三维数字减影血管造影技术诊断脑血管疾病的应用价值

目的评价三维数字减影血管造影(3D—DSA)技术诊断脑血管疾病的应用价值。方法对临床怀疑和确诊为脑血管疾病的71例患者行常规脑血管数字减影造影(DSA)和3D—DSA。结果本组共检查71例,经3D—DSA技术共检出动脉瘤44例64枚、颅内动静脉畸形(AVM)19例、血管狭窄致脑缺血8例(6例颈内动脉狭窄、大脑前动脉闭塞)。结论3D—DSA诊断脑血管疾病具有极大的临床应用价值。尤其对颅内动脉瘤、AVM、血管狭窄的诊断最为准确、快速、安全。     

多层螺旋CTA与DSA诊断颅内动脉瘤的对比研究

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT血管造影(multislice spiral CT angiography,MSCTA)对颅内动脉瘤的诊断价值.方法 回顾性分析32例经手术及DSA确诊的颅内动脉瘤16层CT血管成像资料,并与DSA进行对照.结果 32例共38个动脉瘤,其中6例为2个动脉瘤.MSCTA共发现34个动脉瘤, DSA发现36个动脉瘤.38个动脉瘤4个位于前交通动脉,7个位于大脑中动脉,9个位于后交通动脉,14个位于颈内动脉,4个位于椎动脉.结论 MSCTA可以作为外科治疗或介入治疗颅内动脉瘤的筛选方法.     

多层螺旋CT血管成像诊断颅内动脉瘤的价值

目的:探讨多层螺旋CT血管成像诊断颅内动脉瘤的价值。材料和方法:对比分析21例颅内动脉瘤的多层螺旋CT血管成像(MSCTA)和数字减影血管成像(DSA)的表现。结果:21例中,MSCTA发现21个动脉瘤,DSA发现20个动脉瘤,其中1例双侧动脉瘤,DSA只发现1侧,另1例MSCTA及DSA均未发现病变;21个动脉瘤中18个为圆形或类圆形,3个为不规则形,平均最长径为6.9mm(2.2~15mm);21个动脉瘤1个位于后交通动脉,2个位于基底动脉,5个位于大脑前动脉,5个位于大脑中动脉,8个位于前交通动脉。结论:MSCTA对颅内动脉瘤的诊断具有较高价值,可以作为外科治疗或介入治疗颅内动脉瘤的筛选方法。     

多层螺旋CT血管造影对颅内动脉瘤的诊断价值

目的:探讨多层螺旋CT血管造影(CTA)对颅内动脉瘤的诊断价值。方法:对36例蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)的动脉瘤疑似患者均行多层螺旋CT血管造影检查和数字减影血管造影(DSA)检查,将两种检查结果进行对照分析、比较优缺点,CTA后处理采用容积再现(VRT)、最大密度投影(MIP)和表面覆盖法(SSD)。CTA重建采用0.75mm层厚、0.7mm层间隔,延迟扫描时间采用提前监控、静脉团注法。两位放射专家用盲法分析CTA、DSA资料,对颅内动脉瘤作出诊断。结果:36例SAH病例中,CTA发现32例37个动脉瘤,包括前交通动脉瘤15个、大脑前动脉瘤2个、后交通支9个、颈内动脉4个、大脑中动脉主干5个、基底动脉2个,其中1例CTA检查为颈内动脉海绵窦段动脉瘤,直径<3mm,DSA检查为阴性,其余均经DSA证实。4例SAH病例CTA、DSA检查均为阴性。CTA能够清晰显示瘤体、瘤颈、载瘤动脉及毗邻关系,其敏感性为94.5%。动脉瘤直径大于3.0mm者,CTA、DSA检查结果基本一致。CTA以VRT重建效果最佳。结论:CTA对于动脉瘤疑似患者是一种安全、无创伤的检查技术,能够精确显示动脉瘤的空间关系,可作为颅内动脉瘤首选的诊断方法。     

