颅内前循环动脉瘤的显微外科手术治疗

目的 探讨颅内前循环动脉瘤显微外科手术治疗方法,总结前循环动脉瘤治疗的相关经验.方法 回顾性分析近2年来显微外科治疗Ⅰ～Ⅳ级颅内前循环动脉瘤171例(共174个动脉瘤)的临床资料,以及不同部位动脉瘤的手术技巧及治疗经验.结果 Ⅰ～Ⅳ级颅内前循环动脉瘤171例,其中后交通动脉瘤67例,前交通动脉瘤56例,大脑中动脉瘤32例,颈内动脉分叉部动脉瘤10例,眼动脉瘤6例,多发动脉瘤3例.均成功进行了手术夹闭,术后GOS评分预后分级Ⅰ级3例,Ⅲ级6例,Ⅳ级14例,Ⅴ级148例.结论 良好的显露及显微外科技术是成功夹闭动脉瘤的关键;术中预判、动脉瘤夹合理的选择、载瘤动脉的正确阻断是值得重视的影响手术成败的因素.     

未破裂颅内动脉瘤72例临床分析

目的 探讨未破裂颅内动脉瘤的处理方式及其疗效,以指导临床治疗.方法 回顾性分析我科收治的72例未破裂颅内动脉瘤的患者,所有患者均行DSA或CTA明确诊断,采用血管内栓塞治疗、开颅手术夹闭或者观察三种治疗策略,对比分析其疗效.结果 血管内栓塞治疗15例,手术夹闭40例.出院时GOS评分5分血管内介入治疗组14例（93.3%）,开颅手术夹闭组31例（77.5%）.两组患者治疗后出院前行GOS评分经卡方检验无明显差异（P＆gt;0.05）.观察随诊处理17例,无变化15例,再出血2例.结论 根据未破裂动脉瘤的特点、患者自身状况及要求、就诊中心诊疗技术等决定未破裂动脉瘤的治疗方式,个体化治疗是最佳的治疗方案.     

颅内动脉瘤破裂早期血管内栓塞与手术治疗的探讨

目的　探讨颅内动脉瘤破裂早期血管内栓塞与显微手术的效果。方法　 160例颅内动脉瘤破裂在 3d内早期经血管内栓塞和显微手术得到治疗 ,其中 114例经血管内栓塞 ,46例显微手术。结果　 114例血管内治疗 ,78例完全闭塞 ,2 1例闭塞 95 % ,10例闭塞 90 % ,5例闭塞 85 %。出院时优 83例 ,良 19例 ,差 1例 ,死亡 11例。显微手术 46例 ,术后 2周行DSA检查证实动脉瘤全部夹闭。出院时 ,优 2 4例 ,良 10例 ,差 4例 ,植物生存 2例 ,死亡 6例。结论　颅内动脉瘤早期治疗 ,是杜绝再次出血的危险 ,有利于脑血管痉挛的防治 ,降低致残率和死亡率。     

显微手术治疗颅内动脉瘤

目的 总结报道显微手术治疗颅内动脉瘤的临床效果。方法 回顾分析89例显微外科手术治疗颅内动脉瘤的手术时机、动脉瘤颈的暴露及夹闭技巧。结果 89例显微外科手术，共夹闭动脉瘤95个。术后症状明显好转，剧烈头痛1～5d内消失；有嗜睡表现的19例术后1周内16例完全清醒；对侧肢体瘫痪的41例中，有35例肌力恢复在Ⅳ级以上，其余6例肌力恢复到Ⅱ～Ⅲ级。动眼神经麻痹7例有4例完全恢复，3例眼裂有不同程度增宽。脑膜刺激征阳性的65例有63例1周内转为阴性。按Glasgow预后指标分级：其中1级65例（73。0％）、2级12例（13.5％）、3级6例（6．7％）、4级3例（3.4％）、5级（即死亡）3例（3．4％）。结论 采用显微外科技术治疗颅内动脉瘤，能精确保护穿支动脉，减少术中动脉瘤破裂及术后脑血管痉挛，明显提高颅内动脉瘤手术的临床疗效。     

