脂质过氧化物－呼气戊烷采集方法的比较研究

对３位健康受试者，分别用５种方法采集呼出气，用气相色谱法测定其中戊烷浓度，各法呼出气中戊烷浓度的变异系数都小于２０％，在允许的公差范围之内，故本实验所用备法均可做为呼出气中戊烷的采集方法。其中三通管法和Ｈａｌｄａｎｅ－Ｐｒｉｅｓｔｌｅｙ管法较适合于临床，深呼吸法和屏息法较适合于人群调查，而Ｄｏｕｇｌａｓ袋法较适合于儿童和其他不能较好配合的受试者。用三通管法测定了非吸烟者和吸烟者呼出气中烷的含量，分别为５．６４８ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ和９．３０３ｎｏｌ／Ｌ，非吸烟组小于吸烟组，Ｐ＜０．０５，差异显著，提示吸烟可促进脂质过氧化，有害身体健康。     

呼出气中二硫化碳检测方法的研究

本文应用自行设计的双阀采气管及Tenax GC管进行取样和浓缩,通过热解析浓缩进样装置与气相色谱仪连用技术,有效地提高检测终末呼出气中CS_2灵敏度。本法最低检测浓度0.05mg/m~3;平均回收率86.69％,C.V.<8％;呼气样经富集和热解析效率达99.4％,C.V.<5％。     

氢化物发生—原子荧光光谱法测定食盐中砷

介绍了氢化物发生—原子荧光光谱法测定食盐中砷含量的方法。在３ｍｏｌ／Ｌ的盐酸介质中测定，砷的最低检出限为０．５ｎｇ／ｍｌ，回收率为９３％～１０９％。     

GM-CSF鉴别结核性和癌性胸膜炎的价值

采用放射免疫法检测２５例结核性和３１例癌性胸膜炎患者血清和胸水中粒细胞－巨噬细胞集落刺激因子（ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ）浓度。结果发现，结核组血清ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ［（１９．５６±１２．６４）ｎｇ／Ｌ］明显高于正常组［（９．５２±３．６１）ｎｇ／Ｌ，Ｐ＜０．０１］和癌性组［（９．３５±６．１３）ｎｇ／Ｌ，Ｐ＜０．０１］，而癌性组与正常组比较无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）；结核组胸水ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ浓度［（２４．３４±１４．８６）ｎｇ／Ｌ］明显高于癌性组［（６．３５±３．１３）ｎｇ／Ｌ，Ｐ＜０．０１］。若以血清ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ１４ｎｇ／Ｌ为界限值，则结核组的敏感性为４８００％，特异性为８３８７％；若以胸水ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ９．５ｎｇ／Ｌ为界限值，则结核组的敏感性为８０００％，特异性为９０３２％。提示血清、胸水ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ测定对鉴别这两组胸膜炎有较高的价值，可作为鉴别结核性和癌性胸膜炎的一项检测指标。     

汽油储运岗位工人职业接触水平——时间加权平均浓度的调查研究

采用８ｈ跟岗记录工时，定点定时与临时加采相结合的采样方法，对南京炼油厂汽油储运岗位工人进行时间加权平均接触浓度（ＴＷＡ）的调查。同时对工人呼出气中的汽油浓度进行测定。结果，在３个被调查的作业场所中，ＴＷＡ值都不高，多数仅为１０ｍｇ／ｍ３左右；尽管加油站采样中最高瞬时浓度可达１２５４０．６９ｍｇ／ｍ３，样本超标率４５．２４％，但经过计算，ＴＷＡ值也不高，为１７８．３８ｍｇ／ｍ３。呼出气中汽油浓度与ＴＷＡ实测值之间呈良好正相关。     

生物监测专题讲座 第五讲 呼出气监测的技术与意义

近十多年来,随着采样和分析技术的发展,呼出气已成为生物监测常用的材料之一。现将呼出气监测的有关问题简要介绍如下。1 呼出气分析的生理基础呼出气分析是以肺泡气与肺部血液之间存在气态平衡为依据的。挥发性化学物质经呼吸道吸入后,其在呼出气中的浓度逐渐上     

