注意缺陷多动障碍儿童的执行功能研究

目的：研究注意缺陷多动障碍患儿的执行功能。方法选择60例注意缺陷多动障碍患儿为观察组，另选择健康志愿者60例为对照组，2组研究对象均接受Stroop色词测验及威斯康星卡片分类测验（WCST ）。记录并比较2组Stroop效应测试及威斯康星卡片分类测验结果。Stroop效应测试指标包括完成卡片A耗时、完成卡片B耗时、完成卡片C耗时及干扰效应。威斯康星卡片分类测验指标包括总测验次数、正确反应数、持续错误数、非持续错误数及分类数。结果2组儿童完成卡片A、B耗时比较差异无统计学意义（ P＞0.05）。观察组儿童完成卡片C耗时（54.76±11.65）s ，显著长于对照组，其干扰效应为（28.76±6.75）s ，显著长于对照组，差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。观察组完成分类数、概念化水平均显著低于对照组，差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。但观察组错误应答数、持续性错误数及持续性应答数均显著高于对照组，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论注意缺陷多动障碍患儿存在执行功能障碍。     

不同类型的血管性认知损害的执行功能障碍

目的 分析不同类型的血管性认知功能损害(VCI)患者的执行功能损害特征.方法 经头颅MRI证实为皮质下缺血性小血管病(SIVD)患者64例,其中16例单一的执行功能损害(s-VCI-ND)、26例多个认知领域损害(m-VCI-ND)和22例血管性痴呆(VaD)患者,完成一系列神经心理测验,包括总体认知水平、记忆、语言、注意/执行功能、空间结构能力等各个认知领域.其中执行功能检查包括定势转移、优势抑制、工作记忆、概念形成和流畅性5个分因子,共15种独立的分测验.结果 汉诺塔测验、示踪排序测验、同步听觉连续加法测验等在非痴呆VCI(VCI-ND)患者中的完成率低于50%,不适合VCI-ND的检测;s-VCI-ND组与健康对照组比较,分别反映4种执行功能成分的连线测验B耗时数(216.5±69.3、137.4±37.9)、Stroop色词测验卡片C耗时数(115.4±30.1、72.9±17.5)、卡片分类测验(1.9±1.4、2.7±1.2)和范畴流畅性测验(列举动物14.2±2.3、17.7±4.4)差异具有统计学意义(t=4.73、5.72、2.04、3.53,均P<0.05);VCI-ND的认知表现介于健康老人组和VaD组之间,其中m-VCI-ND有比较严重的执行功能损害和情景与语义记忆障碍,其认知缺损模式接近VaD,很可能是VaD的前期状态.结论 SIVD所致VCI的执行功能损害缺乏选择性,部分执行功能测验可以作为早期检测VCI-ND的敏感工具.     

精神分裂症、抑郁症的认知功能障碍研究进展

认知功能是指大脑对信息加工处理的能力,即中枢神经系统分辨、整合信息并解决问题和完成任务的综合能力。通过威斯康星卡片分类测验等评估工具评估及SPECT等影像学研究,发现精神分裂症患者认知功能障碍以工作记忆为核心,伴有执行功能等障碍和影像学改变,抑郁症患者则以执行功能障碍为主,且和老年痴呆及血管性痴呆有着机制上的区别。     

儿童少年期精神分裂症患者及其一级亲属认知功能的对照研究

目的:探讨儿童少年期精神分裂症患者及其一级亲属的认知功能状况. 方法:对40例儿童少年期精神分裂症患者(患者组)、80名父母(患者父母组)及22名同胞(患者同胞组)采用注意力测验、WMS-R-逻辑记忆、数字广度、连线测验A和B、词汇流畅性测验、Stroop色词测验及威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)评定其认知功能,并与59名健康儿童(健康儿童对照组)及其父母(健康儿童父母组)80名进行比较. 结果:患者组除词汇流畅性测验以外,其他测验成绩差于健康儿童对照组;患者同胞组除数字顺背、词汇流畅性测验、连线测验-A、WCST正确应答数、WCST完成第1个分类应答数以外,其他测验成绩差于健康儿童对照组(P均＜0.001);患者父母组除数字顺背、词汇流畅性测验、连线测验-A以外,其他测验成绩差于健康儿童父母组(P＜0.01或P＜0.001).儿童精神分裂症患者与其父母在注意力测验、WMS-R-逻辑记忆、数字倒背、彩色文字阅读和彩色文字颜色阅读、WCST完成分数上呈正相关(r =0.350～0.615,P＜0.05或P＜0.001). 结论:儿童少年期精神分裂症患者及其一级亲属均存在广泛的认知功能缺陷,但患者的认知功能障碍更为严重.     

