Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy for renal tumor: single center experience comparing clamping and no clamping techniques of the renal vasculature

PURPOSE: We performed a nonrandomized retrospective comparison of 2 techniques for laparoscopic partial nephrectomy, that is without and with clamping the renal vessels. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between December 1997 and February 2002, 28 consecutive patients underwent transperitoneal laparoscopic partial nephrectomy for renal tumor. In group 1 (12 patients) partial nephrectomy was performed with ultrasonic shears and bipolar cautery without clamping the renal vessels, while in group 2 (16 patients) the renal pedicle was clamped before tumor excision. In group 2 patients intracorporeal kidney cooling was achieved by a ureteral catheter connected to 4C solution. Intracorporeal freehand suturing techniques were used to close the collecting system when opened and approximate the renal parenchyma. RESULTS: All procedures were successfully completed laparoscopically. Mean renal ischemia time +/- SD was 27.3 +/- 7 minutes (range 15 to 47) in group 2 patients. Mean laparoscopic operating time was 179.1 +/- 86 minutes (range 90 to 390) in group 1 compared with 121.5 +/- 37 minutes (range 60 to 210) in group 2 (p = 0.004). Mean intraoperative blood loss was significantly higher in group 1 than in group 2 (708.3 +/- 569 versus 270.3 +/- 281 ml., p = 0.014). Three patients in group 1 and 2 in group 2 required blood transfusions. Immediately postoperatively mean creatinine was 1.26 +/- 0.36 and 1.45 +/- 0.61 mg./dl. in groups 1 and 2, respectively (p = 0.075). Surgical margins were negative in all specimens. Pathological examination revealed renal cell cancer in 18 cases (stages pT1 in 17 and pT3a in 1), oncocytoma in 4, angiomyolipoma in 5 and renal adenoma in 1. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy represents a feasible option for patients with small renal masses. Clamping the renal vessels during tumor resection and suturing the kidney mimics the open technique and seems to be associated with less blood loss and shorter laparoscopic operative time.     

Exploring the learning curve, pathological outcomes and perioperative morbidity of laparoscopic partial nephrectomy performed for renal mass

PURPOSE: We investigated the learning curve, pathological results and perioperative morbidity of laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The records of all LPN cases at our institution between January 1999 and March 2004 were reviewed. Of 223 cases 217 (97.3%) were performed for an enhancing renal mass. RESULTS: Mean tumor size was 2.6 cm (range 1 to 10) and 95.4% of patients had a normal contralateral kidney. Transient vascular control was performed in 75.1% of cases. Mean operative time (186 minutes) decreased with surgeon experience (p = 0.003) but was independent of tumor size (p = 0.964). Mean warm ischemia time (27.6 minutes) depended on tumor size (p = 0.005) but not on experience (0.964). Mean blood loss was 385 cc and the perioperative transfusion rate was 6.9%. Postoperative complications occurred in 23 cases (10.6%) with the most common being ileus (1.8%), bleeding (1.8%) and urinary leakage (1.4%). Although the mean serum creatinine change after LPN was a function of tumor size (p <0.001), it was clinically insignificant (0.13 mg/dl). No significant relationship was observed between warm ischemia time and creatinine change (p = 0.262). The final pathological evaluation revealed renal cell carcinoma in 144 patients (66.4%) and the overall positive margin rate was 3.5%. Only 2 renal cell carcinoma recurrences in the operated kidney (1.4%) were identified (mean followup +/- SD 24 +/- 12 months). CONCLUSIONS: LPN is an effective approach for treating small renal masses with low perioperative morbidity. Contrary to previous reports, more than 30% of the enhancing renal lesions excised in this series were found to be benign on final pathological evaluation.     

