aortic valve stenosis complicated by descending aortic dissection mimicking coarctation of the aorta.

We report a rare case of bicuspid aortic stenosis complicated by an ascending aortic aneurysm and aortic dissection of DeBakey type IIIb. A 35-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital to examine her systolic murmur identified at birth. Severe aortic stenosis, dilatation of the ascending aorta, and the narrow color flow signal in the descending aorta were detected by transthoracic echocardiography. Initially, coarctation of the descending aorta was suspected, but aortic dissection, DeBakey type IIIb, was revealed by transesophageal echocardiography. Transesophageal echocardiography is indicated when only insufficient information is available on valve and aortic morphology in patients with bicuspid aortic valve.     

超声心动图和多层螺旋CT在急诊主动脉夹层中的应用价值

目的探讨经胸超声心动图（TTE）和多层螺旋CT（MSCT）在急诊主动脉夹层诊断中的应用价值。方法选取2016年1月~2020年4月在我院治疗的疑似主动脉夹层患者141例,给予TTE和MSCT检查,分析两者诊断价值差异;分析主动脉夹层和非主动脉夹层MSCT征象差异,以及主动脉夹层不同分型MSCT征象差异。结果141例疑似主动脉夹层患者,经手术或CT血管成像确诊112例主动脉夹层患者,29例为非主动脉夹层患者;MSCT诊断主动脉夹层的敏感度、准确性和阴性预测值分别为95.54%、94.33%和83.87%,明显高于TTE诊断（P < 0.05）;MSCT和TTE诊断主动脉夹层的特异性和阳性预测值比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;MSCT征象中,主动脉夹层中钙化内移、主动脉区高密度、线样征和主动脉增宽的比例高于非主动脉夹层（P < 0.05）;主动脉夹层和非主动脉夹层中心包积液、胸腔积液比例差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;MSCT征象中,A型主动夹层中主动脉区高密度比例高于B型主动脉夹层（P < 0.05）;A型和B型主动脉夹层中钙化内移、线样征、心包积液、胸腔积液和主动脉增宽比例比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论相较于TTE,MSCT在急诊主动脉夹层诊断中有较好的应用价值,值得临床使用。      

应用Cabrol手术治疗急性A型主动脉夹层根部病变

目的 Cabrol手术由Cabrol C教授于1981年首创,但至今关于该术式用于治疗A型主动脉夹层的报道并不多。本研究对我中心近7年来应用Cabrol术式治疗急性A型主动脉根部病变的病例进行总结。 方法 2009年1月~2016年12月,共有47例急性A型主动脉夹层的患者在我中心接受Cabrol手术治疗。所有病例术前均经心脏彩超及主动脉增强CT检查确诊。对其根部病变应用Cabrol技术处理,弓部病变采用半弓置换或全弓置换。对所有病例的相关数据进行回顾性分析。 结果 总共纳入47例患者,其中6例为单纯Cabrol手术,13例为Cabrol+右半弓置换,28例为Cabrol+孙氏手术。总的30 d死亡率为10.6%（5/47）。住院期间急性肾功能衰竭发生率25.5%（12/47）,有12.8%（6/47）的病人需要接受连续肾脏替代治疗。中位住院时间为25.5 d（15~128 d）,随访时间6~36月。 结论 Cabrol手术用于急性A型主动脉夹层的病人根部处理安全有效,术中部分技术细节需要注意。       

Abbreviated aortic insufficiency in aortic dissection caused by prolapse of the intimal flap

Aortic insufficiency was identified in a patient with acute ascending aortic dissection. The aortic insufficiency was limited to the first half of diastole by prolapse of the intimal flap against the regurgitant orifice. This unusual pathophysiology was well demonstrated by two-dimensional and color flow Doppler echocardiography.     

The utility of multiple imaging modalities to diagnose acute aortic dissection

A 21-year-old man with Marfan syndrome and known aortic root aneurysm presented to our emergency department with symptoms suggestive of acute aortic dissection. The patient was hemodynamically stable and bilateral upper extremity blood pressures were similar. There was no mediastinal widening on portable chest radiograph. Both contrast CT and retrograde angiography of the aorta failed to identify dissection. Subsequent transesophageal echocardiography demonstrated a Stanford classification type A dissection. This case demonstrates the utility of multiple imaging modalities for identifying aortic dissection in high-risk patients.     

Utility of transesophageal echocardiography for the characterization of cardiovascular anomalies associated with Turner's syndrome.

