急性脑梗死合并脑微出血有关危险因素的研究

目的 了解急性脑梗死合并CMBs的相关危险因素,探讨急性脑梗死患者发生CMBs的机制.方法 2005年3月～2007年12月住院的脑梗死患者651例,全部研究对象进行MRI自旋回波序列(SE)、快速自旋回波序列(FSE)、场回波序列(FE)、梯度回波(GRE)扫描,并对58种影响因素进行调查,对有关危险因素进行分型、分类、分级后,用卡方检验和多元回归方法进行分析.结果 多因素Logistic回归分析发现平均动脉压、心衰、APTT为微出血患病的独立危险因素(P<0.05).Ⅲ级高血压是CMBs的相关因素(P=0.024),入院时平均动脉压每增高1mmHg,微出血风险加大5.5%(P=0.000);有心衰史的患者微出血风险增加5.299倍(P=0.042);APTT升高1秒,微出血发生的可能增加6%(P=0.007).Ⅱ级及以上脑白质稀疏、Ⅱ～Ⅲ级腔隙性梗死亦是脑微出血的相关因素.结论 (1)平均动脉压、心衰、APTT为微出血患病的独立危险因素;(2)CMBs的发生可能与急性脑梗死无直接关系;(3)抗栓溶栓治疗不是CMB发生的危险因素;(4)急性脑梗死合并CMBs的患者在颅内较大血管病变的同时,亦存在着广泛的微血管病.     

缺血性脑血管病患者脑微出血相关因素及其对抗血小板单药治疗的影响分析

目的 研究缺血性脑血管病患者脑微出血（CMB）危险因素及其对抗血小板单药治疗的影响。方法 选取2018年1月至2018年6月该院神经内科接受抗血小板单药治疗的急性缺血性脑血管病患者300例为样本,入院后采集基本资料并完善相关检查,根据梯度回波T2^*加权成像（GRE-T2^*WI）检查结果将患者分为CMB组（176例）和非CMB组（124例）,均给予抗血小板聚集治疗,比较两组临床资料及治疗1年内再发梗死、脑出血和病死率,分析影响CMB发病的危险因素以及CMB对抗血小板单药治疗的影响。结果 高龄、高血压、肥胖、脑卒中病史、ACI和脑白质疏松为CMB发生的危险因素（P<0.05）。CMB组和非CMB组抗血小板单药治疗期间脑出血率分别为14.20%和6.45%,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。轻度组、中度组和重度组脑出血率分别为9.18%、10.64%和35.48%,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。不同部位CMB患者抗血小板单药治疗期间再发脑梗死、脑出血及病死率比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 高龄、高血压、肥胖、脑卒中病史、ACI及脑白质疏松为缺血性脑血管疾病合并CMB的危险因素。CMB可导致抗血小板单药治疗期间脑出血风险增加,重度CMB者更甚。     

脑微出血与急性脑梗死出血性转化的临床分析

目的：研究脑微出血与急性脑梗死出血性转化的关系。方法对200例急性脑梗死的患者行常规头C T、M RI和SWI序列扫描,根据头SWI序列将其分为脑微出血组（76例）和非脑微出血组（124例）,均进行常规溶栓和抗栓治疗。结果2组发病3天、7天、10天和14天发生出血性转化比较,差异有统计学意义（ P＜0.05）结论脑微出血是急性脑梗死出血性转化的危险因素。     

脑微出血对非腔隙性梗死抗栓治疗后早期出血转化的预测价值的初步研究

【摘要】 目的 评估脑微出血（cerebral microbleed,CMB）对采用抗栓治疗的非腔隙性梗死患者早期脑出血转化的预测价值。 方法 本研究为前瞻性研究,入选2011年6月～2012年10月广东省人民医院神经科发病后24 h内住院的心源性脑栓塞及大动脉粥样硬化性梗死患者。根据临床情况对所有患者予以抗血小板或抗凝治疗。采用颅脑磁共振成像（magnetic resonance imaging,MRI）检测CMB数目及分布情况,用颅脑计算机断层扫描（computed tomography,CT）判断发病后1周内出血转化（hemorrhagic transformation,HT）情况。根据有无HT将患者分为有HT组和无HT组,比较两组间一般临床资料、病因、美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表（National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale,NIHSS）评分及CMB是否存在,并采用多因素逐步Logistic回归模型分析HT的独立危险因素。 结果 167例患者中18例发生HT（11%）,57例检出CMB（34%）,CMB检出率在是否合并HT的患者之间差异无显著性（分别为22%和36%,P＞0.05）。抗血小板治疗患者是否存在CMB,早期HT差异无显著性（分别为12%和9%,P＞0.05）;抗凝治疗患者差异无显著性（分别为17%和12%,P＞0.05）。Logistic回归分析显NIHSS（≥8）和心源性脑栓塞与HT有关,其比值比（odds ratio,OR）值分别为3.65［95%可信区间（confidence interval,CI）1.47～8.26］和5.82（95%CI 1.89～15.38）;高血压、大动脉粥样硬化以及CMB并不增加HT风险,其OR和95%CI值分别为1.05（0.97～1.12）,2.31（0.91～3.45）以及0.35（0.09～1.41）。 结论 CMB对非腔隙性脑梗死患者抗栓治疗后早期HT缺乏预测价值,疾病严重程度以及病因类型有助于估计HT风险。     