前循环动脉瘤破裂并发颅内血肿的超早期显微手术治疗

目的探讨前循环动脉瘤破裂并发颅内血肿的超早期显微手术治疗。方法回顾性分析20例前循环动脉瘤破裂并发颅内血肿患者的临床资料,所有病例术前急诊行脑血管3D-CTA检查,在24小时内行显微外科动脉瘤夹闭手术。结果 20例患者共发现20个破裂动脉瘤,3个未破裂动脉瘤,破裂动脉瘤中前交通动脉瘤6个,颈内后交通动脉瘤8个,大脑中动脉瘤6个,未破裂动脉瘤中颈内后交通动脉瘤1个,脉络膜前动脉瘤1个,前交通动脉瘤1个,直接夹闭破裂动脉瘤和2个未破裂动脉瘤。术后GOS分级5分8例,4分2例,3分3例,2分4例,1分3例。结论前循环动脉瘤破裂并发颅内血肿病情发展迅速,3D-CTA应作为该类患者术前首选检查手段,超早期显微手术清除血肿夹闭动脉瘤能取得较好的效果。     

血管内栓塞结合显微手术治疗颅内动脉瘤临床研究

目的应用显微手术夹闭、血管内栓塞和栓塞后手术夹闭3种治疗方法，探讨治疗颅内破裂动脉瘤的安全有效方案。方法显微手术瘤颈夹闭30个动脉瘤，栓塞34个动脉瘤，栓塞后夹闭15个动脉瘤。结果夹闭组30个完全夹闭，无复发，死亡率6％（2／30）。栓塞组完全闭塞率70．6％（24／34），复发率17．6％（6／34），死亡率11．8％（4／34）。栓塞后手术组15个完全夹闭，无复发，死亡率6．7％（1／15）。治疗结束用GOS评价，1个月后3组良好率分别为80．0％、79．4％和80．0％；半年后良好率分别为90．0％、88．2％和86．7％。结论显微手术瘤颈夹闭术仍然是治疗破裂动脉瘤的有效方法，具有1次治疗彻底和复发率低的优势，并可作为栓塞失败的补救手段。     

显微手术和介入治疗急性期颅内动脉瘤破裂的对比性研究

目的 比较显微外科手术和血管内介入治疗急性期颅内动脉瘤破裂的疗效和相关并发症。方法 82例破裂性颅内动脉瘤，均在蛛网膜下腔出血急性期(72h以内)行外科治疗，其中行显微手术瘤颈夹闭40例，血管内电解可脱性弹簧圈栓塞治疗42例。对两组疗效和并发症进行对比分析。结果 显微手术组，完全夹闭率92．5％，手术相关并发症4例，死亡2例。弹簧圈栓塞组，完全闭塞率71．4％，栓塞组相关并发症6例，死亡1例。在前循环动脉瘤中，栓塞组完全闭塞率与手术组完全夹闭率相比较，显微手术组结果优于栓塞组。临床随访6个月，两者预后良好者均达95．0％。结论 显微瘤颈夹闭术和血管内栓寒治疗均是颅内动脉瘤治疗的有效方法。     

介入栓塞治疗颅内动脉瘤46例临床分析

目的观察颅内不同部位和类型动脉瘤介入治疗疗效,总结个体化治疗经验。方法回顾性分析46例不同部位和类型共51个动脉瘤栓塞治疗的临床资料。结果 51个动脉瘤完全闭塞43个,闭塞95%以上5个,闭塞90%以上3个,术中动脉瘤破裂2例,死亡1例,成功随访30例。3¹2个月无复发。结论对不同部位和类型颅内动脉瘤采用可脱性弹簧圈栓塞及支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞疗效可靠。     