某些地方性疾病地区环境中硒的研究──硒的水平及形态

于全国８省市自治区内克山病、大骨节病氟中毒和硒中毒等地方病区，癌症和肝炎地区性的高发区及正常地区内的３０个调查点，采集空气、水、土壤等环境样品，分析硒水平及硒存在形态。调查结果为空气硒：室内以陕西永寿大骨节病区最低３．３ｎｇ／ｍ３，湖北建始县硒中毒区最高６１４．２μｇ／ｍ３；室外空气硒浓度以云南宣威肺癌多发区最低为０．３ｎｇ／ｍ３，仍是建始县的最高３７１．１ｎｇ／ｍ３；室内外空气颗粒物中硒９０％存于＞１０μｍ的细颗粒物中。室外空气中气态硒的百分比（均值为２３．３％）高于室内（均值为９．７％）；颗粒物中不同价态硒分布云南的以Ｓｅ（Ⅵ）为主占６３．５％，陕西以Ｓｅ（Ⅳ）为主占５６．７％，湖北的以Ｓｅ（＜Ⅳ）为主占７９．５％，土壤硒为５８（克山病区）～９０３７ｎｇ／ｇ（硒中毒区），水溶性硒占总硒的百分比以硒中毒、氟中毒、克山病及大骨节病等地区较低，多在５％以下，其它地区的较高，多在１０％以上；其不同价态硒的百分比分布与空气颗粒物的基本一致。水中硒含量大部分在０．３ｎｇ／Ｌ以下，只有高硒和硒中毒地区为１～６８３ｎｇ／Ｌ。不同价态硒的百分比的分布以Ｓｅ（Ⅵ）为主均值７１．４％，Ｓｅ（Ⅳ）均值１８．５％，Ｓｅ（＜Ⅳ）均?     

高效液相色谱法测定苹果汁中的棒曲霉素

棒曲霉素（Ｐａｔｕｌｉｎ）是由苹果青霉菌和某些曲霉菌所产生的有毒代谢物。本文采用了ＨＰＬＣ法，对苹果汁中的棒曲霉素经乙酸乙酯提取，再用碳酸钠溶液净化。并对ＨＰＬＣ测定条件进行了试验研究，最后采用ＯＤＳ反相色谱柱及１０％乙晴水溶液为流动相，经紫外检测器在２７６ｎｍ条件下进行分离测定。本方法经０．０１ｍｇ／Ｌ、０．０３ｍｇ／Ｌ、０．０５ｍｇ／Ｌ三水平添加试验，平均回收率为８６．５％～１０７．０％，变异系数为６．９０％～１３．３５％，测定低限为１．０ｎｇ，在１．０～１０．０ｎｇ范围内线性良好。     

呼出气的生物监测

呼出气的生物监测杭州市职业病防治院倪波综述胡宣扬审校１．概述随着采样和分析技术的发展，呼出气生物监测也广为人们所关注。其优点是样品收集方便，无损伤性，分析方法较血、尿简便，适用面广等。对一些惰性气体来说，呼出气分析则更是唯一的生物监测方法［１，３］。...     

硅胶采样管采集测定空气中丙烯酰胺的方法学研究

处理后的微球硅胶制成采样管，以０．３Ｌ／ｍｉｎ于现场采样３０ｍｉｎ，密封。分析时，用蒸馏水解吸硅胶上的丙烯酰胺，用紫外照射使之溴化，经乙酸乙酯提取后，用气相色谱电子捕获检测器检测。此法线性范围为０～１０．０ｍｇ／Ｌ，最低检测限为０．０１ｍｇ／Ｌ，线性良好，Ｔ＞０．９９９。批内、间精密度均良好，变异系数分别为３．５％～６．９７％和１．２６％～５．３４％，解吸效率≥９６％，２５０ｍｇ硅胶填充的采样管，其穿透容量＞０．０５ｍｇ，采集的样品至少可稳定１５天。当丙烯酰胺浓度为１．８６ｍｇ／ｍ３时，硅胶管采样效率仍为１００．０％，充分满足了现场需要。此法应用于山东四个化工厂，并同时同地用冲击式吸收管进行采样测定，结果经ｔ检验，表明两种方法无明显差异（Ｐ＞０．５００）。此改进后方法准确、方便，并可用于个体采样。     

