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1.
三硝基甲苯(TNT)及其代谢产物与兔肝匀浆于37℃孵育1h。随着TNT、4-AH浓度的增大,肝匀浆中GSH的含量呈明显的下降趋势,而2-A、4-A及2,4-DA之肝匀浆中GSH的水平与对照相比无显著性差异。560μmol/LTNT及560μmol/L4-AH与肝匀浆孵育不同时间,肝匀浆中GSH含量随着时间的延长而降低,结果表明:在TNT及其代谢产物中,除TNT外,4-AH对动物肝也表现出毒性作用。 相似文献
2.
应用单细胞凝胶电泳法(SCGE)测定新型汽油添加剂甲基叔丁醚(MTBE)及其代谢产物叔丁醇(TBA)、α-羟基异丁酸(HIBA)和甲醛引起的人白血病细胞(HL-60细胞)DNA损伤,以乳酸脱氢酶的释放评价其细胞毒性。结果显示,MTBE、TBA和HIBA在1~30mmol/L浓度范围内能够引起DNA损伤并有明显的剂量反应关系;另一代谢产物甲醛在浓度5μmol/L时即可产生DNA损伤,但浓度升高时出现DNA迁移减少。提示MTBE及其代谢产物可能具有遗传毒性。然而在引起DNA损伤的剂量范围内却没有观察到MTBE、TBA和HIBA的细胞毒性,而甲醛则表现明显的细胞毒性作用 相似文献
3.
应用单细胞凝胶电泳研究氯化镉对亚硒酸钠引起的大鼠肝细胞DNA损伤作用的影响。结果表明,在875μmol/L、1750μmol/L、3500μmol/L的剂量下,亚硒酸钠单独作用时,可引起肝细胞DNA损伤。当氯化镉与亚硒酸钠联合作用时,875μmol/L的氯化镉对875μmol/L、1750μmol/L、3500μmol/L的亚硒酸钠引起的DNA损伤存在明显的拮抗作用,而3500μmol/L的氯化镉对875μmol/L、1750μmol/L、3500μmol/L亚硒酸钠引起的DNA损伤不但未显示出拮抗作用,反而使得DNA损伤程度加重。1750μmol/L的氯化镉与1750μmol/L的亚硒酸钠联合作用,拮抗作用最为明显。本研究结果提示,在一定剂量条件下,氯化镉对亚硒酸钠引起的大鼠肝细胞DNA损伤存在拮抗作用,并与镉和硒的相对剂量有关 相似文献
4.
应用单细胞凝胶电泳研究硒和镉对大鼠肝细胞DNA损伤的联合作用。结果表明,硒和镉在浓度超过8.75μmol/L时,均可引起细胞DNA损伤,硒引起的损伤程度较镉轻。在8.75、17.5μmol/L浓度条件下,当硒和镉联合作用时所致DNA损伤程度明显低于相同剂量下硒、镉的单独作用,而在35μmol/L浓度条件下,硒镉联合作用所致DNA损伤与硒、镉单独作用时比较,差异无显著性。本研究结果提示,在一定剂量时,硒和镉致大鼠肝细胞DNA损伤存在拮抗作用。 相似文献
5.
目的:以边缘性锌缺乏的大鼠和幼鼠为模型,观察硫酸锌、葡萄糖酸锌、乳酸锌和甘氨酸锌四种锌化合物在0~720分钟消化吸收的动态变化;四种锌化合物在不同剂量(7.6、15、30、60mg/kgH2O)时组织中的储存。结果:以相同浓度的锌灌胃(6.0mg/kgbw),甘氨酸锌入血快于其它三个锌化合物,在15分钟时达到最高峰(100μmol/L),乳酸锌和葡萄糖酸锌30mg/kg时吸收峰值最大(66.0μmol/L,79.5μmol/L);硫酸锌则在60分钟到达高峰(78.9μmol/L)。用不同剂量锌(15、30、60mg/kgH2O)喂养幼鼠,甘氨酸锌在15mg/kg、乳酸锌和葡萄糖酸锌30mg/kg时血和组织中吸收峰值最大,且成直线关系;而30、60mg/kg时血和组织中浓度则基本保持恒定。而硫酸锌的吸收与剂量浓度关系成正比。以硫酸锌的吸收为100%,用药物代谢动力学软件3P87计算葡萄糖酸锌、乳酸锌和甘氨酸锌相对生物利用率分别为:132%、73%和124%。 相似文献
6.
