莨菪类生物碱对吗啡依赖小鼠痛阈影响的比较

目的：观察莨菪类生物碱对吗啡依赖小鼠痛阈的影响。方法：连续腹腔注射吗啡(10mg／kg，1次／d，共7d)建立小鼠依赖模型，并腹腔注射莨菪类生物碱(4mg／kg，1次／d，共7d)。结果：吗啡组小鼠痛阈明显下降。东莨菪碱能显著提高吗啡依赖小鼠的痛阈。同剂量山莨菪碱和阿托品均有对抗吗啡依赖小鼠的痛阈下降的现象。结论：莨菪类生物碱中，东莨菪碱在提高吗啡依赖小鼠痛阈的作用最强。     

莨菪类生物碱与吗啡并用对小鼠吗啡成瘾性的影响

背景：莨菪碱类药物改善微循环和作为中药麻醉剂已在国内临床上广泛应用，但莨菪类生物碱抗吗啡成瘾作用的动物实验缺乏深入报道。目的：观察莨菪类生物碱与吗啡合用对抗吗啡致小鼠依赖性的作用．以期为开发防治阿片类物质成瘾的莨菪类药物提供实验学依据。设计：以实验动物为研究对象的随机对照实验。单位：一所大学医学院的生理学实验室。材料：本实验于2004-06／2004-08在河北工程学院医学部生理学实验室完成。选择健康雄性昆明小鼠50只，2月龄，体质量(20&;#177;2)g，由河北医科大学实验动物中心提供，清洁级。方法：依据吗啡成瘾动物的依赖性评价指标，选择痛阈和纳络酮跳台反应作为观察项目。将50只小鼠随机分为5组，即列照组、吗啡组、东莨菪碱组、山莨菪碱组和阿托品组，每组10只。分别于第1天至第7天每天用热板法观察腹腔注射生理盐水、吗啡及茛菪类生物碱合并吗啡后1h的痛阈。并于末次(第7天)给药后6h，腹腔注射纳络酮5mg／kg催促，观察30min内小鼠跳跃次数。主要观察指标：①吗啡成瘾小鼠的痛阈；②吗啡成瘾小鼠的跳跃次数和跳跃动物数(率)。结果：与对照组比较，吗啡组小鼠的痛闯明显下降(P&;lt;0．05或P&;lt;0．01)，跳跃次数和跳跃动物率明显增加东莨菪碱与吗啡合用7d后，明显提高吗啡依赖小鼠的痛阈(P&;lt;001)，并减少跳跃次数和跳跃动物率(P&;lt;0．05)；阿托品和山莨菪碱与吗啡合用在提高吗啡依赖小鼠痛阈方面作用较弱，但减少跳跃次数和跳跃动物率的作用较强(P&;lt;0．01)。结论：莨菪类生物碱均具有不同程度对抗吗啡依赖性的作用，为吗啡依赖患者的戒断作用提供重要的实验学依据。     