This case illustrates the complementary value of transesophageal echocardiography to routine transthoracic echocardiography in an asymptomatic adult patient with Turner's syndrome. The combined findings of bicuspid aortic valve, severe aortic dilation, coarctation of the aorta, and type A aortic dissection were clearly delineated by transesophageal echocardiography.     

Echocardiography in the diagnosis of thoracic aortic pathology

Transthoracic two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography has been well established as a useful technique for evaluating many pathologic processes affecting the thoracic aorta. However, the distance of the aortic arch and descending thoracic aorta from the chest wall and the interposition of highly attenuating lung and highly reflective mediastinal structures between the transducer and the aorta present unavoidable limitations. Transesophageal echocardiography is a relatively new technology that overcomes many of the inherent limitations with transthoracic imaging. Complete echocardiographic evaluation of the entire thoracic aorta can now be achieved in nearly all patients. This article will review the continually expanding role of echocardiography in the evaluation of thoracic aortic pathology, including the dramatic impact of transesophageal imaging on the diagnosis of life-threatening disorders such as aortic dissection.     

Asymptomatic dissection of the ascending aorta: diagnosis by transesophageal echocardiography

A young man with marfanoid habitus underwent transesophageal echocardiography to evaluate an aortic root abnormality visualized on transthoracic echocardiography. Transesophageal echo demonstrated a type A aortic dissection traversing across the right sinus of Valsalva but not involving the aortic valve, right coronary artery, or pericardial sac. The aorta was not dilated. This is apparently the first reported case of an asymptomatic and uncomplicated aortic dissection localized to the sinus of Valsalva.     

Biatrial compression caused by intrapericardial hematoma secondary to ruptured type I acute aortic dissection following aortic valve replacement

Ruptured aortic dissection after aortic valve replacement (AVR) is uncommon and rarely diagnosed premortem. We report a patient with a ruptured type I aortic dissection and biatrial tamponade 2 months after AVR caused by loculated intrapericardial hematoma.The diagnosis was made by transthoracic echocardiography and confirmed at operation.     

Aortic root asymmetry in Marfan patients; evaluation by magnetic resonance imaging and comparison with standard echocardiography

Background: Patients with Marfan syndrome may develop aortic root dissection despite only mild aortic root dilation as shown by standard echocardiography, which may be due to aortic root asymmetry. Purpose of the present study was to investigate aortic root asymmetry by magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in patients with Marfan syndrome and to compare these measurements with standardly performed echocardiography. Methods: Eighty-seven Marfan patients (mean age 31 ± 8 years) underwent MR imaging. From this population, 15 patients (mean age 29 ± 3 years) were selected in whom both echocardiography and MR imaging had been performed within 3 months. With echocardiography, the aortic root was measured according to the recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography. With MR imaging, a short axis view of the aortic root was obtained to measure distances between the noncoronary, right coronary and left coronary cusps and the aortic root area. Correlations between aortic root area and diameters were assessed, and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) calculated. Results: No difference in the standardly measured noncoronary to right coronary cusp diameter between MR imaging and echocardiography was shown (42 ± 6 mm). Largest aortic root diameter on the MR images was the right to left coronary cusp diameter (46 ± 7 mm, p < 0.02). For a given noncoronary to right coronary cusp diameter, 95% confidence intervals revealed a variation of ?20 to +20% in the aortic root area. Conclusions: The majority of Marfan patients show asymmetric dilation of the aortic root by MR imaging. This phenomenon may go unnoticed when standard echocardiography is performed. The asymmetry of the aortic root might be of clinical importance in unexpected aortic root dissection.     