机器人辅助和普通腹腔镜肾部分切除术治疗肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的比较

目的对比肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤（RAML）患者中应用机器人辅助肾部分切除术（RAPN）与普通腹腔镜下肾部分切除术（LPN）的安全性及有效性。 方法收集2016年1月至2021年8月我院收治的肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤患者198例,其中80例为机器人辅助肾部分切除术组,118例为腹腔镜下肾部分切除术组。采用倾向性评分匹配后分析比较两术式的临床指标。 结果198例患者中有3例术中中转开放（包括2例LPN,1例RAPN）,1例LPN术中损伤输尿管,其余均顺利完成手术。RAPN组术中热缺血时间显著低于LPN组;RAPN组术后血红蛋白（Hb）差值百分比及eGFR差值百分比均显著低于LPN组（P<0.05）;手术时间、术中估计出血量、术中及术后输血率、术后并发症、术后引流量、引流管留置时间、胃肠道功能恢复时间、术后住院时间方面两组差异无统计学意义。 结论在肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤患者中,应用机器人辅助肾部分切除术相较于普通腹腔镜下肾部分切除术具有显著优势,手术出血更少,热缺血时间更短,能更大程度保留肾功能。     

Use of suspension traction system for renal positioning during laparoscopic partial nephrectomy

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The technical difficulty of laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN) lies mainly in the steps required during warm ischemia time (WIT), which includes tumor excision and renal reconstruction. We present a renal-suspension traction system to place the tumor in stable optimal view during the critical steps of LPN. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-three patients underwent LPN from October 2002 through December 2003. Eight had a renal sling placed intraoperatively because of difficult access to the tumor. Perioperative parameters were assessed. The renal hilum was dissected and the tumor exposed. To keep the tumor oriented perfectly toward the camera and the working ports, a 2-0 braided polyglactin (Vicryl) traction suture was passed through Gerota's fascia, catching the renal capsule; brought out through the abdominal wall; and secured to the skin with a clamp. RESULTS: All surgical margins were negative. For the traction and nontraction groups, the mean sizes of the tumor were 2.5 cm and 2.2 cm, respectively (P = 0.426). The estimated blood loss was 125 mL and 246 mL respectively (P = 0.041). The WIT average 27.4 minutes and 30.12 minutes (P = 0.470). The surgical time was 192 minutes and 235 minutes respectively, (P = 0.062). Based on our findings, we have devised a renal suspension traction algorithm for specific tumor locations during LPN. CONCLUSIONS: The renal suspension traction system allows precision in tumor excision and renal reconstruction during the critical steps of LPN. With the renal suspension system we devised, we are able to simplify LPN for tumors located away from optimal port access.     

Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy: experience in 60 cases

PURPOSE: To identify the factors associated with better outcomes in patients undergoing laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN). PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of 36 men and 24 women aged 31 to 80 years (mean 60 years) in whom LPN was attempted at our institution over a 3.5-year period. Baseline patient characteristics and operative, pathologic, and postoperative outcomes were analyzed. The median duration of follow-up was 14.2 months (range 1-38 months). RESULTS: The median pathologic tumor size was 2.1 cm (range 0.7-6.0 cm). Final pathologic review revealed renal-cell carcinoma in 73% of patients. Six patients (10%) required conversion to either an open partial nephrectomy or a laparoscopic radical nephrectomy. Dense perinephric adipose tissue in the setting of a small renal tumor and unanticipated multifocal disease were factors associated with surgical conversion. The median overall estimated blood loss was 112 mL, and the median warm-ischemia time was 30 minutes. Blood loss was greater in patients who did not undergo hilar clamping (467 v 65 mL; P = 0.008). CONCLUSION: Factors influencing successful LPN outcomes include selecting a tumor commensurate with the surgeon's laparoscopic experience, performing routine hilar clamping, adjunctive use of hemostatic agents, and renal-parenchymal suture ligation. The presence of thick, fibrotic perinephric fat overlying a small tumor increases the technical difficulty.     

后腹腔镜下肾部分切除术治疗早期肾癌

目的 探讨后腹腔镜下肾部分切除术治疗早期肾癌的可行性及安全性.方法 肾癌患者65例.男45例,女20例.平均年龄52岁.临床分期均为T_1N_0M_0.肿瘤直径1.8～4.0 cm,单发.行后腹腔镜下肾部分切除术.术中用bulldog血管夹阻断肾动脉,距肿瘤边缘0.5～1.0 cm处完整切除肿瘤.结果 中转开放手术3例,改为根治性肾切除术1例.手术时间平均120(70～210)min,肾动脉阻断时间平均32(21～55)min,术中出血量平均60(20～200)ml,平均住院10.5(7～15)d.术后发生肾周血肿1例,尿瘘1例,保守治疗后痊愈.62例患者随访3～56个月,未见肿瘤复发.残肾功能良好.结论 后腹腔镜下肾部分切除术是治疗直径≤4 cm、局限性单发肾癌的有效方法.     