脑底动脉环应用解剖与DSA对照分析

目的：通过脑底动脉环前半部解剖变异与脑血管DSA对照分析，探讨大脑前动脉(ACA)与前交通动脉(AcoA)及其与动脉瘤发生的关系。资料与方法：脑血管标本35具，观察脑底动脉环解剖结构及其变异。全脑血管DSA 50例。脑底动脉瘤57例，其中前交通动脉瘤13例，后交通动脉瘤24例，其他部位动脉瘤20例。结果：35具脑血管标本2具右侧A1发育不全，3具A1血管为多支及走行方向变异。全脑血管DSA50例，A1发育异常20例，其中一侧A1缺如9例，纤细11例。脑底动脉瘤57例，大脑前动脉A1纤细、缺如18例，其中前交通动脉瘤13例，颈内动脉前三分叉变异7例，动脉瘤发生部位与前交通动脉血流方向一致。结论：脑底动脉环前部的变异极为复杂，右侧变异多于左侧，与动脉瘤发生的关系密切。     

64层螺旋CT头颈动脉联合成像诊断颅内动脉瘤的应用价值

 目的 评价64层螺旋CT诊断颅内动脉瘤的临床应用价值。方法 选取我院176例颅内动脉瘤患者的头颈CTA(computed tomographic angiography,CTA)检查资料,评价颅内动脉瘤的大小、形态、位置及术后情况。结果 176例均行数字减影血管造影(digital subtraction angiography,DSA)存在动脉瘤(157经手术治疗),共计 201个动脉瘤,其中19例为多发动脉瘤。首次CTA明确诊断动脉瘤171例(196个),漏诊5例,阳性诊断率97.5%(196/201)。171例(196个)中颈内动脉瘤112例,后交通动脉瘤10例,前交通动脉瘤26例,基底动脉瘤5例,大脑中动脉瘤13例,大脑前动脉瘤5例,对照DSA再次重组首次漏诊的5例CTA图像,又发现动脉瘤2例,阳性诊断率提高至98.5%。结论 应用多层螺旋CT头颈血管联合成像选择合理的后处理方法,有助于提高图像质量与诊断的准确性,对临床术前评估与术后评价有重要意义。     

3T TOF MRA在颅内血管病变中的应用——与DSA对照

目的:评价3T TOF-MRA在颅内血管病变中的诊断价值。材料和方法:37例临床上具有神经系统症状的病人前瞻性行3T TOF-MRA及脑血管数字减影血管造影检查(DSA)。其中男性16例,女性21例,平均年龄53.5±13.5(21～74)岁。MRA图像分别由2位神经影像医师阅读,DSA图像由神经介入医师阅读,其结论与前两者有分歧的地方,经讨论确立一致观点。以DSA检查作为标准,评价3T TOF-MRA诊断颅内血管性病变的敏感性、特异性及准确性。结果:DSA检查14例15个动脉瘤,5例动静脉畸形,3例3侧大脑中动脉狭窄,1例大脑后动脉闭塞;14例未见明显异常。TOF-MRA准确显示了其中的22处病变(14个动脉瘤,4个动静脉畸形及4处血管狭窄),但误诊1例,假阳性4例,假阴性2例;其总体诊断敏感性、特异性、准确性分别为91.3%、75%和为85%。结论:3.0T TOF-MRA能够很好地显示颅内血管病变,是一种可靠的无创评价方法。     

吲哚菁绿荧光血管造影技术对神经外科手术效果的影响

目的:研究在神经外科血管性疾病的手术中应用吲哚菁绿(ICG)荧光血管造影技术对手术效果的影响。方法:不同的神经外科血管性疾病患者47例,男性21例,女性26例;年龄16～73岁,平均57岁。在手术中进行ICG荧光造影,以进一步指导及评估手术效果。其中,颅内动脉瘤患者37例(后交通动脉瘤12例,前交通动脉瘤14例,大脑中动脉动脉瘤11例);颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉吻合术7例;脊髓动静脉瘘3例。上述患者均在术后行DSA血管造影或CTA以明确手术效果。结果:37例动脉瘤术中经ICG血管造影,发现动脉瘤颈夹闭后载瘤动脉狭窄3例,动脉瘤颈残留4例,远端分支狭窄2例,均根据术中吲哚菁绿血管造影情况重新调整瘤夹位置后,瘤颈夹闭满意,术后DSA血管造影及CTA显示载瘤动脉通畅,远端分支无狭窄,术后早期CT检查显示无脑梗死。7例颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉吻合术中行ICG造影见1例吻合口狭窄,予以拆除吻合线重新缝合,再次ICG造影显示吻合血管通畅。3例脊髓动静脉瘘切除病变前均可发现畸形血管轮廓、供血动脉、引流静脉情况,引导精准的切除动静脉瘘,术后血管造影显示3例畸形血管团均被彻底切除。结论:吲哚菁绿荧光血管造影可以准确判断动脉夹闭后瘤颈是否有残留、穿通动脉是否闭塞;可以及时发现血管吻合是否通畅;可以明确脊髓动静脉瘘的轮廓及其供血动脉、引流静脉;能显著提高上述血管性疾病的手术效果。     