对接铅工人的血铅、锌卟啉水平,行为功能和尿液中单胺类神经递质及其代谢产物的含量进行了研究。结果显示:血铅、锌卟啉的平均含量分别为3.40μmol/L和4.7μmol/L,比对照组明显增高;尿液中高香草酸(HVA)和肾上腺素(E)的含量显著高于对照组;工人的行为功能受到一定影响,表现为简单反应时、利手提转捷度、数字译码、视觉保留时间、目标追踪和情感状态的改变。结果提示:运用神经行为核心测试组合以及检测尿中肾上腺素、多巴胺及其代谢产物高香草酸和3,4-双羟苯乙酸的变化,有助于及早发现铅对神经系统的损害,以及探索铅致行为功能改变的生物学基础。 相似文献
7.
应用MTT 比色、琼脂糖凝胶电泳方法研究氯化镉对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞( MΦ) 的毒性及DNA 的损伤作用。结果表明,染毒6 小时,氯化镉对MΦ活性产生抑制效应,染毒24 小时,抑制效应最大;镉浓度与MΦ活性抑制率之间存在剂量反应关系。染毒24 小时,镉浓度为10 、20 、40 、80μmol/L时,MΦDNA 电泳呈现“梯子”条带( 凋亡特征) ;镉浓度为160 、320μmol/L 时,DNA 电泳呈现“膜”状( 坏死特征) 。本研究提示,氯化镉可抑制离体MΦ的活性,而且可引起DNA 的降解,不同浓度的氧化镉引起MΦ损伤的方式不同。 相似文献
8.
目的 为探讨TNT接触对神经行为功能的影响。方法 采用WHO神经行为核心测试组合(NCTB)并结合因子分析方法研究TNT接触对神经行为的功能的影响,TNT接触工人共59名,平均尿DNAT浓度为2.77mg/L对照工人共53名,平均尿DNAT浓度为0.63mg/L,结果 TNT接触对工人的记忆力及心理运动有影响,尿DNAT水平与第三因子得分存在剂量-反应关系。结论 提示TNT对心理运动稳定度的影响有 相似文献
9.
本文对慢性病毒性肝炎、TNT中毒性肝病患者进行了血清HA、CG的实验研究,发现中毒性肝病组HA、CG含量分别为267.42μg/L和16.23μmol/L;慢性病毒性肝炎组为700.62μg/L和36.97μmol/L;正常对照组仅为89.47μg/L和3.70μmol/L。HA、CG诊断TNT中毒的敏感度分别为62.5%和75.0%,特异变为88.3%和75.5%;二者结合使用可使敏感度与特异度 相似文献
10.
为研究镍化物对人血细胞DNA的损伤情况,用单细胞凝胶电泳法测定了不同剂量的Ni3S2、NiCl2在2、4、24小时诱导人全血细胞DNA单链断裂的作用。结果表明:当Ni3S2染毒剂量为2.5、5.0、10.0μg/cm2、37℃作用2小时,即可引起血细胞“慧星”尾长、DNA断裂分级较对照有显著改变(P<0.01)。血细胞分别与500~2000μmol/L的NiCl2、40~80μmol/L的H2O2一起孵育24小时,除了DNA断裂分级有显著改变外,慧星尾长与对照差异无显著性。提示:在实验条件下,NiCl2致DNA单链断裂作用较Ni3S2弱。血液中的某些抗氧化物质可能减弱了镍化物的DNA氧化损伤。 相似文献
11.
应用Ames试验检测系统观察了三硝基甲苯及其还原代谢产物4-羟氨基-2,6-二硝基甲苯(4-HA),4-氨基-2,6-二硝基甲苯(4-A),2-氨基-4,6-二硝基甲苯(2-A)和2,4-二氨基-6-硝基甲苯(2,4-DA)的诱变活性,实验结果显示,三硝基甲苯及其代谢产物具有明显的致突变作用,4-A的直接诱变活性最强,而且移码型诱变性更为显著,在微粒体酶系统的参与下,TNT的诱变活性增强,其代谢产 相似文献
12.