脑动脉瘤破裂并颅内血肿形成的诊断和显微外科治疗

目的 探讨颅内动脉瘤破裂并颅内血肿形成患者的诊断、手术入路、操作技巧和治疗效果.方法 采用显微外科技术对23例Hunt-Hess分级Ⅲ-Ⅴ级的颅内动脉瘤破裂并血肿形成患者实施手术.并对其临床特点、影像学资料等进行回顾性分析.结果 单纯动脉瘤夹闭术4例,动脉瘤夹闭术加去骨瓣减压术18例,动脉瘤栓塞术加去骨瓣减压术1例.术后随访3个月～2年.按Glasgow预后指标分级:其中1级9例,2级8例,3级4例,4级1例,5级1例.结论 此类患者的临床特点、影像学等方面有别于其他类型动脉瘤,采取及时的诊断和恰当的治疗能够取得较好治疗效果.     

32例颅内动脉瘤显微手术治疗

目的总结颅内动脉瘤中的显微手术经验,提高手术效果。方法回顾显微外科手术夹闭32例动脉瘤的手术时机及术中操作要点。结果显微手术治疗32例动脉瘤,28例痊愈,3例部分偏瘫或语言智能障碍,1例死亡,病死率3.2%。结论显微手术夹闭颅内动脉瘤效果良好。对动脉瘤术前Hunt分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ级者应尽早手术,Ⅲ级及以上者,待病情平稳后再手术。     

电解可脱式铂金弹簧圈栓塞治疗颅内动脉瘤

目的报告使用电解可脱式铂金弹簧圈（ｇｕｇｌｉｅｌｍｉｄｅｔａｃｈａｂｌｅｃｏｉｌ,ＧＤＣ）治疗颅内动脉瘤的情况。方法气管内插管全麻和肝素抗凝下,经Ｔｒａｃｋｅｒ微导管放置ＧＤＣ栓塞颅内动脉瘤,必要时辅以重塑技术（ｒｅｍｏｄｅｌｉｎｇｔｅｃｈｎｉｑｕｅ,ＲＴ）。结果成功栓塞８例动脉瘤,其中５例为１００％栓塞,２例为９５％,１例为９０％。有４例既往用机械可脱式铂金弹簧圈（ＭＤＳ）无法安全栓塞或Ｍａｇ３Ｆ或２Ｆ微导管插管失败。无并发症。结论ＧＤＣ栓塞颅内动脉瘤安全可靠,效果良好,并可使部分ＭＤＳ无法栓塞或栓塞危险性较大的动脉瘤得以治疗。     

电解可脱性弹簧圈血管内栓塞颅内动脉瘤的技术及并发症防治

目的总结以电解可脱性弹簧圈(GDC)血管内栓塞治疗颅内动脉瘤的技术要点、并发症及其防治经验。方法采用GDC对168例颅内动脉瘤患者进行动脉瘤囊内栓塞。结果成功栓塞168个动脉瘤,其中100%闭塞的144个,95%闭塞的14个,90%闭塞的10个;全组6例死亡,死亡率3.6%。术中并发动脉瘤破裂3例,脑血管痉挛9例,脑梗死2例,术后弹簧圈末端逸出2例;3例复发者经二次补充GDC栓塞而治愈。随访5~54个月,全组术后均无再出血。结论动脉瘤的血管内治疗应根据病情进行个体化设计,并采用与之相应的栓塞技术才能最大限度的提高动脉瘤栓塞的治愈率、降低并发症。     

颅内动脉瘤囊内栓塞治疗中并发症的分析

目的 探讨颅内动脉瘤囊内治疗中并发症的发生原因及预防和处理的方法。方法 用可控性弹簧圈栓塞治疗的动脉瘤120例（125个）,其中22例（23个动脉瘤）发生并发症25例次（包括动脉瘤破裂、载瘤动脉血栓形成或其它原因所致的闭塞以及弹簧罪状脱出动脉瘤）,对其发生的原因及预防和治疗方法进行了回顾性分析。结果 22例出现并发症的动脉瘤患者中,动脉瘤破裂出血9例次,过度栓塞7例次,弹簧圈脱出7例次,血栓形成2例次,因并发症而死亡4例（3.33%),永久性神经功能障碍2例（1.67%);一过性神经功能障碍4例（3.33%)。栓塞技术、术中判断和处理的正确与否、动脉瘤和载瘤动脉的特点以及栓塞材料与并发症的发生和结局相关。结论 栓塞技术的提高,动脉瘤和载瘤动脉解剖的深入理解,术中发生情况的正确处理、栓塞材料的改进,有助于降低并发症的发生率改善其预后。     