CT血管造影在颅内动脉瘤及动静脉畸形诊断的价值

目的探讨CT血管造影(CTA)在颅内动脉瘤及动静脉畸形(AVM)的诊断价值。方法对100例行CTA检查发现有颅内动脉瘤及动静脉畸形的患者的临床资料回顾性分析。CTA采用容积再现(VR)、最大密度投影(MIP)和曲面重建(CPR)等方法进行图像重建。100例中有11例与数字减影血管造影对照,89例与介入治疗、手术对比。结果100例中CTA发现116个动脉瘤,包括前交通动脉瘤29个、后交通动脉瘤16个、大脑前动脉9个、大脑中动脉35个、大脑后动脉3个、颈内动脉瘤16个、椎动脉4个、小脑后下动脉2个,小脑前下动脉1个,基底动脉1个。2例AVM,4例动脉瘤合并AVM,2例AVM合并静脉瘤,诊断准确率达94.91%。结论 CTA诊断颅内动脉瘤及AVM是一种安全可靠的方法,具有很好的临床应用价值。     

颅内动脉瘤DSA检查的显示满意程度分析和最佳体位选择

目的探讨颅内各部位动脉瘤在不同体位的显示满意程度,以便优化体位设计,增加DSA检查对颅内动脉瘤的显示满意度,从而提高检出率。方法197例全脑血管造影中椎动脉造影时常规摄取正、侧位图像,必要时加摄特殊斜位,颈内(颈总)动脉造影时,常规摄取正、侧、斜位1,必要时加摄特殊斜位,分析所有检出动脉瘤的DSA图像资料,评价各部位动脉瘤在不同体位上显示满意程度的差异。结果197例全脑血管造影共检出颅内动脉瘤85例94个,阳性率为43.15%,后交通动脉瘤最多,共51个,占54.3%。后交通动脉瘤侧位均显示良好,占100%,而前交通动脉瘤斜位1均显示良好,占100%。结论合理选择不同角度的斜位,能更清晰地显示动脉瘤的结构及与周围血管的毗邻关系,提高颅内动脉瘤的显示满意程度和检出率。     

多层螺旋CT血管造影在急性自发性颅内出血中的应用价值

目的探讨多层螺旋CT血管造影(MSCTA)在急性自发性颅内出血中的应用价值。方法CT诊断急性自发性颅内出血41例,其中蛛网膜下腔出血29例、脑内血肿12例,采用容积重建(VR)和最大密度投影(MIP)方法进行MSCTA检查,并对7例颅内动脉瘤钛夹夹闭术病例和2例脑动静脉畸形、1例脑动静脉畸形伴巢内动脉瘤手术切除病例进行术后MSCTA评价。结果41例急性自发性颅内出血中,MSCTA检查出颅内动脉瘤11例、脑动静脉畸形4例、脑动静脉畸形伴巢内动脉瘤1例;MSCTA对动脉瘤的瘤体大小、瘤颈、载瘤动脉和脑动静脉畸形的部位、大小、瘤巢的形态、供血动脉和引流静脉的显示均较清楚。7例动脉瘤行钛夹夹闭术和2例脑动静脉畸形、1例脑动静脉畸形伴巢内动脉瘤行手术切除,手术所见与术前MSCTA表现相符;术后行MSCTA复查,显示夹闭动脉瘤之钛夹位置正常,载瘤动脉、颅内大血管通畅,脑动静脉畸形之瘤巢已切除。结论MSCTA是急性自发性颅内出血病因诊断的一种无创伤、快捷有效的影像学方法,并且在颅内动脉瘤、脑动静脉畸形术后评价方面也具有临床应用价值。     

