宝鸡市2000—2007年乙型肝炎流行病学特征和控制策略分析

目的了解宝鸡市乙型肝炎发病情况及流行病学特征，为制定控制策略和措施提供科学依据。方法采用描述流行病学方法，对2000-2007年宝鸡市乙型肝炎疫情资料进行统计分析。结果2000～2004年各年龄组发病率呈上升趋势，2005年起各年龄组发病率均有所下降，特别是14岁以下儿童发病率下降比较明显。农村发病明显高于城区。发病构成中农民所占比例最高，占乙型肝炎发病总数的51．85％，幼托儿童和散居儿童发病构成呈下降趋势。结论14岁以下儿童乙肝免疫防治策略已初见成效。应在加强新生儿及儿童乙型肝炎免疫接种工作的同时，加大对中青年及农村劳动人口乙型肝炎疫苗的免疫接种工作。     

2004-2013年平安县乙型肝炎流行病学特征分析

目的:了解平安县乙型肝炎发病情况及流行病学特征,为制定控制策略和措施提供科学依据。方法:采用描述流行病学方法,对2004―2013年平安县乙型肝炎疫情资料进行统计分析。结果:2004―2008年各年龄组发病呈上升趋势。2009年起各年龄组发病率均有所下降,特别是15岁以下儿童发病率下降比较明显。城镇发病率高于农村,病例差异有显著的统计学意义,病例构成中农民所占比例最高,占乙型肝炎总数的46.18%,幼托儿童及散居儿童病例构成呈下降趋势。结论:15岁以下儿童乙肝免疫防治策略已初见成效。应在加强新生儿及儿童乙型肝炎免疫接种工作的同时,加大对中青年及农村劳动人口乙型肝炎疫苗的免疫接种工作。     

2005-2010年凤翔县乙型肝炎流行病学特征分析

目的了解2005-2010年凤翔县乙型肝炎流行趋势,为进一步控制乙型肝炎的发病和流行提供科学依据。方法采用描述流行病学方法,对2005-2010年凤翔县乙型肝炎的疫情资料进行统计分析。结果2005-2008年各年龄组发病呈上升趋势,之后各年龄组发病均有所下降,特别是幼托儿童和散居儿童发病率下降比较明显,农村发病明显高于城区,发病的构成中农民所占比例最高,占乙型肝炎发病总数的66.07%。结论14岁以下儿童乙肝免疫防治策略已初见成效。今后在进一步做好儿童乙肝疫苗接种的同时,应加强农村地区,特别是青壮年农民的乙型肝炎预防工作。     

兴化市2007-2011年乙型肝炎流行病学分析

目的 分析兴化市近5年乙型肝炎发病现状与流行病学特征,为制定防制对策提供科学依据.方法 对20072011年乙型肝炎疫情资料进行流行病学分析.结果 兴化市2007-2011年报告乙型肝炎病例2 501例,年均发病率为33.98/10万,男性高于女性,以20～ 59岁年龄组为主,职业以农民为主,无明显季节性.结论 乙型肝炎在病毒性肝炎发病所占比例较高,应巩固乙肝疫苗计划免疫成果,扩大乙肝疫苗重点人群预防接种,充分发挥健康教育先导作用,有效控制乙肝疫情.     

2000～2007年宜州市乙型肝炎流行特征分析

目的 分析2000～2007年宜州市乙型肝炎流行特征,为预防和控制乙型肝炎提供科学依据.方法 运用描述流行病学的方法对乙型肝炎进行流行病学分析,采用Excel2003软件进行统计.结果 2000～2007年宜州市累计报告乙型肝炎2 498例,年平均发病率50.83/10万,发病率呈增长趋势,发病无明显季节性;病例以农民为多,占总病例数的62.77%;病例集中在15～64岁年龄组.结论 2000～2007年宜州市发病率呈逐年上升趋势,应加强疫苗接种工作,做好血液制品、安全注射和卫生消毒监测、监督与管理工作.     