颅内动脉瘤破裂出血后假性动脉瘤的血管内治疗时机与并发症防治

目的探讨颅内动脉瘤破裂出血后在其破口周围所形成的假性动脉瘤与真性动脉瘤（TAN-FAN）复合体的血管内栓塞时机及并发症防治方法。方法采用电解可脱性弹簧圈对58例TAN—FAN复合体进行血管内栓塞。结果58例TAN—FAN复合体中24例（41．4％）为出血后7天内进行栓塞，20例（34．5％）为出血后7天～2周内进行栓塞，14例（24．1％）为出血后2周～1个月内进行栓塞。58个动脉瘤均被成功栓塞，其中真性动脉瘤腔100％闭塞者46个，95％闭塞者9个，90％闭塞者3个；13例A型与31例B型假性动脉瘤腔均未行弹簧圈填塞，14例C型中11例仅用弹簧圈疏松填塞假性动脉瘤腔，另3例用3D-GDC仅栓塞真性动脉瘤腔部分。术中并发动脉瘤破裂1例；并发脑血管痉挛2例；并发脑梗死3例。1例复发者经二次补充GDC栓塞而治愈。其治疗结果根据Glasgow预后评分：Ⅰ级43例，Ⅱ级11例，Ⅲ级3例，全组死亡1例，死亡率1．7％。术后随访3～60个月均无再出血。结论对动脉瘤破裂后形成的TAN—FAN复合体应早期进行血管内栓塞；只有根据TAN—FAN复合体不同的类型采用不同的栓塞方法进行个体化治疗，并具有丰富的动脉瘤栓塞经验，才能最大限度的降低并发症。     

Endovascular treatment of multiple intracranial aneurysms by using Guglielmi detachable coils

OBJECT: The purpose of this paper is to present the authors' experience with Guglielmi detachable coil (GDC) embolization of multiple intracranial aneurysms and to evaluate the results of this therapy in single-stage procedures. METHODS: Clinical and angiographic evaluations were performed in 38 consecutive patients with multiple intracranial aneurysms treated by GDC embolization between March 1990 and October 1997. Twenty-nine patients presented with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), four with mass effect, and five were asymptomatic. These 38 patients harbored 101 aneurysms, 79 of which were treated with GDCs, 14 by surgical clipping, and eight were left untreated. Of the GDC-treated lesions, a complete endovascular occlusion was achieved in 55 aneurysms (70%), and 24 (30%) presented neck remnants. Twenty-five patients (66%) underwent GDC embolization of more than one aneurysm in the first session. Eighteen (86%) of 21 patients with acute SAH underwent treatment for all aneurysms within 3 days after admission (15 of 21 in one session). Follow-up angiographic studies in 30 patients demonstrated an unchanged or improved result in 94% of the aneurysms (59 lesions) and coil compaction in 6% (four lesions). The overall clinical outcome was excellent in 34 patients (89%), good in one (3%), fair in one (3%), and death in two (5%). CONCLUSIONS: Endovascular treatment of multiple intracranial aneurysms, regardless of their location, with GDCs was performed safely in one session, even during the acute phase of SAH. Treatment of all aneurysms in one session protected the patient from rebleeding and eliminated the risk of mistakenly treating only the unruptured aneurysms.     