易形成前交通动脉瘤的血管模式再探讨

目的探讨易形成前交通动脉瘤的血管模式。资料与方法将1081份正常磁共振血管成像(MRA)图像定义为一般国人脑血管形态类型,与49例前交通动脉瘤患者脑血管形态类型进行对照。结果49例前交通动脉瘤中一侧A1优势型45例(占87.76%),与正常国人一侧A1优势型和其他类型构成差异有统计学意义(P<0.0001)。其中左侧A1优势型(33例)约为右侧A1优势型(12例)的3倍,与一般人群左侧A1优势型与右侧A1优势型比(11.19%/3.98%)差异无统计学意义(P=0.952)。一侧A1优势型前交通动脉双侧大脑前动脉A2段起始部夹角测量有瘤患者夹角平均值为174.5°,无瘤患者平均值为113.45°,两夹角差异有统计学意义(t=14.198,P=0.002)。结论一侧A1优势供血与前交通动脉瘤的形成相关,造成前交通动脉瘤左右侧差异的原因是一侧A1优势型发育左右侧存在差异,双侧大脑前动脉A2段夹角增大更易形成动脉瘤。对发现的此种血管模式应随访。     

颅内动脉瘤的MSCTA诊断

目的:探讨64层螺旋CT血管成像(64-MSCTA)对颅内动脉瘤的诊断价值。方法:搜集经DSA和手术证实的颅内动脉瘤18例,所有的病例均行64层螺旋CT血管成像。分别用最大密度投影(MIP)、容积再现(VR)、多平面重组(MPR)法进行图像重组。13例行手术治疗,5例行DSA检查。结果:18例患者中MSCTA发现动脉瘤17个,其中大脑中动脉7个,大脑前动脉6个,大脑后动脉2个,颈内动脉2个。1例左侧颈内动脉瘤MSCTA漏诊,经DSA检查发现。MSCTA上动脉瘤显示直径3～20mm。MSCTA所发现的17个动脉瘤与手术及DSA所见的动脉瘤位置、大小、形态基本一致。结论:MSCTA能清楚显示颅内动脉瘤的形态、位置及其与周围的解剖关系,为手术或介入治疗动脉瘤提供有价值的信息。     

3.0T时间飞跃法MRA诊断颅内动脉瘤-与DSA对照

目的评价3.0T时间飞跃法磁共振血管成像(3.0TTOFMRA)对颅内动脉瘤的诊断价值。方法对34例临床提示颅内动脉瘤患者前瞻性行3.0TTOFMRA及脑血管DSA检查。所有图像由3名医师分成2组在工作站上进行读片。第1组由2名高年资神经影像组医师分别独立阅读重建的最大密度投影(MIP)图像;第2组由1名高年资神经影像组医师同时阅读MIP和原始数据图像(sourceimage)。以DSA诊断结果作为标准,评价3.0TTOFMRA诊断颅内动脉瘤的灵敏度、特异度及正确率。结果DSA共检测20枚动脉瘤(19例),其中颈内动脉7例,前交通动脉5例,后交通动脉5例,大脑前、中动脉各1例。TOFMRA总体诊断灵敏度、特异度、正确率分别为94.8%、89.4%和91.4%。第2组的诊断有效性最高,两组间诊断阳性率差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.242,P>0.05和χ2=0.172,P>0.05)。结论3.0TTOFMRA作为一种快速、无创的影像检查方法,能够很好显示颅内动脉瘤。MIP结合Source图像可提高3.0TTOFMRA诊断的准确性。     