热脱附-冷阱捕集-气相色谱-质谱法测定工作场所空气中50种挥发性有机物

目的 建立快速测定工作场所空气中50种挥发性有机物的分析方法。方法 优化热脱附参数，采用优化后的热脱附-冷阱捕集-气相色谱-质谱法对工作场所空气中50种挥发性有机物进行分析，验证方法性能指标，并应用于实际样品的检测。结果 目标化合物在5～200 ng范围内线性关系良好，相关系数r>0.995,方法检出限为0.02～0.65μg/m³(以采样体积为2 L计算),加标回收率为81.3%～105.0%,相对标准偏差为1.3%～9.8%(n=7);采用该方法对某厂两个工段的场所空气进行了采集与检测，共检出了9种目标化合物，浓度范围为2.2～50.7 mg/m³。结论 该方法处理简单，线性良好，灵敏度高，精密准确，可实现对工作场所空气中50种挥发性有机物的快速准确分析。     

Volatile organic compounds in headspace over electrical components at 75 to 200°C - part 1. identification of constituents and emission rates

The identity and emission rates of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in headspace vapors over electronic components were determined at temperatures from 75 to 200°C using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The emission of VOCs may provide a basis to detect the onset of the overheating of electronic components in confined atmospheres near electronic bays on airplanes and submarines before smoldering or ignition. VOCs found in headspace vapors over components, including resistors, capacitors, diodes, transistors, and insulation from wires of a transformer, were composed of simple mixtures of substances with 6 to 10 carbon number from chemical families including ketones, aldehydes, substituted benzenes, alcohols, and phenols. Composition of the vapors was characteristic but not exclusive of a particular electrical component, except for phenols and methylstyrene, which were found only in a single component. Emission rates were expressed as nanogram of chemical per gram of component per minute, and increased from a low of 0.001 ng/g-min for nonanal from transformer wire at 100°C to a maximum of 2.5 ng/g-min at 150°C for isophorone from a resistor. Patterns of persistence with repeated sampling of headspace for components at 200°C over 5 hr suggested that VOCs arose from impurities in plastics rather than from thermal decomposition of the polymer.     

Occupational exposure to volatile organic compounds and mitigation by push-pull local exhaust ventilation in printing plants

The extensive use of multiple organic solvents in offset lithographic printing causing high emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) indeed poses a serious risk to printing workers' health. In this study, indoor air quality (IAQ) assessments were carried out in seven printing plants and the main objectives were to understand the effect of VOC emissions on IAQ and develop effective mitigation measures to protect workers. The thorough gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) measurements showed that although a variety of VOCs were presented in the indoor air, none of them was found close to individual 8-h time-weighted average (TWA) of the occupational exposure limit (OEL). The additive effect was also found below the critical value of unity. However, short-term personal exposure to total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) was exceedingly high when a print worker carried out blanket and ink roller cleaning procedures. Therefore, the occupational health risk was mainly due to repeated short-term exposures during intermittent VOC-emitting procedures rather than long-term exposure to background VOCs. Push-pull local exhaust ventilation (LEV) was identified as an effective mitigation measure. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis was conducted to study the push-pull LEV operation. It was found that there existed a threshold LEV air flow rate for an abrupt reduction in the worker's exposure to VOCs. The reduction was less sensitive when the LEV airflow was further increased beyond the threshold. These phenomena, consistent with experimental results reported by other investigators, were explained by detailed CFD analysis showing the competition between the general ventilation and the push-pull LEV to become the dominating driving force for the resultant local flow pattern.     

Unmetabolized VOCs in urine as biomarkers of low level exposure in indoor environments

This study aimed to test the possible use of unmetabolized volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in urine as biomarkers of low-level indoor environmental exposure. Twenty-four subjects in 13 dwellings in a prefecture of Japan participated in this study. Air samples of the breathing zone were collected in the living room and bedroom, along with spot urine samples (before bedtime and first morning voids). Toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene isomers, styrene and p-dichlorobenzene in the air and urine samples were measured by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. For the 21 subjects without solvent exposure at work, there were significant correlations between the time-weighted average air concentrations in the bedroom and morning urinary concentrations for toluene, o-xylene, total xylene and p-dichlorobenzene (correlation coefficients of 0.54, 0.61, 0.56 and 0.84, respectively). Multiple linear regression analysis showed only air VOCs in the bedroom influenced the morning urinary VOC concentrations. We concluded that unmetabolized VOCs in the urine can provide a reliable biological indicator for air VOC exposures in non-occupational environments.     