Endovascular treatment of basilar artery trunk aneurysms with Guglielmi detachable coils: clinical experience with 41 aneurysms in 39 patients

OBJECT: The authors present a retrospective analysis of their clinical experience in the endovascular treatment of basilar artery (BA) trunk aneurysms with Guglielmi detachable coils (GDCs). METHODS: Between April 1990 and June 1999,41 BA trunk aneurysms were treated in 39 patients by inserting GDCs. Twenty-seven patients presented with subarachnoid hemorrhage, six had intracranial mass effect, and in six patients the aneurysms were found incidentally. Eighteen lesions were BA trunk aneurysms, 13 were BA-superior cerebellar artery aneurysms, four were BA-anterior inferior cerebellar artery aneurysms, and six were vertebrobasilar junction aneurysms. Thirty-five patients (89.7%) had excellent or good clinical outcomes; procedural morbidity and mortality rates were 2.6% each. Thirty-six aneurysms were selectively occluded while preserving the parent artery, and in five cases the parent artery was occluded along with the aneurysm. Immediate angiographic studies revealed complete or nearly complete occlusion in 35 aneurysms (85.4%). Follow-up angiograms were obtained in 29 patients with 31 aneurysms: the mean follow-up period was 17 months. No recanalization was observed in the eight completely occluded aneurysms. In 19 lesions with small neck remnants, seven (36.8%) had further thrombosis, three (15.8%) remained anatomically unchanged, and nine (47.3%) had recanalization caused by coil compaction. In one patient (2.6%) the aneurysm rebled 8 years after the initial embolization. CONCLUSIONS: In this clinical series the authors show that the GDC placement procedure is valuable in the therapeutic management of BA trunk aneurysms. The endovascular catheterization of these lesions tends to be relatively simple, in contrast with more complex neurosurgical approaches. Endosaccular obliteration of these aneurysms also decreases the possibility of unwanted occlusion of perforating arteries to the brainstem.     

Endovascular treatment of paraclinoid aneurysms

BACKGROUND: Paraclinoid aneurysms include those that are distal to the cavernous segment of the internal carotid artery and proximal to the posterior communicating artery. The purpose of this study was to review our experience with the endovascular treatment of this group of aneurysms, which are difficult to treat surgically. METHODS: Between June 1994 and April 1999, 66 patients (56 female, 10 male) with a mean age of 50.1 years (range 13-75, median 51) underwent endovascular treatment for 71 paraclinoid aneurysms. The mean size of the dome was 8.9 mm (range 3-25 mm, median 7) and the of neck was 3.8 mm (range 1.4-8 mm, median 4). Thirteen patients presented with acute subarachnoid hemorrhage, and 4 with previous subarachnoid hemorrhage. Six aneurysms produced mass effect with visual symptoms, 4 presented with transient ischemic attacks, and 44 were incidental. Nine patients had had previous unsuccessful surgery. All procedures were performed under general anesthesia and with systemic heparinization. RESULTS: Ninety endovascular procedures were performed on 71 aneurysms: GDC coiling in 78 (including 45 with the remodeling technique), permanent balloon occlusion in 9, and 3 had both GDC coiling and permanent balloon occlusion. In ten aneurysms it was not possible to place coils in the lumen of the aneurysm with the available technology and balloon occlusion was not indicated. Five of these were treated surgically and 5 remain untreated. All patients had immediate post procedure angiography. Of the 61 aneurysms that were treated, 46 (75%) have angiographic follow-up of 6 months or more. Morphological outcome following endovascular therapy for 61 aneurysms at last available follow-up showed > 95% occlusion in 52/61 (85.2%) and <95% in 9/61 (14.8%). Eight patients required surgery, 2 for partial coiling, 2 for refilling of a neck remnant, 2 for persistent mass effect and 2 for coil protrusion. In the 90 procedures performed, 2 (2.2%) patients had major permanent deficits (1 monocular blindness, 1 hemiparesis), 1 (1.1%) had a minor visual field cut, and 2 (2.2%) patients died from major embolic events. CONCLUSION: Properly selected paraclinoid aneurysms can be successfully treated by endovascular technology. The morbidity and mortality rate of the endovascular approach in our experience is equal to or better than the published surgical series of similar aneurysms. We recommend that the endovascular approach be given primary consideration in the treatment of paraclinoid aneurysms.     