颅内宽颈动脉瘤的血管内治疗33例分析

目的总结应用颅内支架或球囊辅助技术治疗颅内宽颈动脉瘤的体会。方法应用颅内支架或球囊辅助瘤颈成形术结合Microplex弹簧圈栓塞治疗颅内破裂宽颈动脉瘤33例。动脉瘤位于前交通动脉8例,后交通动脉19例,大脑中动脉3例,基底动脉顶端3例。结果以支架辅助治疗的19例动脉瘤中13例完全致密填塞,4例填塞90％以上,2例大部填塞（70％～90％）。以球囊辅助治疗的14例动脉瘤中9例完全致密填塞,3例填塞90％以上,2例大部填塞。结论支架或球囊辅助治疗颅内宽颈动脉瘤是安全、有效的方法,两种方法各有优缺点,应根据动脉瘤的具体情况来选择采用支架或球囊治疗。     

Fenestrations of Intracranial Arteries

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:Few data are available on the frequency and location distribution of fenestrations of intracranial arteries. We used 3D rotational angiography of all intracranial arteries in a cohort of 179 patients with suspected intracranial aneurysms to assess the prevalence and location of fenestrations and the relation of fenestrations to aneurysms.MATERIALS AND METHODS:Of 179 patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage admitted between March 2013 and June 2014, 140 had 3D rotational angiography of all cerebral vessels. The presence and location of aneurysms and fenestrations were assessed. In patients with both aneurysms and fenestrations, we classified the relation of the location of the aneurysm as remote from the fenestration or on the fenestration.RESULTS:In 140 patients, 210 aneurysms were present. In 33 of 140 patients (24%; 95% confidence interval, 17.2%–31.3%), 45 fenestrations were detected with the following locations: anterior communicating artery in 31 (69%), A1 segment of the anterior cerebral artery in 4 (9%), middle cerebral artery in 4 (9%), basilar artery in 4 (9%), vertebral artery in 1 (2%), and anterior inferior cerebellar artery in 1 (2%). Of 56 patients with anterior communicating artery aneurysms, 14 had a fenestration on the anterior communicating artery complex. The remaining 31 fenestrations had no anatomic relation to aneurysms. In 140 patients with 210 aneurysms, 14 aneurysms (7%) were located on a fenestration and 196 were not.CONCLUSIONS:In patients with a suspected ruptured aneurysm, fenestrations of intracranial arteries were detected in 24% (33 of 140). Most fenestrations were located on the anterior communicating artery. Of 45 fenestrations, 14 (31%) were related to an aneurysm.

Fenestrations of intracranial arteries are segmental duplications of the lumen into 2 distinct channels, each comprising endothelial and muscular layers with or without a shared adventitia. Fenestrations are anatomic variants and can range from a small focus of divided tissue to duplication of a long vessel segment.^1,2Fenestrations result from partial failure of fusion of paired primitive embryologic vessels or from incomplete obliteration of anastomosis in a primitive vascular network.²The association of fenestrations with aneurysms and other neurovascular disorders has been noted. Some suggest that altered flow dynamics in the presence of fenestrations may promote aneurysm development, though the exact relationship is not well-defined.Surgical and anatomic studies suggest that fenestrations are common in intracranial arteries with the highest prevalence in the anterior communicating artery (AcomA) complex.^3–5 Demonstration of fenestrations with imaging is uncommon.^6,7 Most fenestrations are only visible from a specific viewing angle that is often not provided by conventional angiography or reconstructed cross-sectional imaging. With 3D imaging, especially 3D rotational angiography, the detection rate of fenestrations has improved.⁸ Scant data are available on the frequency and location distribution of fenestrations of intracranial arteries, to our knowledge. We used 3D rotational angiography of all intracranial arteries in a cohort of 179 patients with suspected intracranial aneurysms to assess the prevalence and location of fenestrations and the relation of fenestrations with aneurysms.     

Effects of Circle of Willis Anatomic Variations on Angiographic and Clinical Outcomes of Coiled Anterior Communicating Artery Aneurysms