室内空气中总挥发性有机物的热解吸-毛细管柱气相色谱测定法

目的:建立热解吸-毛细管柱气相色谱法测定室内空气中总挥发性有机物(TVOC)的方法。方法:用活性炭管吸附,热解吸进样,FFAP大口径毛细管气相色谱法对室内空气中24种挥发性有机物进行分离和测定。结果:24种挥发性有机物的线性方程相关系数为0.9963～0.9999,相对标准偏差为0.3%～7.8%,其中苯、甲苯、二甲苯的检出限为(0.5～1)×10-3μg/ml。结论:该方法操作简便,对仪器设备要求不高,准确灵敏,适用于空气中总挥发性有机物和低浓度组分有机物的测定。     

气相色谱法测定室内空气中挥发性有机物

目的建立一种用二硫化碳解吸,以FFAP毛细管柱测定室内空气中挥发性有机物(VOCS)的气相色谱法。方法室内空气中VOCS经活性炭采样管采集,二硫化碳解吸后用气相色谱法分离、测定。结果该方法的RSD为1.35%~4.85%,样品的回收率为95.5%~99.5%,VOCS9种组分检出限范围为0.003~0.008 mg/m3,定量下限范围为0.011~0.026 mg/m3。结论该方法简便、快速、灵敏度高,适用于室内空气中挥发性有机物的测定。     

吹扫捕集气相色谱质谱法测定饮用水中挥发性有机物

目的建立吹扫捕集气相色谱质谱联用测定饮用水中挥发性有机物的分析方法。方法采用吹扫捕集富集水中挥发性有机物,解吸后用GC/MS测定,选用特征离子定量。结果在36分钟内60种VOCs有效分离,在0μg/L~12μg/L浓度范围内,51种目标化合物的相关系数大于0·995,方法检测限范围为0·021μg/L~0·70μg/L,样品加标回收率在90%~120%之间,响应因子的相对标准偏差小于30%。结论该方法灵敏度高、准确度好,适合于饮用水中挥发性有机物的分析测定。     

地铁车站厅台挥发性有机化合物污染调查

目的 调查地铁车站内站厅与站台挥发性有机化合物污染状况。方法 用气相色谱质谱联用仪持续14个月监测地铁车站内站厅和站台的挥发性有机化合物的浓度。结果 地铁车站内站厅与站台内挥发性有机化合物的浓度和挥发有机物富集系数存在随着时间而下降的趋势,甲站台与甲站厅的TVOC浓度有显著性差异（P＜0．05）,甲站厅和乙站厅的CO2浓度白天与晚上有显著差异（P＜0．05）,乙站台的VEF浓度白天与晚上有显著差异（P＜0．05）。结论 挥发性有机化合物的浓度和挥发有机物富集系数与室内换气速度有关。     

环境中挥发性有机化合物接触量监测指标的研究

研究了挥发性有机化合物 (VOCs)接触量的监测指标。采用热解吸毛细管气相色谱法测定环境中和呼出气中VOCs ;采用了固相微萃取 -气相色谱法测定血中VOCs。实验结果表明 :接触组人群所暴露的环境空气中、呼出气中以及血中VOCs浓度均高于对照组。结果提示 ,血中的VOCs特异、敏感 ,是评价个体接触VOCs较好的指标     

挥发性有机物对孕妇胚胎发育潜能的影响及控制

目的:探讨挥发性有机物(VOCs)对胚胎发育的影响,从层流工艺角度出发找出控制VOCs的一些办法,保证胚胎发育潜能的提高。方法:对室外空气、实验室百级中心区及千级走廊3处VOCs进行检测;使用未经处理的初、中效过滤器更换原有过滤器,分别得到不同的实验结果。结果:室内VOCs高于室外;VOCs含量的变化会对胚胎发育潜能产生影响,刚更换过滤器时影响较大,在层流净化系统中经过一段时间后逐渐变好,最后超过更换前。结论:胚胎实验室中存在VOCs;VOCs对胚胎发育潜能有较大影响;VOCs是可以有效控制的。