机器人辅助腹腔镜剜除加肾部分切除治疗肾错构瘤6例报告

目的：总结机器人辅助腹腔镜剜除加肾部分切除治疗肾错构瘤的手术经验,探讨此术式的疗效及安全性。方法：2008年8月～2009年1月,在机器人（DaVinciS手术机器人系统）辅助腹腔镜下对6例肾错构瘤患者行剜除加切除手术,肾皮质部分肿块采用剜除方法,。肾髓质部分肿块采用肾部分切除方法。收集手术相关资料后与国外此手术初期的相关资料及我院同组人员腹腔镜保留肾单位肾部分切除术的资料进行比较分析。结果：6例手术均取得成功,无一例转换术式。肿瘤平均直径6．3（2～20）cm,手术时间（不包括术前机器人准备时间）158（120-210）min,肾动脉阻断时间29（20-45）min,术中出血量388（30～1000）ml,术后5～6天下床活动,3天拔除引流管,术后住院8（7～9）天。术后病理检查提示6例均为肾错构瘤。随访21～24个月,所有患者未见局部病灶残留,肾功能均在正常范围。结论：机器人辅助腹腔镜下剜除加切除治疗肾错构瘤操作灵活,创伤小,安全可靠,疗效确切。     

Nephron-sparing surgery for renal tumours: acceleration and facilitation of the laparoscopic technique

OBJECTIVE: Present our surgical technique for and experience with laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN) for renal tumours during warm ischaemia. METHODS: Twenty-five patients underwent LPN during warm ischaemia via a transperitoneal four-trocar approach. Mean tumour size was 26.2+/-7.3mm (range: 11-39 mm). Sixteen tumours were exophytic, 7 endophytic, and 2 central. The renal vessels were secured by an umbilical tape and occluded by a self-made Rumel tourniquet. Tumours were excised with a cold Endo-shear. The interstitial tissue and collecting system was closed using a running suture secured by two resorbable clips. Parenchymal edges were approximated using a running suture over a haemostatic bolster. The threads were secured by non-resorbable clips. During follow-up, renal function was evaluated by determination of serum creatinine, (99m)Tc-mercaptoacetyltriglycine scintigraphy, and parenchymal transit time. RESULTS: Mean ischaemia time was 28.9+/-5.2 min (range: 19-40 min) and the mean blood loss was 177.4+/-285.5 ml (range: 50-1500 ml). No intraoperative complications occurred and no patient needed conversion to open surgery. Surgical margins were negative in all patients. One postoperative surgical-related perirenal haematoma occurred, which was treated conservatively (no transfusions required). None of the patients had a urinary leak. During a mean follow-up of 6.2 mo (range: 1-15 mo), none of the patients had local or port-site recurrence or distant metastasis. Parenchymal transit time was increased in 1 of 10 investigated patients (ischaemia time: 26 min), indicating ischaemic parenchymal damage. CONCLUSION: Our technical refinements for LPN during warm ischaemia have widened indications to more complex tumours. The use of clips rather than knot tying made the procedure easier and faster and allowed completion of the suturing during an acceptable warm ischaemia time. The self-made Rumel tourniquet is safe and efficient for vessel control and occlusion. These improvements increase feasibility so that LPN can be used by more laparoscopic urologic surgeons.     