Composting has been advocated and is being used as an economical method for remediating 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT)-contaminated soils. However, evidence suggests that TNT is transformed into products of unknown toxicity during the process. This study was undertaken to examine the in vitrocytotoxicity and mutagenicity of TNT and several of its degradation products/metabolites. TNT was equally cytotoxic to H4IIE cells and Chinese hamster ovary-K1 (CHO) cells (LC 50of 4 g/ml vs 24 μg/ml, with overlapping 95% prediction intervals), indicating that TNT does not need to be metabolized to exhibit cytotoxicity. Four metabolites studied, 4-hydroxylamino-2,6-dinitrotoluene; 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene; 4,4′,6,6′-tetranitro-2,2′-azoxytoluene; and 2,2′,6,6′-tetranitro-4,4′-azoxytoluene, were equally cytotoxic to both H4IIE and CHO cells. The LC 50s were in the 3- to 18-μg/ml range and were not significantly different from TNT cytotoxicity in both cell lines. 4-Amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (4-A) was moderately less cytotoxic than TNT to H4IIE cells, but was noncytotoxic to CHO cells. This result indicates that 4-A is metabolized to a cytotoxic compound. Both TNT and its metabolites exhibited only slight mutagenicity at high doses in one or both of the mutagenicity assays. While composting may reduce the levels of TNT in composted material, the hazard associated with TNT-contaminated soils is probably lower, but still uncertain. 相似文献
13.
本文报告了2,4,6-三硝基甲苯(TNT)的代谢物,2-氨基-4,6-二硝基甲苯2和2,4-二氨基-6-硝基甲苯3的合成。以邻甲基苯甲酸为原料,经硝化(HNO_3-H_2SO_4)和Schmidt反应(NaN_3-H_2SO_4)得到2,用NaHS还原TNT的方法合成化合物3。 相似文献
14.
Aims: To investigate the exposure to dinitrotoluene (DNT) and trinitrotoluene (TNT) and the resulting effects in workers which occur during the disposal of military waste. Methods: Eighty two employees from a mechanical plant in Germany were studied, of whom 51 were regularly exposed to ammunition containing TNT and DNT, 19 occasionally, and 12 not at all. Results: Air analyses yielded maximum concentrations of 20 µg/m3 for 2,4-DNT and 3250 µg/m3 for 2,4,6-TNT, respectively. The maximum concentrations in the urine of workers regularly exposed amounted to 5.0 µg/l of 2,4,6-TNT, 1464.0 µg/l of 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene, 6693.0 of µg/l 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene, 2.1 µg/l of 2,4-DNT, 95.0 µg/l of 2,4-dinitrobenzoic acid, and 3.6 µg/l of 2,6-DNT. There was a highly significant linear correlation between the urinary concentrations of the two main metabolites of TNT, 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene and 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene. In 63 persons TNT or DNT or metabolite concentrations above the analytical detection limit were found in urine. These persons reported more frequently symptoms like bitter taste, burning eyes, and discoloration of the skin and hair than persons (n = 19) without detectable TNT and/or DNT exposure. Conclusion: During the disposal of military waste containing relevant TNT and DNT, exposure can occur of occupational-medical relevance. Biological monitoring is suitable for the early detection of possible adverse effects at workplaces exposed to TNT. Protective measures should be improved, together with adequate occupational-medical surveillance of persons exposed to nitroaromatic explosives. Further studies are necessary to exclude possible long term effects. 相似文献
15.
Activated carbon can be used to decrease 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) toxicity and promote bioremediation of highly contaminated soil. Adding activated carbon at 0.25, 0.75, and 1.0% (w/w) to Sharpsburg soil contaminated with 500, 1,000, and 2,000 mg TNT/kg decreased concentrations of TNT and its transformation products in soil solution to 5 mg/L or less, resulting in low toxicity to corn plants (Zea mays L.) and soil microorganisms. As much as 50% of the added TNT was rapidly bound to the soil-activated carbon matrix. Simultaneous accumulation of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzaldehyde (TNBAld) indicated that the activated carbon promoted oxidation of TNT. Some of the TNBAld was further oxidized to 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene, followed by reduction to 3,5-dinitroaniline. Reversibly bound TNT was gradually transformed to 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene and 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene, and both were bound to the soil-activated carbon matrix. The transformation and binding of TNT to soil were further promoted by incorporating shredded corn plants after growing for 52 d in the activated carbon-amended soil. After 120 d, these amendments reduced extractable TNT and transformation products by 91% in soil containing 2,000 mg TNT/kg, compared to 55% in unamended soil. These results demonstrate the potential use of activated carbon in combination with plants to promote in situ bioremediation of soils highly contaminated with explosives. 相似文献
16.