脑梗死后出血转化危险因素分析

缺血性脑卒中的发病率、致残率及致死率均较高,其中一部分患者脑梗死后继发出血转化,为社会、家庭带来了很大的负担。随着急性溶栓、抗凝、抗血小板聚集治疗的大量进行,出血转化的危险因素引起了很大的关注。相关研究表明,年龄、高血压、高血糖、低血小板等与脑梗死后出血密切相关。     

急性缺血性脑卒中患者脑微出血的相关危险因素分析

目的探讨急性缺血性脑血管病患者脑微出血(CMB)发生的危险因素。方法收集急性脑梗死患者102例,根据有无CMB分为CMB组(45例)和无CMB组(57例),比较2组一般资料、生化指标,并采用多因素逐步Logistic回归模型分析CMB发生的独立危险因素。结果 2组年龄、既往脑卒中史、抗血小板药物使用史、同型半胱氨酸、胆固醇以及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇比较差异有统计学意义(P0.1);进一步行Logistic回归分析显示,年龄、既往脑卒中史、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(OR分别为1.066、2.861、0.106,P均0.05)是急性脑梗死患者脑微出血发生的独立危险因素。结论 CMB的发生与年龄、卒中史、血清低密度脂蛋白胆固醇相关。     

脑微出血检测在缺血性脑血管病治疗中的应用

脑微出血(CMBs)是一种具有出血倾向的脑小血管病的影像学病灶，其与高血压性小血管病或脑淀粉样血管病相关。CMBs同时增加出血性脑卒中和缺血性脑卒中的发生风险，大量CMBs与抗血小板治疗相关的颅内出血及静脉溶栓后出血转化密切相关。文中就CMBs在缺血性脑血管病抗栓治疗、溶栓治疗和血管内治疗中的获益与风险进行综述。     

出血性脑梗死的相关因素分析

目的探讨出血性脑梗死的相关因素。方法回顾性分析本院近8年来收住的925例脑梗死病人的临床资料。结果脑梗死后出血与大面积梗死、合并房颤、皮质梗死相关,且大面积脑梗死是其中最强的危险因素,而与患者的性别、年龄、病前是否长期使用抗血小板药(>半年),病后是否使用抗凝剂、血管扩张剂、抗血小板药,是否合并有高血压、糖尿病、二尖瓣病变,既往有无脑梗死病史无关。结论对大面积脑梗死、合并房颤疑为脑栓塞或皮质梗死病人宜密切动态观察,注意梗死后出血的可能,及时复查头颅CT以调整治疗方案。     

影响急性脑梗死出血性转化的危险因素

目的 探讨急性脑梗死的出血性转化的危险因素。方法 收集2012年1月～2015年1月在湖北省恩施州利川市人民医院神经内科住院的急性脑梗死患者的临床及实验室检查资料,并在入院后10 d内行头颅CT复查,采用多变量logistic回归分析确定出血性转化的独立危险因素。结果 共纳入345例急性脑梗死患者,其中男205例,女140例,101例发生出血性转化。出血性转化组的年龄、脑梗死体积、脑卒中史或TIA史、高血压病、糖尿病、抗凝药和房颤的比例均显著高于非出血性转化组(P<0.05),而2组抗血小板聚集药、他汀类、高脂血症史、吸烟或饮酒史无明显差异(P>0.05)。多变量logistic回归分析显示年龄(OR=1.168,95%,CI=1.059～3.412; P=0.021)、梗死体积(OR=3.461,95%C1=1.317～6.270; P=0.044)和房颤(OR=1.284,95%C1= 1.117～2.903; P=0.015)为出血性转化的独立危险因素。结论 急性脑梗死患者出血性转化的发生率为29.3%,年龄、脑梗死体积和房颤为出血性转化的独立危险因素,绝大多数出血性转化不会加重临床症状,临床症状加重的患者主要是脑实质血肿型。     