Necessity of ureteral catheter during laparoscopic partial nephrectomy

PURPOSE: Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN) is a relatively recently introduced method of treating renal tumors and, as such, surgical technique is evolving. In open series urinary fistula formation represents a common postoperative complication. In the laparoscopic approach investigators have advocated the placement of a ureteral catheter with retrograde dye injection to visualize caliceal entry to aid in closure. In this study we assessed the necessity of ureteral catheter placement during LPN in decreasing urinary leakage. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From February 1998 until November 2002 laparoscopic partial nephrectomy was performed in 103 patients with renal tumors. The patients were assessed retrospectively and divided into 2 groups according to placement (group 1) or no placement (group 2) of an external ureteral catheter. Group 1 included 54 patients (mean age +/- SD 57.4 +/- 13.4 years) and group 2 included 49 patients (mean age +/- SD 57.5 +/- 10.9). Intraoperative and postoperative parameters including blood loss, operative time, ischemia time, mass size, complications and hospital stay were reviewed and compared between the 2 groups. RESULTS: There were no differences between the 2 groups in mean estimated blood loss (group 1, 394.7 cc vs group 2, 291.5 cc, p = 0.07), postoperative serum creatinine (group 1, 0.95 mg/dl vs group 2, 0.89 mg/dl, p = 0.12), requirement for pain medication (group 1, 8.9 mg vs group 2, 4.9 mg morphine equivalents, p = 0.12), hospital stay (group 1, 3.1 vs group 2, 2.9, p = 0.29) and warm ischemia time (group 1, 28 minutes vs group 2, 26.5 minutes, p = 0.18). Mean total operative time was significantly longer for group 1 compared to group 2 (191.1 vs 149.4 minutes, respectively, p = 0.001). Postoperative urinary leakage requiring prolonged drainage occurred in 1 patient in group 1 and 1 in group 2. In both cases caliceal entry was identified and sutured. CONCLUSIONS: With experience caliceal entry can be identified without the need for a ureteral catheter in patients undergoing LPN for a tumor less than 4.5 cm. Urinary fistula may occur despite caliceal entry and repair. A ureteral catheter may not decrease urinary fistula in patients undergoing LPN.     

Novel technique for hand assisted laparoscopic right donor nephrectomy

PURPOSE: Most surgeons divide the renal vein with a laparoscopic stapler during laparoscopic donor nephrectomy. The right renal vein is usually shorter than the left one and using the stapler on the right side can result in a higher incidence of vascular complications for right kidney recipients. We present our experience with a new technique for hand assisted laparoscopic right donor nephrectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We designed a new vascular clamp to be completely inserted into the peritoneal cavity through the hand port incision in hand assisted laparoscopy. The renal vein with a cuff of the inferior vena cava was then excised. The defect in the inferior vena cava was sutured intracorporeally. RESULTS: A total of 80 kidney donors underwent hand assisted laparoscopic right donor nephrectomy using the new technique. Mean +/- SD operative time was 184 +/- 36 minutes. Operative time was decreased in the last 30 patients to 152 +/- 22 minutes. Intracorporeal suture time on the inferior vena cava was 16 +/- 3 minutes. No intraoperative complications were noted and there was no partial or total graft loss. Mean blood loss was 50 +/- 35 cc. Mean warm ischemia time was 4 +/- 2 minutes. Hospital discharge was on postoperative day 1 or 2 in 81% of patients. Graft function was normal in 78 recipients with a day 5 postoperative serum creatinine of 1.6 +/- 0.9 mg/dl. Two recipients showed delayed graft function and were treated medically. CONCLUSIONS: This technique for hand assisted laparoscopic right donor nephrectomy has proved to be safe and reproducible. We recommend practicing laparoscopic inferior vena cava suturing in the animal laboratory before performing it in humans.     

腹腔镜术中超声在中央型肾肿瘤行腹腔镜肾部分切除术的临床应用

目的:探讨腹腔镜超声(LUS)在中央型肾肿瘤行腹腔镜肾部分切除术(LPN)的临床价值。方法:回顾分析在LUS协助下行LPN的10例中央型肾肿瘤患者的临床资料。所有患者术前B超、CT和/或MR等影像学检查诊断为肾肿瘤,肿瘤均位于肾实质内,无明显外凸。男6例,女4例,年龄10~62岁(平均45.4岁),5例位于肾中部,1例位于肾上极,4例位于肾下极,肿瘤直径1.1~3.5cm,平均直径2.6cm。结果:腹腔镜术中超声对肿瘤位置、大小、边界和血供进行实时定位,确定肾肿瘤切除的范围,切除后再次复查超声,保证切缘阴性。术后病理回报:肾细胞癌9例,肾素瘤1例,所有切缘均阴性。结论:术中LUS可提供实时影像,协助手术医师准确定位包埋于肾皮质的中央型肾肿瘤,对肿瘤进行实时评估,减少术中出血,保障切缘阴性,为手术安全提供有效保障。     