莨菪类生物碱与吗啡并用对小鼠吗啡成瘾性的影响

背景莨菪碱类药物改善微循环和作为中药麻醉剂已在国内临床上广泛应用,但莨菪类生物碱抗吗啡成瘾作用的动物实验缺乏深入报道.目的观察莨菪类生物碱与吗啡合用对抗吗啡致小鼠依赖性的作用,以期为开发防治阿片类物质成瘾的莨菪类药物提供实验学依据.设计以实验动物为研究对象的随机对照实验.单位一所大学医学院的生理学实验室.材料本实验于2004-06/2004-08在河北工程学院医学部生理学实验室完成.选择健康雄性昆明小鼠50只,2月龄,体质量(20±2)g,由河北医科大学实验动物中心提供,清洁级.方法依据吗啡成瘾动物的依赖性评价指标,选择痛阈和纳络酮跳台反应作为观察项目.将50只小鼠随机分为5组,即对照组、吗啡组、东莨菪碱组、山莨菪碱组和阿托品组,每组10只.分别于第1天至第7天每天用热板法观察腹腔注射生理盐水、吗啡及莨菪类生物碱合并吗啡后1 h的痛阈.并于末次(第7天)给药后6 h,腹腔注射纳络酮5 mg/kg催促,观察30 min内小鼠跳跃次数.主要观察指标①吗啡成瘾小鼠的痛阈;②吗啡成瘾小鼠的跳跃次数和跳跃动物数(率).结果与对照组比较,吗啡组小鼠的痛阈明显下降(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),跳跃次数和跳跃动物率明显增加.东莨菪碱与吗啡合用7 d后,明显提高吗啡依赖小鼠的痛阈(P＜0.01),并减少跳跃次数和跳跃动物率(P＜0.05);阿托品和山莨菪碱与吗啡合用在提高吗啡依赖小鼠痛阈方面作用较弱,但减少跳跃次数和跳跃动物率的作用较强(P＜0.01).结论莨菪类生物碱均具有不同程度对抗吗啡依赖性的作用,为吗啡依赖患者的戒断作用提供重要的实验学依据.     

东莨菪碱对吗啡致小鼠依赖性的影响

背景：莨菪碱类药物在改善微循环、抗休克和作为中药麻醉剂在我国临床上已广泛应用。但东莨菪碱抗吗啡成瘾作用的动物实验报道较少。目的：了解东莨菪碱对吗啡致小鼠依赖性的影响，为开发东莨菪碱药物有无戒毒作用提供实验室依据。设计：完全随机、实验对照、开放性实验研究。地点和对象：河北工程学院生理实验室；实验对象为清洁级雄性昆明小鼠60只，2月龄，体质量(20&;#177;2)g，由河北医科大学实验中心动物室提供。干预：将60只小鼠随机抽签分为6组，每组10只。正常对照组(盐水组)，吗啡组，4mg／kg东莨菪碱组，0．4mg／kg东莨菪碱组，吗啡+4mg／kg东莨菪碱组，吗啡+0．4mg／kg东莨菪碱组。各组小鼠腹腔注射相应药物，1次／d，连续7d。6组分别于第1～7天用热板法观察给药后1h的痛阈。并于第7天给药后6h，腹腔注射纳络酮5mg／kg催促，观察30min内小鼠跳跃次数，并结合第1，7天肛温评定小鼠依赖形成。主要观察指标：各组小鼠痛阈；跳跃次数和跳跃动物数(率)：肛温结果：吗啡依赖组小鼠痛阈下降，跳跃次数和跳跃动物率增加，肛温下降。东莨菪碱(0．4，4mg／ks&;#215;7d)能明显提高依赖性小鼠的痛阈．减少跳跃次数和跳跃动物率，恢复其肛温。结论：东莨菪碱有对抗吗啡致小鼠依赖性的作用。     

东莨菪碱对吗啡致小鼠依赖性的影响

背景莨菪碱类药物在改善微循环、抗休克和作为中药麻醉剂在我国临床上已广泛应用.但东莨菪碱抗吗啡成瘾作用的动物实验报道较少.目的了解东莨菪碱对吗啡致小鼠依赖性的影响,为开发东莨菪碱药物有无戒毒作用提供实验室依据.设计完全随机、实验对照、开放性实验研究.地点和对象河北工程学院生理实验室;实验对象为清洁级雄性昆明小鼠60只,2月龄,体质量(20±2)g,由河北医科大学实验中心动物室提供.干预将60只小鼠随机抽签分为6组,每组10只.正常对照组(盐水组),吗啡组,4mg/kg东莨菪碱组,0.4mg/kg东莨菪碱组,吗啡+4mg/kg东莨菪碱组,吗啡+0.4mg/kg东莨菪碱组.各组小鼠腹腔注射相应药物,1次/d,连续7 d.6组分别于第1～7天用热板法观察给药后1 h的痛阈.并于第7天给药后6 h,腹腔注射纳络酮5 mg/kg催促,观察30 min内小鼠跳跃次数,并结合第1,7天肛温评定小鼠依赖形成.主要观察指标各组小鼠痛阈;跳跃次数和跳跃动物数(率);肛温结果吗啡依赖组小鼠痛阈下降,跳跃次数和跳跃动物率增加,肛温下降.东莨菪碱(0.4,4 mg/kg×7 d)能明显提高依赖性小鼠的痛阈,减少跳跃次数和跳跃动物率,恢复其肛温.结论东莨菪碱有对抗吗啡致小鼠依赖性的作用.     