精神分裂症患者健康同胞的神经认知功能研究

目的 分析精神分裂症患者健康同胞的神经认知功能. 方法 采用Stroop测验、数字符号编码测验、符号搜索测验、定步调听觉连续加法任务测验及威斯康星卡片分类测验评估30例精神分裂症患者健康同胞(来源于自2010年10月至2012年4月在中山大学附属第三医院精神科住院的精神分裂症患者的健康同胞)及同期体检正常的43名对照者的神经认知功能. 结果 精神分裂症患者健康同胞在Stroop单词(P=0.016)、Stroop色-词(P=0.001)、符号搜索正确数(P=0.005)、符号搜索错误数(P=0.025)、符号搜索总分(符号搜索正确数减去错误数)(P=0.041)、威斯康星卡片分类测验正确数(P=0.015)、威斯康星卡片分类测验随机错误数(P=0.005)及威斯康星卡片分类测验完成分类数(P=0.041)的得分明显差于正常对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05). 结论 精神分裂症患者健康同胞可能存在执行功能及信息处理速度等神经认知功能缺陷.     

精神分裂症认知功能损害与病程的关系

目的：探讨精神分裂症认知功能损害的程度与病程关系。方法;分别用韦氏记忆测验,数字划销测验和威斯康星卡片分类测验评估27例急性精神分裂症病人和31例慢性精神分裂症病人的记忆、注意和执行功能。结果：注意损害随病程的延长而加重,记忆和执行功能损害与病程无关。     

首发精神分裂症病人治疗前后认知功能改变及其与精神症状的相关研究

目的探讨利培酮治疗对未服药首发精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响,以及认知功能与症状变化的关联。方法采用威斯康星卡片分类测验、数字广度测试、词语流畅性测试、Stroop测试、连线测试评估42例首发未服药精神分裂症患者的执行功能、工作记忆、信息处理速度等变化;阳性和阴性症状量表评定患者精神症状;多元回归分析探讨认知功能与精神症状的关联。结果治疗前,患者组威斯康星测验持续错误数较对照组多(P0.001),完成分类数较对照组少(P=0.009);数字广度测试及词语流畅性分数(Ps0.001)均降低;Stroop及连线测试完成时间均较对照组延长(Ps0.001)。治疗后,患者组Stroop_B(P=0.022)、Stroop_C(P=0.033)完成时间较治疗前减少。治疗前连线测试A/B成绩越差,则阴性症状及总症状(Ps0.05)越严重;连线测试A成绩越差,阳性症状的改善越少(P=0.019)。结论精神分裂症患者发病早期存在认知功能损害;急性期治疗可改善精神病性症状及信息处理速度,但不改善执行功能及工作记忆;提示患者早期信息处理受损可能更接近状态性生物学标记,而执行功能、工作记忆受损更接近素质性生物学标记。     

抑郁症首次发病患者缓解期认知功能的研究

目的:探讨抑郁症首次发病患者缓解期认知功能情况。方法:对病程≤1年、完全缓解≥3个月的抑郁症患者(抑郁症组,31例)进行注意、记忆及执行功能测验,结果与性别、年龄、受教育程度相匹配的健康对照者(正常对照组,31人)比较。结果:注意测验:与正常对照组比较,抑郁症组持续性操作测验第二、第三情境错误数明显增多(P均0.01);Stroop-色词阅读中的完成数目、正确数明显减少(P均0.01),错误数增多(P0.05);连线测验A、B式完成时间明显延长(P0.05或P0.01)。记忆测验:抑郁症组理解记忆分测验总分及甲、乙项、视觉再生测验b、c项成绩较正常对照组差(P0.05或P0.01)。执行功能测验:抑郁症组威斯康星卡片分类测试的正确数、分类数及言语流畅性测验中正确数少于正常对照组(P0.05或P0.01)。结论:首次发病的抑郁症患者病情缓解≥3个月时仍有认知功能缺损。     

首次发病的强迫症患者的认知功能

目的探讨首次发病的强迫症患者的认知功能特点。方法采用韦氏智力测验(Wechsler adult intelligence scale,WAIS)、韦氏记忆测验(Wechsler memorys cale,WMS-R)、Stroop测验、连线测验(trail-making test,TMT)A和B、威斯康星卡片分类测验(Wisconsin card sorting test,WCST)对首次发病的强迫症患者30例和正常对照32名进行认知功能评估。结果患者组WMS-R中图片回忆、再认、联想学习等3项成绩均较正常对照组差(P0.05),而Stroop测验中的读字色测验的错误数和用时、TMT-B时间、TMTB-A时间等4项成绩也差于正常对照组(P0.05)。此外,患者组WCST中的完成分类数、正确应答数、错误应答数、持续错误数等4项成绩均较正常对照组差(P0.01)。结论首次发病的强迫症患者存在记忆、注意和执行功能损害。     