The mutagenicity of 2,4-dinitrotoluene (24DNT), and 2,6-dinitrotoluene (26DNT), and their related transformation products such as hydroxylamine and amine derivatives, which are formed by Clostridium acetobutylicum, were tested in crude cell extracts using Salmonella typhimurium TA100. A previous publication already reported the mutagenic activities of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and its related hydroxylamine derivatives in this test system. A time course of the mutagenicity during the anaerobic transformation of TNT, 24DNT, and 26DNT was also investigated under the same conditions to compare with the results from the pure compounds. The monohydroxylamino intermediates 2-hydroxylamino-4-nitrotoluene (2HA4NT), 4-hydroxylamino-2-nitrotoluene (4HA2NT) and 2-hydroxylamino-6-nitrotoluene (2HA6NT) formed during anaerobic transformation of dinitrotoluenes were proven to be mutagenic in the Ames test using Salmonella typhimurium TA100. This study reports that 4HA2NT is the most stable derivative, whereas 2HA4NT and 2HA6NT are less stable and these intermediates are mutagenic in the Ames test. Both 24DNT and 26DNT and their final metabolites 2,4-diaminotoluene (24DAT) and 2,6-aminotoluene (26DAT) appeared nonmutagenic. In a time-course study of TNT degradation, the temporal sample containing 85% of 2,4-dihydroxylamino-6-nitrotoluene (24HA6NT) is most mutagenic. These observations suggest that the bioremediation approach for treatment of 24DNT and 26DNT should be carried past the hydroxylamino intermediate. 相似文献
17.
Environmental contamination with 2,4,6-TNT (trinitrotoluene) represents a worldwide problem. Concern for carcinogenicity can be derived from chemically related compounds, especially the dinitrotoluenes. In the metabolism of TNT, the reductive routes are preponderant. The main urinary metabolites of TNT are 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene and 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene. In humans exposed to TNT, the formation of hemoglobin adducts of the amino-dinitrotoluenes is in general concordance with the ratio of urinary excretion. The variations in quantities of excreted metabolites among the different occupational cohorts studied are likely explained by the different routes of exposure to TNT, including dermal uptake. Most studies show that urinary excretion of the amino-dinitrotoluenes (4-amino-dinitrotoluene plus 2-amino-dinitrotoluene) in a range of 1 to 10 mg L(-1) (5-50 microM) are not uncommon--for instance in persons employed with the disposal of military waste. Trinitotoluene is mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100, with and without exogenous metabolic activation. Mutagenic activity has been found in urine from workers who were occupationally exposed to TNT. An unpublished 2-year study was reported in 1984 by the IIT Research Institute, Chicago, IL. Fischer 344 rats were fed diets containing 0.4, 2.0, 10, or 50 mg/kg TNT per day. In the urinary bladder, hyperplasia (12 of 47 animals p < .01) and carcinoma (11 of 47 animals, p < .05) were observed at significant levels in high-dose (50 mg kg(-1)) females and in one or two females, respectively, at 10 mg kg(-1). Taking all the available evidence together, the appropriate precautions should be taken. 相似文献
18.
为阐明TNT对肝脏损伤的机理,搞清尿中代谢物的种类,结构及含量有着十分重要的意义。将工人尿样加酸水解使代谢物游离,用苯提取液做色谱/质谱分析。鉴定出两个-氨基二硝基甲苯(4-A,2-A);两个二氨基-硝基甲苯(2,4-DA,2,6-DA)。又用化学电离源质谱/质谱法鉴定出易分解的羟氨基二硝基甲苯(4-HA)。用高效液相色谱法测定了某化工厂9名工人尿样。其含量顺序为4-A,4-HA,2-A,2,4-DA,2,6-DA。大多数尿样未检出TNT原形。4-A浓度最大值7.7mg/L,仍低于ILO规定的生物阈限值。 相似文献
19.
OBJECTIVES--A cross sectional study was performed to find the concentrations of elements contained in the semen of workers exposed to trinitrotoluene (TNT). SUBJECTS AND METHODS--Semen of exposed workers in two TNT plants located in He-Nan Province in 1992 were examined. RESULTS--The average TNT concentrations in the workplace, except the packing site, were found to have exceeded the maximal allowable concentration (MAC, 1 mg/m3); skin contaminations of male workers exposed to TNT were higher after a shift than in controls, and correlated with the total blood concentrations of TNT, 4-amino-2, 6-dinitrotoluene (4A), and 2-amino-4, 6-dinitrotoluene (2A). Cu, Zn, Na, Mg, and Se concentrations were significantly decreased, but K, Ca, Co, Mn and Li contents were not significantly changed in the semen of workers exposed to TNT. Compared with the control group, the percentage of liquifying time of semen, the sperm malformation incidence, and viability in the men exposed to TNT were all significantly changed. CONCLUSIONS--Men exposed to TNT have decreased concentrations of some elements is semen and altered semen physiology. 相似文献
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