东莨菪碱对骨癌痛鼠吗啡镇痛效果的影响

目的:观察腹腔内注射毒蕈碱受体拮抗剂东莨菪碱对骨癌痛鼠吗啡镇痛效果的影响.方法:使用Walker256大鼠乳腺癌细胞建立大鼠胫骨癌痛模型.在建模2周内对建模胫骨进行X线摄片观察肿瘤性溶骨破坏的程度,将模型成功大鼠随机均分为4组(n=10).对照组(C组),每日予生理盐水(NS)1 ml腹腔注射(ip),30 min后予NS 1 ml ip;吗啡治疗组(M组),每日予NS 1 ml ip,30min后予吗啡4 mg/kg(NS稀释至1 ml)ip;东莨菪碱治疗组(S组),先给予东莨菪碱0.5 mg/kg (NS 稀释至1 ml)ip,30 min后予NS 1 ml ip;吗啡复合东莨菪碱组(MS组),先给予东莨菪碱0.5 mg/kg(NS稀释至1 ml)ip,30 min后予吗啡4 mg/kg(NS稀释至lml)ip;各组持续用药6d,给药1h后测自由行走痛行为学评分、机械痛及热痛痛阈值的变化.结果:大鼠在2周时出现自由行走痛行为学改变,机械痛阈值及辐射热痛阚值下降.治疗后,与C组和S组相比,M组和MS组自由行走痛行为学评分下降(P＜ 0.05),机械痛和热痛痛阈值升高(P＜0.05);与M组相比,MS组机械痛阚值及辐射热痛阈值升高,但无统计学意义.结论:吗啡可有效治疗骨癌痛,复合应用东莨菪碱(0.5 mg/kg)可增强吗啡镇痛效果.     

超声对正常人机械性痛阈的影响

<正> 物理治疗师常用超声来治疗疼痛,但目前很多研究就其治疗效果无一致评价,而且作用机理也不十分清楚。Falconer等认为很多关于超声治疗的报道内容陈旧、实验设计不合理,例如,35篇文献中只有5篇用了假超声(即超声输出为0)和双盲评价。虽然有部分研究证明,超声可减轻骨性关节炎和急性外周性炎症引起的疼痛,但这些资料大都缺乏对照和双盲评价。Falconer等研究表明,安慰治疗反应和评价者的愿望,都有可能造     

金铁锁对实验性类风湿性关节炎大鼠痛阈及其脑儿茶酚胺类神经递质的影响

目的：深入探讨金铁锁水煎浸膏对实验性类风湿关节痛的镇痛作用，并阐述其作用机制。方法：在以弗氏完全佐剂(Freund’s complete adjuvant，FCA)作为实验性类风湿性关节炎(rheumatoid arthritis，RA)疼痛模型基础上，采用金铁锁水煎浸膏(大、中、小剂量组)，并设立空白对照组、模型组、中药阳性对照组和西药阳性对照组治疗，并检测其痛阈和脑组织神经递质的变化。结果：金铁锁水煎浸膏对实验性RA关节痛具有显著的镇痛效应，明显提高痛阈并显著提高大鼠脑中5-羟色胺(5-HT)，5-羟吲哚乙酸(5-HIAA)，5-羟色氨酸(5-HTP)的含量，降低多巴胺，去甲肾上腺素(NE)含量脑组织神经递质。结论：对研究金铁锁的镇痛机制及镇痛作用规律，具有理论和实际意义。     