腹腔镜肾部分切除术（附160例报告）

目的：介绍我院行腹腔镜肾部分切除术（LPN）的体会。方法：2004年1月～2009年11月采用腹腔镜经腹腔或后腹腔途径对160例肾肿瘤患者行LPN。局限性肾透明细胞癌135例,乳头状肾细胞癌6例,嫌色细胞癌2例,嗜酸细胞腺瘤2例,肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤15例,肿瘤直径4．1cm（2．0～6．0cm）。左侧86例,右侧74例。观察手术时间、术中出血量、住院大数、并发症及手术效果。结果：160例手术均顺利完成。平均手术时间70min（40～150min）,152例患者平均血管阻断时间26min（20～55min）,8例患者未阻断肾血管。术中平均出血量75ml（10～300m1）。4例术后出现迟发出血,予以保守治疗。2例术后出现漏尿。平均住院时间7．5天（6～15天）。随访2～70个月肿瘤无复发。结论：LPN安全、有效,对肿瘤压迫集合系统的,腔镜下缝合也是安全有效的,随着手术技术的熟练,对复杂肾肿瘤行LPN,肾脏功能保留和肿瘤控制效果逐渐提高。     

Comparison of laparoscopic and open partial nephrectomy in clinical T1a renal tumors

PURPOSE: Partial nephrectomy has been established as a standard of care for T(1a) renal tumors. Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN) has been described as more difficult to perform than open partial nephrectomy (OPN). We compare our series of LPN and OPN. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From October 2002 to January 2006, 76 LPNs were performed for patients with clinical T(1a) tumors. These patients were matched with a cohort of patients who underwent OPN for solitary tumors of 4 cm or smaller in diameter. The cohorts were compared with regard to demographics, perioperative data, and outcomes. RESULTS: The patient populations were demographically similar. Although mean tumor size was smaller in the laparoscopic cohort (2.5 v 2.9 cm, P=0.002), the OPN cohort demonstrated shorter operative (193 v 225 min, P=0.004) and ischemia times (20.5 v 32.8 min). LPN was associated with less blood loss (212 v 385 mL, P<0.001) and shorter hospital stay (2.5 v 5.6 days, P<0.001), however. One positive margin occurred in each of the LPN and OPN cohorts. Intraoperative complications were similar, although LPN was associated with fewer postoperative complications. Of note, two LPN (2.6%) patients had emergent reoperation and complete nephrectomy because of postoperative hemorrhage. CONCLUSIONS: Despite increased operative and ischemia times, LPN patients demonstrated quicker recovery and fewer postoperative complications. Two patients in the LPN group, however, had emergent complete nephrectomy because of hemorrhage. We conclude that LPN is still an evolving alternative to OPN in patients with small renal tumors.     

T1b期肾癌保留肾单位手术的适应证选择与疗效分析

目的 探讨T1b期肾癌行NSS的适应证选择、安全性及其临床效果.方法 对47例T1b期肾癌患者实施肾部分切除术.结果 OPN及LPN的热缺血时间分别为（15.3±5.8）min,（22.1±7.2）min.术后并发症：迟发性肾脏出血1例,术后肾动脉瘤1例,下肢深静脉血栓1例,分别予二次手术、选择性肾动脉栓塞术、抗凝等治疗.术后随访时间5个月～10年,5例失访,14例肿瘤转移.结论 T1b期肾癌选择肾部分切除术是安全可行的.需要综合考虑患者意愿、主要脏器功能状况、肿瘤与肾血管的解剖关系、残留肾单位的比例及术者擅长的术式等多种因素.因此,NSS有望成为T1b期肾癌的标准术式之一.     