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:Anterior communicating artery aneurysms account for one-fourth of all intracranial aneurysms and frequently occur in the context of A1 vessel asymmetry. The purpose of this study was to correlate circle of Willis anatomic variation association to angiographic and clinical outcomes of anterior communicating aneurysm coiling.MATERIALS AND METHODS:The Cerecyte Coil Trial provides a subgroup of 124 cases with anterior communicating artery aneurysms after endovascular coiling. One hundred seventeen of 124 anterior communicating artery aneurysms had complete imaging and follow-up for clinical outcome analysis, stability of aneurysm coil packing, and follow-up imaging between 5 and 7 months after treatment. Clinical outcomes were assessed by the mRS at 6 months.RESULTS:Anterior cerebral artery trunk-dominance was seen in 91 of 124 (73%) anterior communicating artery aneurysms and codominance in 33 of 124 (27%) anterior communicating artery aneurysms. There was no significant difference (P > .5) in treatment success at 5–7 months for anterior communicating artery aneurysms between the anterior cerebral artery trunk-dominant (49 of 86, 57%) and anterior cerebral artery trunk-codominant (19 of 31) groups. Angiographic follow-up demonstrates a statistically significant increase in neck remnants and progressive aneurysm sac filling with the A1 dominant configuration (n = 21, 24% at follow-up versus n = 11, 12% at immediate posttreatment, P = .035). There was no statistically significant difference in clinical outcomes between types of anterior cerebral artery trunk configuration (P > .5).CONCLUSIONS:Anterior communicating artery aneurysms with anterior cerebral artery trunk-dominant circle of Willis configurations show less angiographic stability at follow-up than those with anterior cerebral artery trunk-codominance similar to other “termination” type aneurysms. This supports the hypothesis that anterior cerebral artery trunk-dominant flow contributes to aneurysm formation, growth, and instability after coiling treatment.

The most common site of intracranial aneurysms is the anterior communicating artery (AcomA). AcomA aneurysms account for approximately one-fourth of all intracranial aneurysms.¹ Also very common in the setting of AcomA aneurysms is unilateral anterior cerebral artery trunk (A1) dominance where 1 side supplies both pericallosal artery (A2) arteries, a well-known phenomenon previously shown to be a potent risk factor for AcomA aneurysm formation and rupture.^1–3To what extent vessel dominance influences the long-term result of endovascular packing of these aneurysms with detachable platinum coils and the patients'' clinical outcome is less well known.^4–6 One previous study indicates that vessel dominance is not a major factor in predicting short-term treatment outcome; however, the methodology and definition of vessel dominance as used in this instance was not stated.⁷ Yet, anterior communicating aneurysms are commonly “termination type” with the aneurysm forming with a relatively wide neck at the site of the inferred jet of flowing blood dynamics, with main branches nearly perpendicular to the parent vessel, also commonly seen for basilar tip, internal carotid tip, and middle cerebral bifurcations.⁸The Cerecyte Coil Trial (CCT) was a prospective, randomized, controlled study that entered 500 cases comparing endovascular coiling of ruptured and unruptured cerebral aneurysms with either Cerecyte or bare platinum coils that showed no difference between groups.^9,10 There was an expected large subset of AcomA aneurysms within the CCT cohort (n = 124).⁹ Therefore, data from this trial provided a unique opportunity to obtain a large number of AcomA aneurysm cases for determination of A1 dominance in relation to coiling treatment and angiographic outcomes immediately posttreatment and at follow-up. Our goal was to determine the impact of A1 dominance on treatment success, stability, and clinical outcomes of endovascularly coiled AcomA aneurysms.     

Spontaneous regression of two supraophthalmic internal cerebral artery aneurysms following flow pattern alteration

We report on a patient with fibromuscular dysplasia who presented with a right-sided giant calcified cavernous internal carotid artery (ICA) aneurysm and two additional supraophthalmic ICA aneurysms. Endovascular closure of the right ICA using detachable balloons was performed with collateralisation of the right hemisphere via the right-sided posterior communicating and the anterior communicating arteries. Repeat angiography after 6 months demonstrated spontaneous complete regression of the two supraophthalmic aneurysms, although the parent vessel was still perfused. In comparison to the former angiography, the flow within the parent vessel was reversed due to the proximal ICA balloon occlusion. MRI demonstrated that the aneurysms were not obliterated by thrombosis alone, but showed a real regression in size. This case report demonstrates that changes in cerebral hemodynamics potentially lead to plastic changes in the vessel architecture in adults and that aneurysms can be flow-related, even if not associated with high flow fistulas or arteriovenous malformations, especially in cases with an arterial wall disease.