不同缺氧时间对小鼠即时热板法痛阈和甩尾潜伏期的影响

目的:观察不同缺氧时间对小鼠即时痛阈的影响.方法:受试小鼠80只随机分为缺氧2、4、6、8min组,每组20只(其中10只接受热板法实验,另外10只接受甩尾法实验),观察不同缺氧时间对小鼠即时热板法痛阈(pain threshold in hot-plate test,HPPT)和甩尾潜伏期(the tail-flick la-tency,TFL)的影响.结果:热板法实验提示:与各组基础HPPT相比,缺氧2min组和缺氧4min组小鼠的即时HPPT均降低(P<0.05);缺氧6min组和缺氧8min组小鼠的即时HPPT均增加(P<0.05).甩尾法实验提示:与各组基础TFL相比,缺氧2min组小鼠的即时TFL差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);缺氧4min组小鼠的即时TFL缩短(P<0.05);缺氧6min组和缺氧8min组小鼠的即时TFL均明显延长(P<0.01).结论:随着缺氧时间的增加,小鼠缺氧后的即时痛阈呈现先降低后增加的变化.     

Effects of ibogaine on naloxone-precipitated withdrawal in morphine-dependent mice

In naive mice, ibogaine at a tremorigenic dose (30 mg/kg, ip), did not produce antinociception but did potentiate the antinociceptive potency of morphine in the tail-flick test. In morphine-dependent mice, ibogaine did not eliminate withdrawal symptoms but significantly increased the number of repetitive vertical jumps induced by naloxone, whatever the duration of the chronic morphine treatment. By comparison, repetitive jumping induced by alpha-napthoxyacetic acid (alpha-NOAA), a non-convulsant drug which induced jumping without affecting other morphine-withdrawal signs, was not significantly modified by ibogaine. These results indicate that while acute antinociceptive effects of morphine are modulated by ibogaine, this drug, shown to alleviate opiate dependence in man, does not attenuate in mice opioid withdrawal manifestations.     

Altering gender role expectations: effects on pain tolerance, pain threshold, and pain ratings.

The literature demonstrating sex differences in pain is sizable. Most explanations for these differences have focused on biologic mechanisms, and only a few studies have examined social learning. The purpose of this study was to examine the contribution of gender-role stereotypes to sex differences in pain. This study used experimental manipulation of gender-role expectations for men and women. One hundred twenty students participated in the cold pressor task. Before the pain task, participants were given 1 of 3 instructional sets: no expectation, 30-second performance expectation, or a 90-second performance expectation. Pain ratings, threshold, and tolerance were recorded. Significant sex differences in the "no expectation" condition for pain tolerance (t = 2.32, df = 38, P <.05) and post-cold pressor pain ratings (t = 2.6, df = 37, P <.05) were found. Women had briefer tolerance times and higher post-cold pressor ratings than men. When given gender-specific tolerance expectations, men and women did not differ in their pain tolerance, pain threshold, or pain ratings. This is the first empirical study to show that manipulation of expectations alters sex differences in laboratory pain.     