Rapid communication: chronic renal insufficiency after laparoscopic partial nephrectomy and radical nephrectomy for pathologic t1a lesions

PURPOSE: To report the prevalence of new-onset renal insufficiency in patients undergoing laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN) as compared to laparoscopic radical nephrectomy (LRN) for pathologic T1a lesions. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty-eight patients and 37 patients with a normal contralateral kidney, preoperative creatinine (Cr) concentration <2 mg/dL, and tumors <4 cm in size underwent LPN and LRN, respectively. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was estimated using an abbreviated Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation. Cr concentrations and GFR values were analyzed in patients undergoing LPN or LRN. Statistical analysis was performed with two-tailed t-test assuming unequal variances, to establish significance by P < 0.05. RESULTS: Preoperative Cr and GFR was equivalent in the LPN and LRN groups (0.9 mg/dL and 90 mL/min). At last follow-up (mean 205 and 233 days in the LPN and LRN groups, respectively) mean creatinine was 1.03 +/- 0.3 mg/dL v 1.4 mg/dL +/- 0.3 (P = 0.0002). Estimated GFR was 79 +/- 22 mL/min per 1.73 m2 v 55 +/- 14 mL/min per 1.73 m2 (range 31-91 mL/min per 1.73 m2; P < .0001) in the LPN and LRN groups, respectively. One patient in the LPN group and three patients in the LRN group had clinical renal insufficiency as defined by Cr > 2.0 mg/dL. Subclinical renal insufficiency (Cr < 2.0, but calculated GFR <60 mL/min per 1.73 m2) was present in 57% of the LRN patients v 15% of the LPN patients. CONCLUSIONS: LPN preserves renal function more effectively than LRN for pathologic T1a lesions. Subclinical renal insufficiency (GFR <60 mL/min per 1.73 m2) was present in the majority of patients undergoing radical nephrectomy in our series. Importantly, this series included the use of warm ischemia in all cases.     

后腹腔镜保留肾脏手术治疗肾肿瘤

目的探讨后腹腔镜保留肾脏手术治疗肾肿瘤的手术方法和临床效果。方法采用后腹腔镜技术使用超声刀对13例肾良性肿瘤和5例肾恶性肿瘤患者分别行肿瘤剜除术和肾楔形切除术。男7例，女11例。平均年龄51岁。肿瘤直径1．5～4．0cm，平均2．8cm。观察手术时间、术中出血量、术后住院天数和术中术后并发症及手术效果。结果18例手术均获得成功。平均手术时间87min，平均出血量55ml，平均术后住院时间5．8d。围手术期无并发症。病理检查5例恶性肿瘤切缘阴性，平均随访10个月无局部复发。结论后腹腔镜肾部分切除术安全可行，切除肿瘤精确彻底，创伤小，恢复快，值得临床有选择地推广使用。     

后腹腔镜肿瘤剜除术治疗肾错构瘤(附20例报告)

目的:探讨后腹腔镜保留肾单位手术治疗肾错构瘤的手术技巧和临床效果。方法:采用后腹腔镜技术对20例肾错构瘤患者行肿瘤剜除术。其中择期手术患者19例,因肾错构瘤破裂出血急诊手术1例。肿瘤直径1.8～8.7cm,平均4.8cm。采用单纯肾动脉阻断并以吸引器吸除肿瘤的手术方法,观察手术时间、术中出血量、术后住院天数和术中术后并发症及手术效果。结果:20例手术均获得成功,无中转开放手术。平均手术时间119min,19例择期手术患者平均出血量85ml,急诊患者未行肾动脉阻断,术中出血约为1 000ml。平均术后住院时间9.9d。1例术后出现尿瘘,经保守治疗愈合出院。其他患者无围手术期并发症。术后随访3～60个月,无肿瘤复发。结论:后腹腔镜肾错构瘤剜除术应用肾动脉热缺血阻断、介入超声、吸引器吸除肿瘤、术前放置输尿管导管、止血手段等新技术安全可行,具有创伤小、并发症少、恢复快、住院时间短等优点。     

肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的临床研究

目的　探讨肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤 (RAML)诊治方法及肿瘤自发性破裂的危险因素。方法　回顾性分析 6 8例RAML患者资料 ,根据肿瘤大小分为A组 (≤ 4cm ,35例 )和B组 (>4cm ,33例 )。结果　 7例肾穿刺活检确诊 ,无穿刺并发症。 6 8例中 2 8例 (41 2 % )有症状 ,其中A组 4例(11 4 % ) ,B组 2 4例 (72 7% ) (P <0 0 1)。 9例自发性破裂者肿瘤大小 (11 6cm± 5 1cm)与 5 9例未破裂者 (5 3cm± 2 9cm)比较差异有显著意义 (P <0 0 1)。 9例自发性破裂者动脉瘤大小 (13 6mm± 5 8mm)与 7例未破裂者 (2 6mm± 3 0mm)比较 ,P <0 0 1。治疗包括保守观察 10例 (随访 2～ 7年 ,肿瘤无明显变化及其它并发症发生 ) ,肿瘤剜除术 30例 ,肾部分切除 14例 ,肾切除术 11例 ,后腹腔镜肾切除术 3例 (随访 2个月～ 12年 ,未见肿瘤复发及手术相关并发症 )。结论　B超 /CT介导下肾穿刺活检对于诊断不明者具有重要作用 ;肿瘤自发性破裂与肿瘤和动脉瘤大小有关 ;保留肾单位手术在RAML治疗中具有重要地位。     

Retroperitoneoscopic partial nephrectomy using microwave coagulation for small renal tumors

OBJECTIVES: The outcome of laparoscopic partial nephrectomy using a microwave tissue coagulator for treatment of small renal tumors was studied.PATIENTS AND METHODS: From June 1999 to May 2001, eight patients with small renal tumors of less than 5.0cm in diameter (1.0-5.0cm, T1N0M0) underwent retroperitoneoscopic partial nephrectomy. To control bleeding during the partial nephrectomy, the renal parenchyma around the tumor was coagulated using a microwave tissue coagulator with a needle of 1.5cm length. The tumor was circumscribed within the coagulated area with 8-13 punctures of the coagulation needle, and partial nephrectomy was performed using scissors and bipolar forceps.RESULTS: All eight patients successfully underwent the procedure retroperitoneoscopically. The average operative time was 295 minutes and the average blood loss was 129ml. Three patients showed urine leakage from the renal calyces, which was controlled by suturing retroperitoneoscopically. In two patients, the surgical margin was revealed to be positive for renal cell carcinoma by frozen section pathology and additional resection was performed in these individuals. The patients were discharged from the hospital with almost full convalescence on day 10 on average. Within the mean follow-up period of 10.4 months, no recurrence was found when examined with computer tomography (CT) using contrast media. As a complication, one patient experienced a decrease in function of the operated kidney caused by unknown reason.CONCLUSION: Retroperitoneal partial nephrectomy using a microwave tissue coagulator is useful for treatment of small renal tumors located at the peripheral area of the kidney. Bleeding from the renal parenchymal incision site is well controlled without occlusion of the renal artery with additional use of a bipolar coagulator, when necessary. Further experience and long-term follow-up are mandatory however, to establish the usefulness of this technique.     

机器人辅助腹腔镜与腹腔镜保留肾单位手术治疗肾门唇部肿瘤的临床对比分析

目的:探讨机器人辅助腹腔镜与传统腹腔镜对肾门唇部肿瘤行保留肾单位手术的临床疗效对比及手术经验。方法:回顾性分析2016年1月～2018年8月我院行保留肾单位微创手术治疗的68例肾门唇部肿瘤患者的临床资料,其中前唇肿瘤45例,后唇肿瘤23例。肿瘤直径1.5～8.0cm,平均4.2cm。行机器人手术38例(机器人组),腹腔镜手术30例(腹腔镜组)。结果:68例手术均顺利进行,平均手术时间93min(60～180min,不包含机器人装机时间),平均肾动脉阻断时间21.6(7～44)min,平均术中出血量156(20～600)ml,平均术后引流管拔除时间4(3～6)d,平均术后住院5.3(4～9)d,未出现明显术后并发症。中位随访13.5(3～32)个月,无复发、转移、死亡病例。与腹腔镜相比,机器人手术可明显减少手术时间(P<0.001)和术中出血量(P=0.011);机器人组与腹腔镜组肾动脉阻断时间分别为(19.0±6.5)min和(25.0±7.4)min(P=0.001),住院费用分别为(5.2±0.4)万元和(3.7±0.4)万元(P<0.001)。结论:肾门肿瘤采用微创保留肾单位手术进行治疗是安全可行的。与传统腹腔镜相比,机器人手术的住院费用增加,但对于治疗肾门肿瘤优势明显,可以显著缩短热缺血时间,减少术中出血量,使患者得到最大程度的获益。