二维、三维经食管超声心动图在经导管主动脉瓣植入术中的应用价值

目的探讨二维、三维经食管超声心动图在经导管主动脉瓣植入术（TAVI）中的应用价值。 方法对2010年5月至2015年10月在复旦大学附属中山医院行TAVI的11例重度主动脉瓣狭窄[主动脉瓣狭窄口面积<1.0 cm²,主动脉瓣口最大流速>4 m/s,平均跨瓣压差>40 mmHg（1 mmHg=0.133 kPa）]和1例人工生物主动脉瓣中重度反流患者术前均行常规经胸超声心动图检查及二维、三维经食管超声心动图检查（2DTEE、3DTEE）,术中二维、三维经食管超声心动图监测,术后常规经胸超声心动图随访。采用Pearson相关分析分析3DTEE与计算机断层扫描（MDCT）评价主动脉瓣环最大值、最小值、瓣环面积以及狭窄口面积的相关性及3DTEE、MDCT与连续性方程评价狭窄口面积的相关性。 结果所有患者均成功植入人工生物主动脉瓣,其中1例患者术中发现心脏压塞合并升主动脉夹层分离,经心包穿刺以及升主动脉夹层分离保守治疗3 d后突发心脏压塞死亡。所有患者MDCT与3DTEE评价主动脉瓣环最大径、最小径、瓣环面积及狭窄口面积的相关性均较好（r=0.98、0.97、0.97、0.99,P均<0.01）;术前连续性方程测量的主动脉狭窄口面积与MDCT及3DTEE评价结果的相关性均很好（r值均为0.99,P均<0.01）。 结论2DTEE、3DTEE能快速、准确地定量主动脉瓣环的大小及评价主动脉的解剖结构,能实时引导和监测经导管主动脉瓣植入及其并发症。     

经胸心脏超声对A型急性主动脉夹层诊断价值的荟萃分析

目的 系统评价经胸心脏超声(transthoracic echocardiography,TTE)在疑诊A型急性主动脉夹层早期诊断中的价值.方法 计算机检索PubMed、EMbase、The Cochrane Library、中国知网(CNKI)、万方数据库,收集有关TTE诊断A型急性主动脉夹层的诊断性试验,检索时限截至2015年12月.由2位评价者根据纳入与排除标准独立筛选文献、提取资料和评价质量后,采用Meta-Disc 1.4软件进行分析,并绘制汇总受试者工作特征(SROC)曲线、计算曲线下面积和Q*指数.结果 最终纳入9个研究,共1 631例患者.敏感性为79％,特异性为95％,阳性似然比为11.99,阴性似然比为0.22,诊断比值比为74.25,SROC曲线下面积为0.940 7,Q*指数为0.878 3.结论 TTE作为单独检查方法对A型急性主动脉夹层的早期诊断具有较高的初筛价值.但其敏感性受多因素影响,临床上尚需联合其他诊断指标,以进一步提高诊断的准确性.     

44例主动脉夹层临床分析

目的 探讨主动脉夹层患者的患病危险因素、临床特征、诊治方法及预后.方法 对我院2005-2008年诊治的44例主动脉夹层患者临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 主动脉夹层发生的常见病因是高血压.首发表现以胸痛为常见(部分病例以并发症为首发).CT和MRI检查对主动脉夹层的确诊率较超声检查高,但由于超声检查价格便宜,床旁操作方便,故有疑诊患者,可做常规超声检查.主动脉夹层的治疗有内科保守治疗,外科手术治疗和血管内带膜支架治疗.结论 高血压是主动脉夹层的主要危险因素,其临床表现复杂多变,误诊率高.内科治疗时血压控制多需多种降压药物联合应用,然而根据临床分型和病情采取外科手术、介入治疗可降低病死率和改善患者的预后.     

44例主动脉夹层临床分析

目的 探讨主动脉夹层患者的患病危险因素、临床特征、诊治方法及预后.方法 对我院2005-2008年诊治的44例主动脉夹层患者临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 主动脉夹层发生的常见病因是高血压.首发表现以胸痛为常见(部分病例以并发症为首发).CT和MRI检查对主动脉夹层的确诊率较超声检查高,但由于超声检查价格便宜,床旁操作方便,故有疑诊患者,可做常规超声检查.主动脉夹层的治疗有内科保守治疗,外科手术治疗和血管内带膜支架治疗.结论 高血压是主动脉夹层的主要危险因素,其临床表现复杂多变,误诊率高.内科治疗时血压控制多需多种降压药物联合应用,然而根据临床分型和病情采取外科手术、介入治疗可降低病死率和改善患者的预后.     