Discriminative stimulus effects of naltrexone in the morphine-dependent rat

Rats maintained physically dependent upon morphine by scheduled access to drinking water containing morphine were trained to discriminate between s.c. injections of saline and 0.1 mg/kg of naltrexone in a discrete trial avoidance procedure in which a response on one of two choice levers would prevent or terminate the delivery of mild electric shocks to the floor of the test chember. Stimulus control of behavior by naltrexone in the morphine-dependent rat (defined as the reliable completion of at least 18 trials of a 20-trial session on the appropriate choice lever) had many of the features previously described for the stimulus control of behavior by morphine in the nondependent rat: long-term stability and reproducibility, orderly dose- and time-effect relationships and pharmacologic specificity. Stimulus control by naltrexone was blocked in a dose-related manner by morphine, an effect completely surmounted by a 10-fold increase in the dose of naltrexone suggesting a competitive antagonism. The naltrexone-induced discriminative stimuli appeared to be related to precipitated morphine withdrawal phenomena: following the abrupt withdrawal of morphine the amount and time course of naltrexone-appropriate responding were directly related to the degree of physical dependence; loss of body weight, a reliable index of morphine withdrawal in the rat, paralleled changes in naltrexone-appropriate responding; the maximum level of naltrexone-appropriate responding produced by a total of eight narcotic antagonists with agonist activity of differing prominence was a function of the extent of separation of the agonist and antagonist components of action of the drugs. Control of behavior by stimuli associated with morphine withdrawal may afford a specific animal model for studying factors relevant to the perpetuation of chronic drug use by human addicts.     

Comparison between the reliability levels of manual palpation and pressure pain threshold in children who reported orofacial pain

The aim of this study was to compare the intra- and inter-rater reliability of pressure pain threshold (PPT) and manual palpation (MP) of orofacial structures in symptomatic and symptom-free children for temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Fourteen children reporting pain in masticatory muscles or the temporomandibular joint and 16 symptom-free children were randomly assessed on three different occasions: by rater-1 in the first and third session and by rater-2 in the second session. The trained raters applied algometry and MP as recommended by the Research Diagnostic Criteria for TMD. Intraclass correlation coefficients and the Kappa statistic were used to assess the levels of reliability of PPT and MP, respectively. Excellent intra- and inter-rater reliability levels were observed for PPT values at most of the examined sites for symptom-free children and excellent and moderate reliability levels for children reporting pain. For MP, moderate and poor intra-rater and inter-rater reliability levels were observed for most sites in both groups. Algometry showed higher reliability levels for both groups of children and is recommended for pain assessment in children in association with MP.     

纳洛酮对吗啡依赖小鼠条件性位置偏爱及戒断症状的影响

目的：了解阿片受体拮抗剂纳洛酮在吗啡依赖及其戒断症状中的作用。 方法：实验于2003-09／12在中南大学湘雅二医院医学实验动物中心完成。①分组：Balb／C小鼠30只，随机分为生理盐水组、吗啡组、吗啡＋纳络酮组，每组10只。②干预：吗啡组：盐酸吗啡每天两次腹腔注射，起始剂量为每次10mg／kg，逐日递增，直至第7天时每次70mg／kg；吗啡＋纳洛酮组：吗啡注射方式方法同吗啡组，但在每次吗啡注射前5min。皮下注射纳洛酮1mg／kg；生理盐水组：按照同期对照的原则注射生理盐水作为阴性对照。③进入实验程序前一天及实验处理因素终止后6h测评各组小鼠条件性位置偏爱，即观察30min内小鼠在位置偏爱实验箱白侧（伴药侧）的停留时间。④于末次注射吗啡后6h观察各组小鼠30min内跳跃反应次数、戒断反应前后1h内跳跃潜伏期、直立、躯体拉伸、体质量丧失量及腹泻等症状。 结果：30只小鼠均进入结果分析。①终止处理因素后6h时，吗啡组小鼠30min内在位置偏爱实验箱白侧的停留时间为（457＋304）s，吗啡＋纳洛酮组小鼠30min内在位置偏爱实验箱白侧的停留时间为（154＋118）s，与生理盐水组（121&;#177;111）s比较，差异有显著性（P〈0．01，P〈0．05）。②吗啡注射同时给予纳洛酮干预减轻了戒断体征：在终止处理因素后6h，吗啡组和吗啡＋纳洛酮组小鼠均表现跳跃次数增加、起跳潜伏期缩短、躯体拉伸次数增加、腹泻和体质量丧失量增加，与生理盐水组比较，差异均具有显著性（P〈0．05）；吗啡组还出现直立次数增多。 结论：纳洛酮能有效对抗吗啡所致的小鼠吗啡依赖，并且能有效减轻吗啡撤药时戒断体征。