颅内动脉瘤外科治疗500例经验

目的 总结手术治疗动脉瘤的经验。方法 回顾性总结外科治疗的500例Ⅰ-Ⅴ级颅内动脉瘤患者的临床资料,包括动脉瘤的分级、手术时机的选择、控制性低血压麻醉、脑保护剂与载瘤动脉暂时阻断结合应用、经颅多普勒超声动态监测、脑血管痉挛治疗、直接手术中动脉瘤处理技术、血管内动脉瘤栓塞。结果 465例Ⅰ-Ⅳ级颅内动脉瘤患者的手术病死率为27%,1990年前手术的210例病死率为3.8%;1990年后手术的255例病死率为1.9%。35例动脉瘤栓塞的患者无死亡。结论 对颅内动脉瘤采取外科综合治疗措施能有效的改善患者的预后。     

A comparison between endovascular and surgical management of basilar artery apex aneurysms

OBJECT: The goal of this retrospective study was to evaluate endovascular treatment by means of Guglielmi detachable coils (GDCs) compared with surgical management for basilar artery (BA) apex aneurysms. METHODS: Forty-one patients presented with saccular BA apex aneurysms with angiographically definable necks that were judged suitable for either treatment. Of 20 patients who underwent surgery and 21 who underwent GDC embolization, 15 (75%) and 11 (52%), respectively, were treated in the acute phase after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Twenty-four (92%) of the 26 patients presenting with an SAH had a Hunt and Hess Grade III or better. Fifteen patients with unruptured or ruptured aneurysms more than 14 days post-SAH were treated electively. Patients in the endovascular and surgical treatment groups had aneurysms with comparable dimensions and configurations. Overall, 15 (75%) of the surgical patients and 20 (95%) of the patients in whom GDC embolization was performed had a good outcome (Glasgow Outcome Scale score of 4 or 5). Among those patients treated in the acute stage post-SAH, 11 (73%) of the surgical group and 10 (91%) of the endovascular group did well. Fourteen patients treated electively (93%) had good outcomes. There were two deaths (10%) in the surgical group and none in the endovascular group. Patients treated surgically were hospitalized twice as long and incurred twice the expenses of patients who underwent endovascular treatment (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Endovascular GDC embolization of select BA apex aneurysms may be a competitive alternative to direct surgical clipping. Long-term follow up is needed to better define the natural history of the endovascularly treated aneurysm and to further evaluate the accuracy of these preliminary results.     

Review of endovascular stent‐assisted embolization for management of intracranial aneurysms

Objective: This was a retrospective review of the results using stent‐assisted coil embolization for management of intracranial aneurysms. Methods: The records of seven patients treated with stent‐assisted Gugliemi detachable coil (GDC) embolization were retrieved from the authors’ prospectively maintained database. The clinical presentation, site and type of aneurysms, treatment procedure and complications, and outcome of these identified cases were reviewed. Results: Between January 2002 and May 2004, seven patients with intracranial aneurysms, four of which were ruptured, were treated by stent‐assisted GDC embolization. Four aneurysms were located at the anterior circulation and three were at the posterior circulation. The indications for stent use were: giant aneurysm (>2.5 cm), dissecting pseudo‐aneurysm, broad‐necked aneurysm and the need for preservation of important parent arteries or branches. Concerning the technical aspect, all except one had successful stent deployment. One stent dislodged after apparent successful deployment. GDC embolization was continued and the aneurysm was partially occluded. More than 90% occlusion of aneurysm sac was achieved in six aneurysms. Intraoperative complications included over‐coagulation, failure in stent deployment, displacement of stent, coil entrapment and thromboembolism. One patient had added focal neurological deficit after the procedure, and one became vegetative due to an unrelated cause. The patient in whom the stent was dislodged suffered another subarachnoid haemorrhage 4 months later and died. Conclusion: Percutaneous intracranial stent is a new and useful device to assist embolization of cerebral aneurysms that were previously not amenable to endovascular therapy. These preliminary results suggest that this procedure could achieve satisfactory outcomes without significant complications.