脑内微出血的常规MRI与SWI图像表现及其危险因素分析

目的 探讨脑内微出血的常规MRI与SWI图像表现及其危险因素。方法 选取2016年1月-2017年1月的脑血管病患者100例,对100例患者的常规MRI图像和SWI图像进行分析,并探讨脑出血和脑内微出血(CMB)的相关因素。结果 100例患者中发生过脑出血的患者10例(10.0%),发生过脑梗死的患者64例(64.0%),包括脑叶梗死和腔隙性脑梗死患者。出现脑内微出血的数目为0～68个,脑微出血数目>10个的患者19例(19.0%),脑微出血数目为6～10个的患者12个(12.0%),脑微出血数目为0～5的患者69例(69.0%); 多元回归分析显示高脂血症与脑出血的发生有关(P<0.05),年龄、性别、糖尿病、高血压病、微出血、脑梗死等与脑出血的发生无明显关系(P>0.05); 线性回归分析显示脑出血与脑内微出血数量有关(P<0.05),年龄、性别、糖尿病、高脂血症、高血压病、脑梗死与脑内微出血数量无明显关系(P>0.05)。结论 脑内微出血数量可能与脑出血有一定关系。     

Rivaroxaban does not increase hemorrhage after thrombolysis in experimental ischemic stroke

The management of acute ischemic stroke during anticoagulation with a novel oral anticoagulant (NOAC) is challenging because intravenous thrombolysis is contraindicated because of a putative increased risk of intracerebral hemorrhagic complications. We examined the risk of secondary postischemic hemorrhage after thrombolysis in rodents pretreated with rivaroxaban or warfarin. Mice were pretreated with either rivaroxaban (30 mg/kg), warfarin (target international normalized ratio 2 to 3) or vehicle. After 2 or 3 hours, middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), mice received 9 mg/kg recombinant tissue plasminogen activator. Twenty-four hours after MCAO, secondary hemorrhage was quantified using a macroscopic hemorrhage score and hemoglobin spectrophotometry. Blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability was measured by Evans Blue spectrofluorometry. To increase the validity of our findings, experiments were also performed using a thromboembolic model in anticoagulated rats. Infarct size did not differ among groups. Pretreatment with warfarin led to significantly more secondary hemorrhage compared with rivaroxaban and nonanticoagulated controls after 2- and 3-hour ischemia in mice as well as in rats. Blood–brain barrier permeability was significantly higher in the warfarin group compared with rivaroxaban and control. Thus, rivaroxaban in contrast to warfarin does not increase secondary hemorrhage after thrombolysis in experimental cerebral ischemia. Less effects of rivaroxaban on postischemic BBB permeability may account for this difference.     

Predictors of cerebral microbleeds in acute ischemic stroke and TIA patients

BACKGROUND: Cerebral microbleeds (CMB) detected on gradient-echo T2*-weighted MRI have been associated with cognitive impairment and the potential for increased risk of intracranial hemorrhage. We evaluated risk factors for these microangiopathic lesions in a cohort of stroke and transient ischemic attack patients. METHODS: Presence and number of CMB in consecutive acute stroke patients admitted to a university hospital stroke service over an 18-month period were rated. Multivariate models were generated to determine the contribution of 21 demographic and clinical variables to the frequency and number of CMB. RESULTS: Of 164 patients (mean age 71 years, 52% female), 57 (35%) had CMB evident on gradient-echo T2*-weighted MRI. CMB were more commonly noted among patients with small vessel disease ischemic stroke mechanism (47%) than large vessel atherothromboembolic (12%) or cardioembolic (18%, p = 0.0001). In univariate analysis, patients with CMB were older, (p = 0.008), more likely to have been on >1 antihypertensive prior to admission (p = 0.024) than those without CMB. In multivariate logistic regression analyses, presumed small vessel stroke subtype, history of atrial fibrillation, being on >1 antihypertensive prior to admission, and smoking were independent factors increasing the risk of CMB. Logistic regression analysis by number of CMB showed almost similar findings. CONCLUSIONS: CMB are more frequently noted in hospitalized stroke and transient ischemic attack patients with small vessel ischemia, as well as those with important modifiable vascular risk factors like atrial fibrillation and smoking.     