洪泽县2005～2011年乙型肝炎流行特征分析

目的 了解洪泽县乙型肝炎(乙肝)的流行特征,为制定控制策略提供科学依据.方法 采用描述性流行病学方法,对洪泽县2005～2011年乙型肝炎疫情资料进行分析.结果 2005～2011年洪泽县累计报告乙型肝炎病例698例,年平均发病率26.58/10万,男性发病率为41.48/10万,女性发病率为11.82/10万,男女发病性别比为3.47∶1.以40～44年龄组发病率最高(40.98/10万),其次为35～39岁年龄组(30.49/10万),0～15岁年龄组发病率最低(1.10/10万).职业构成以农民为多,占62.75％,工人次之,占8.6％.结论 洪泽县乙型肝炎的发病率变化不大,发病以青壮年男性农民为主.应制定针对青壮年、农民等乙肝高发人群的免疫方案,进一步提高重点人群乙肝疫苗预防接种率,降低乙型肝炎的发病率.     

湖北省石首市2004-2010年乙型肝炎流行病学特征分析

目的 了解和掌握石首市2004-2010年乙型肝炎的发病情况和流行病学特征,为制定防治策略提供科学依据.方法 采用描述性流行病学方法对2004-2010年的乙型肝炎疫情资料进行分析.结果 2004-2010年石首市累计报告乙型肝炎3 410例,乙型肝炎年平均报告发病率为82.07/10万.2005 -2009年报告发病率呈快速增长趋势,2010年有所下降.性别分布以男性为主,占65.07％;年龄分布以15 ～44岁年龄组为主,占59.82％,15岁以下占4.75％,发病率为3.90/10万;城乡发病差异明显;职业分布以农民为主,占54.93％.结论 乙型肝炎仍然是严重危害石首市人民健康的传染病之一,应加强乙型肝炎疫苗的预防接种,提高人群免疫力,降低发病率;加强乙型肝炎监测,开展宣传教育,有效控制乙型肝炎的流行.     

1994-2005年汕头市濠江区乙型肝炎流行特征分析

目的 分析1994-2005年濠江区乙型肝炎流行规律,为有效预防和控制乙型肝炎的发生和流行提供科学依据.方法 用描述性流行病学方法对1994～2005年濠江区乙型肝炎疫情资料进行分析.结果 12年共发病905例,年平均发病率为42.55/10万,占病毒性肝炎发病总数的66.15%,占甲乙类传染病发病总数的26.67%.发病率最高为97.56/10万,最低为15.90/10万,总体发病呈下降趋势.发病没有明显的季节性;男性发病明显高于女性,男女发病比例为2.44∶1;人群以20～59岁的青壮年发病数最高,占总发病数的72.71%,0～7岁儿童乙型肝炎的发病构成比从1994-1996年的8.25%下降到2003-2005的零.结论 新生儿乙肝疫苗接种对低年龄组儿童已见明显保护效果,今后乙型肝炎的应对策略应采取以提高人群乙型肝炎免疫力,切断乙型肝炎传染途径为重点的综合防治措施.     

合肥市1997～2005年乙型肝炎流行病学分析

目的分析合肥市1997~2005年乙型肝炎流行概况,为今后乙肝防治工作提供科学依据。方法用描述性流行病学研究方法对1997~2005年合肥市乙型肝炎疫情资料进行分析。结果1997~2005年合肥市共报告乙型肝炎16 351例,年平均发病率为41.93/10万,总体呈稳中略降的趋势。20~44岁组为高发年龄组,发病数占总病例数的48.65%。15岁以下年龄组发病率下降明显。职业分布以农民为最高。结论合肥市1997~2005年乙型肝炎发病比较平稳,略成下降趋势,成人乙肝疫苗接种工作仍应重视和加强。     

灵山县2004—2009年乙型肝炎的流行特征

目的分析灵山县2004—2009年乙型肝炎流行特征,为预防和控制乙型肝炎提供科学依据。方法运用描述流行病学的方法对该县乙型肝炎进行流行病学分析,采用Excel2003软件进行统计。结果 2004—2009年灵山县累计报告乙型肝炎3 230例,年平均发病率37.48/10万,发病率呈增长趋势,发病无明显季节高峰;病例以农民最多,占总病例数的66.93%;病例集中在15～60岁年龄组,占总病例数的83.99%;男性病例与女性病例比为3.52∶1,发病率有明显差异。结论 2004—2009年灵山县乙型肝炎发病呈增长趋势,15岁以下儿童发病率低,青壮年发病率高。因此,在做好乙肝疫苗免疫规划的同时,要利用实施基本公共卫生服务项目的有利时机,对重点人群开展针对性的健康教育,改变不良行为习惯,提高高危易感人群(青壮年)的乙肝疫苗接种率。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.