急诊床旁超声心动图在急重症心血管疾病中应用

目的探讨急诊床旁超声心动图检查在急重症心血管疾病诊断中价值。方法回顾性分析188例行急诊床旁超声心动图检查的急重症心血管疾病患者的临床资料。结果超声心动图诊断与临床诊断相符161例,其中单纯急性心肌梗死14例,非急性心肌梗死后左心功能不全44例,急性心肌梗死合并左心功能不全20例,心包积液47例,慢性肺源性心脏病7例,A型主动脉夹层4例,肺栓塞11例,主动脉瓣狭窄2例,心肌炎2例,肥厚型心肌病6例,风湿性心脏病合并左心房血栓3例,主动脉窦瘤破裂1例,诊断符合率为85．6％。结论急诊床旁超声心动图在急重症心血管疾病的早期诊断中有重要价值。     

44例主动脉夹层临床分析

目的 探讨主动脉夹层患者的患病危险因素、临床特征、诊治方法及预后.方法 对我院2005-2008年诊治的44例主动脉夹层患者临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 主动脉夹层发生的常见病因是高血压.首发表现以胸痛为常见(部分病例以并发症为首发).CT和MRI检查对主动脉夹层的确诊率较超声检查高,但由于超声检查价格便宜,床旁操作方便,故有疑诊患者,可做常规超声检查.主动脉夹层的治疗有内科保守治疗,外科手术治疗和血管内带膜支架治疗.结论 高血压是主动脉夹层的主要危险因素,其临床表现复杂多变,误诊率高.内科治疗时血压控制多需多种降压药物联合应用,然而根据临床分型和病情采取外科手术、介入治疗可降低病死率和改善患者的预后.     

Aortic valve commissural tear mimicking type A aortic dissection.

A 52-year-old man came to the local emergency department with symptoms of heart failure and transient chest pain. Transthoracic echocardiography showed severe aortic regurgitation and a dilated ascending aorta. Aortic dissection was suspected, and he was transferred to our institution. Transesophageal echocardiography appeared to confirm the presence of a type A dissection. A mobile, linear structure was present in the proximal ascending aorta, suggesting the presence of dissection flap. Aortic cusp prolapse and severe aortic regurgitation were seen. At surgery, no aortic dissection was present. Rather, the commissure between right and left aortic valve cusps was separated from the wall of the aorta. Motion of the torn commissure with the cardiac cycle apparently led to the transesophageal echocardiographic appearance described. The ascending aorta was dilated. Histopathologic examination of the aorta confirmed the visual appearance of cystic medial necrosis. Aortic valve commissural tear is a rare event, which may lead to severe aortic regurgitation. This entity may lead to the false-positive transesophageal echocardiographic diagnosis of type A dissection.     

Clinical significance and expanded diagnostic possibilities by transesophageal echocardiography

Two-dimensional echocardiography is already a well-established diagnostic tool for evaluation of cardiac diseases. The introduction of two-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) has widened the ultrasonic examination possibilities of the heart and great arteries. In 15% of patients where two-dimensional echocardiography gave false - negative results, TEE detected vegetations on the mitral and aortic valves. The sensitivity for detection of atrial septal defect in comparison with angiocardiography is 100%. TEE appears to be a useful noninvasive method for bedside diagnosis of acute aortic disease, particularly type III De Bakey dissections. In anaesthesiology, cardiac surgery and intensive care medicine TEE is used for simultaneous left ventricular function analysis and for detection of microair embolism. TEE is highly sensitive in the detection of mitral and aortic valvular disease, changes of the interatrial septum, left atrium and of the thoracic aorta.     

Traumatic type B aortic dissection causing near total occlusion of aortic lumen and diagnosed by transthoracic echocardiography: A case report.

A true dissection of the descending thoracic aorta resulting from blunt chest trauma is a relatively rare injury compared with aortic transsection and occurs mostly in the region of the aortic isthmus. It is a life-threatening condition that requires rapid and accurate diagnosis. In this case, we report a patient with Stanford type B aortic dissection caused by decelerating trauma of the chest in a motor vehicle accident causing near total occlusion of the aortic lumen. The diagnosis was made by transthoracic echocardiography and confirmed by aortography.     

多平面经食管超声心动图与磁共振诊断主动脉夹层的对比研究

目的　评价经食管超声心动图与磁共振对主动脉夹层的诊断价值。方法　对一组临床上怀疑为主动脉夹层的患者同时进行TEE与MRI的研究 ,并将结果与手术及血管造影相对照。结果　TEE及MRI对于主动脉夹层均有较高的准确性和特异性 ;对于不同亚型的主动脉夹层二者各有所长。结论　对于主动脉夹层的诊断 ,TEE及MRI均具有十分重要的临床使用价值 ,将两者的长处结合起来应用 ,可明显提高对主动脉夹层的诊断价值。[关键词 ]　经食管超声心动图 ;磁共振 ;主动脉夹层