成人出血型脑底异常血管网症短期预后不良的危险因素分析

目的 探讨成人出血型脑底异常血管网症（MMD）短期预后不良的危险因素。方法 回顾性分析2018年1月至2020年1月收治的122例出血型MMD的临床资料。根据出院时改良Rankin量表评分评估短期预后,0~2分为预后良好,≥3分为预后不良。采用多因素logistic回归分析短期预后不良的危险因素。结果 出院时,122例中,预后不良66例,预后良好56例。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,入院GCS评分≤9分、脑积水、脑内出血、蛛网膜下腔出血及中线位移≥5 mm为出血性MMD短期预后不良的独立危险因素（P<0.05）。结论 对于出血型MMD,入院时GCS评分、脑积水、脑实质内出血、蛛网膜下腔出血及中线移位等是短期预后不良的评估指标。     

Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Cerebral Microbleeds in Egyptian Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke and Atrial Fibrillation

BackgroundFew studies addressed the prevalence of cerebral microbleeds (CMB) and associated risk factor profile in Egyptian ischemic cerebral stroke patients with atrial fibrillation (AF).MethodsThe prevalence of CMB was estimated in 150 cases of AF ischemic stroke patients and compared to the prevalence in 150 age- and sex-matched controls of ischemic stroke patients without AF. CMB-associated risk factors were identified by comparing AF ischemic stroke patients with and without CMB. All participants were subjected to complete general, neurological examination, and magnetic resonance imaging.ResultsThe prevalence of CMBs in ischemic stroke with and without AF was 40.7% and 49.3%, respectively. Age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, past history of stroke, antiplatelet, anticoagulant, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, CHA₂DS₂VASc, and white matter lesions (WML) were significant risk factors associated with CMB on univariate analysis. On multivariable logistic regression analysis, age (odds ratio [OR] 1.1, confidence interval [CI] 1.02-1.13), hypertension (OR 3.2, CI 1.19-8.81), anticoagulant (OR 3.3, CI 1.17-9.40), and WML (OR 9.6, CI 3.49-26.3) were the only independent risk factors associated with the presence of CMBs.ConclusionsAF in ischemic stroke patients was not associated with higher prevalence of CMBs. Old age, hypertension, anticoagulant treatment, and WML were the independent risk factors associated with CMB in AF ischemic stroke patients. Our results suggest that elderly hypertensive AF ischemic stroke patients maintained on anticoagulant therapy should be screened for the incidence of CMBs and monitored regularly for the development of intracerebral hemorrhage.     

Treatment of subclavian-axillary vein thrombosis: long-term outcome of anticoagulation versus systemic thrombolysis

Objective: To investigate long-term clinical and morphological outcome of patients with subclavian–axillary vein thrombosis treated with systemic thrombolysis compared to anticoagulation in a retrospective, nonrandomised study. Methods: We studied 95 consecutive inpatients with subclavian–axillary vein thrombosis treated either with systemic urokinase thrombolysis and subsequent oral anticoagulation (n=33) or with anticoagulation only (n=62). Anticoagulation was performed with heparin and phenprocoumon. Patients were followed for median 40 months (IQR 14 to 94) for symptomatic upper extremity post-thrombotic syndrome and for venous recanalisation by duplex ultrasound. Results: Primary technical success rate of the systemic thrombolysis was 88% (n=29) with seven peri-intervention bleeding complications (21%). No complication was observed in patients with anticoagulation only (p<0.0001). At the time of follow-up, duplex sonography showed a thrombotic subclavian vein in 40 of 83 patients (48%), but only 9 of 95 patients (10%) had a symptomatic upper extremity post-thrombotic syndrome. Patients with systemic thrombolysis exhibited a 60% adjusted reduced risk for a thrombotic subclavian vein at the time of follow-up compared to patients with anticoagulation only (95% CI: 0.2 to 0.9, p=0.03). However, the frequency of symptomatic post-thrombotic syndrome after thrombolysis and anticoagulation was similar (adjusted p=0.6). Conclusion: Systemic thrombolysis of subclavian–axillary vein thrombosis has an acceptable primary technical success rate and improves venous recanalisation rates compared to anticoagulation. However, the high rate of complications during thrombolysis and the lack of clinical benefit suggest that conservative treatment may be favoured.     

出血性脑静脉窦血栓的血管内治疗

目的探讨合并颅内出血的脑静脉和静脉窦血栓治疗方法。方法对17例患弥漫性脑静脉和静脉窦血栓合并蛛网膜下腔和脑实质内出血者，采用经颈动脉和椎动脉内间断溶栓和静脉窦内留置微导管连续溶栓5-10d；同时辅以全身抗凝治疗2年。结果治疗后经脑CT复查证实，15例颅内出血在1周内得以控制，1个月内蛛网膜下腔出血和脑内血肿均完全吸收。颅内压在治疗2周后，基本稳定在280mm H2O以下。2例颅内出血严重，于治疗3d后死亡。结论同时应用血管内溶栓和全身抗凝是治疗合并蛛网膜下腔和脑内出血的脑静脉和静脉窦血栓的较为可靠和安全的方法之一。     

Pharmacotherapy for Patients with Atrial Fibrillation and Cerebral Microbleeds

Background: Patients with cerebral microbleeds have increased risk of intracranial hemorrhage and ischemic stroke. No trial specifically informs antithrombotic therapy for patients with cerebral microbleeds and atrial fibrillation. We investigated the safety of anticoagulation versus no anticoagulation with regard to cerebrovascular outcomes and mortality. Methods: All consecutive atrial fibrillation patients from 2015 to 2018 with MRI evidence of ≥1 cerebral microbleed at time of imaging were reviewed. Patients were treated with warfarin, direct oral anticoagulants, or neither. Primary outcome was all-cause mortality informed by National Death Registry and the composite of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. All statistical tests were 2-sided and significant at P < .05. Results: The median interval from patient identification until the end of electronic health record surveillance was 9.93 months (interquartile range, 2.83-19.17 months). We identified 308 atrial fibrillation patients with cerebral microbleeds; 128(41.6%) were on warfarin, 88(28.6%) on direct oral anticoagulants, and 92(29.9%) on neither. Over the surveillance interval, 87 deaths, 51 ischemic strokes, and 14 hemorrhagic strokes occurred. The estimated likelihoods of the composite stroke outcome and ischemic stroke only did not differ significantly among the 3 groups. However, patients taking direct oral anticoagulants had a significantly smaller likelihood of all-cause mortality than patients who were not anticoagulated (adjusted hazard ratio: .44[.23, .83], P=.012). Conclusions: In patients with coprevalent atrial fibrillation and cerebral microbleeds, we did not detect differences in subsequent ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, or both, comparing warfarin, direct oral anticoagulants, or neither. Patients treated with direct oral anticoagulants had better survival than nonanticoagulated patients.     

Mechanismen der Entstehung intrazerebraler Blutungen Mögliche Implikationen für die Thrombolyse beim Hirninfarkt

The role of cerebral hemorrhagic transformation, either as clinically silent hemorrhagic infarction or disastrous parenchymal hemorrhage, is crucial for any risk/benefit analysis of thrombolysis. Especially, thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke increases the risk of severe, life-threatening hemorrhagic complications up to 10 times compared to untreated controls. In this paper, previous proposed concepts for the development of intracerebral hemorrhage and hemorrhagic transformation are presented. The role of the cerebral microvasculature will be emphasized. In experimental focal cerebral ischemia a significant loss of basal lamina components of the cerebral microvessels has been demonstrated. This loss in vessel wall integrity is associated with the development of petechial hemorrhage. The mechanisms for this microvascular damage may include the plasmin-generated laminin degradation, matrix metalloproteinases activation, and the transmigration of leukocytes through the vessel wall. The attenuation of the microvascular integrity loss with subsequent reduction in hemorrhage is theoretically possible 1) by an improvement in the definition of an individual time window of therapy (by means of imaging techniques), 2) by a biochemical quantification of the basal lamina damage to avoid dangerous interventions, and 3) by pharmacological strategies to protect the basal lamina during thrombolysis.     

联合治疗方案与全身抗凝治疗脑静脉窦血栓形成

目的 比较脑静脉窦血栓形成的联合治疗方案与全身抗凝在临床应用中的有效性和安全性.方法 网顾性连续收集脑静脉窦血栓形成116例患者资料,根据治疗方式不同分为联合治疗组30例和全身抗凝组86例.其中联合治疗组在全身抗凝的基础上,接受改良溶栓方案介入治疗,即脑动脉及静脉窦造影明确诊断后行机械性破栓及吸栓术,于静脉窦内留置微导管行尿激酶微量泵点接触性溶栓.采用NIHSS评分对两组患者治疗前后神经功能缺损评分,应用改良Rankin量表(mRS)评价出院时情况.结果 联合治疗组30例,男9例;全身抗凝组86例,男23例.治疗前神经功能缺损:联合治疗组0～19分,全身抗凝组0～17分,差异无统计学意义(Z=-0.474,P=0.636);治疗后联合治疗组神经功能缺损程度减轻,出院时mRS评分较低,两组颅内出血发生率差异无统计学意义.结论 联合治疗较全身抗凝有利于神经功能恢复.两种治疗方法颅内出血发生率无明显差异.