缓解期双相情感性精神障碍患者认知功能

目的:了解缓解期双相情感性精神障碍患者认知功能损害的特点。方法:采用逻辑记忆、视觉再生记忆、连线测验A和B、数字广度测验、威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)及字色混淆测验(stroop)对62例缓解期双相情感性精神障碍患者(患者组)和62名健康者(对照组)进行有关言语学习和记忆、非言语学习和记忆、注意以及执行功能的神经心理学评定,比较两组间认知功能的差异。结果:患者组在即刻逻辑记忆、延迟逻辑记忆、连线测验A和B、WCST正确应答数、完成分类数、持续性错误数以及Stroop C-W操作分上均显著低于对照组(P<0.05~0.01)。结论:双相情感性精神障碍患者的认知缺陷有其特点。     

未经药物治疗的对立违抗障碍患儿的执行功能特征

背景:对立违抗障碍(ODD)以显著的对立、违抗和破坏性行为为主要特征,和品行障碍(CD)一样,被认为是破坏性行为障碍(DBD)的一种.然而,相比较与CD,ODD并不包括严重的攻击或者反社会行为.目的:本研究旨在探索ODD患儿的执行功能(EF)特征.方法:采用病例对照的研究设计.入组研究的ODD组有43例(pure ODD患儿14例和ODD/ADHD患儿29例),和pure ADHD患儿39例.健康对照组参与研究的有52例.采用Stroop色词测试,韦克斯勒智力量表儿童版(第四版,WISC-Ⅳ),威斯康辛卡片分类测试(WCST),和剑桥成套神经心理测试(CANTAB)对ODD和单纯注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)儿童进行执行功能测试,并且在控制了年龄以后,与健康发育儿童作比较.采用Logistic回归分析,探索执行功能缺陷在ODD(包括单纯ODD和ODD/ADHD)和单纯ADHD发生中的风险.结果:控制年龄因素后,ANCOVA方差分析结果显示相比较于对照组,ODD组在Stroop色-词测试,WISC-Ⅳ的倒背数字广度、WCST的持续反应数和概念化水平的得分更低,而在CANTAB任务视觉空间记忆(SWM)的错误数和策略分的得分更高.Logistic回归分析发现Stroop色词测试乙表读数进入ODD的回归方程.总结:ODD的患儿在执行功能任务时表现得更差.反应抑制缺陷是ODD的风险因素,而反应抑制和工作记忆缺陷是ADHD的风险因素.     

健康成人事件相关电位与神经心理学测验的相关性研究

目的 探讨事件相关电位P300的四个主要成分是否反映特定的认知功能。方法 将120名正常受试者按年龄分为三组，即20～34岁组、35～54岁组和55～70岁组，对所有受试者采用全套韦氏成人智力测验(WAIS-RC)等多项神经心理学测验以及P300进行测评，将神经心理学测验结果与P瑚结果进行Spearman等级相关分析。结果 三个年龄组中的N2潜伏期、P2波幅、N2波幅均与反映注意、短时记忆的神经心理学测验存在以下相关：在20～34岁组中，N2潜伏期与即刻视觉再生呈负相关(r=-0．352)，P2波幅与即刻视觉再生呈正相关(r=0．339)，N2波幅与即刻视觉再生呈正相关(r=0．331)。在35～54岁组中，N2潜伏期与数字广度、数字符号、词汇流畅均呈负相关(r分别=-0．357、-0．385、-0．316)；P2波幅与延线测验B呈负相关(r=-0．427)；Nl波幅与即刻逻辑记忆呈正相关(r=0．343)。在55～70岁组中，N2潜伏期与数字符号、词汇流畅呈负相关(r分别=-0．488和-0．321)，与延线测验B呈正相关(r=0．366)；P2波幅与数字符号呈正相关(r=0．314)；N2波幅与词汇流畅呈正相关(r=0．437)。在不同的年龄组中，P300的其他指标与神经心理学测验相关性不一致。结论 P300的四个主要成分可反映一定的认知功能，但不具有特异性，部分P300指标所反映的认知功能受年龄的影响。     

Executive functioning in children with intractable frontal lobe or temporal lobe epilepsy

The aim of the present study was to shed light on the executive functioning deficits that might differentiate children with frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE) from children with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Participants included 19 youth with intractable FLE and 47 youth with intractable TLE. Participants completed the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), verbal fluency, Trail Making Test (Trails A and B), Digit Span Forward (DSF), and Digit Span Backward (DSB). When compared to the normative sample, the FLE group performed significantly worse on DSF, DSB, Trails B, and the WCST. Similarly, the TLE group performed significantly worse on DSF and DSB compared to the normative sample. Youth with FLE had significantly greater difficulty on the WCST compared to the TLE group. Overall, the results indicated that youth with FLE had significantly greater difficulty with concept formation compared to children with TLE. No differences between groups emerged on tasks assessing attention, working memory, mental flexibility, or rapid word retrieval. Both groups performed significantly below the normative sample levels on attention and working memory tasks. As a whole, it appears that some, although not all, executive dysfunction is specific to FLE.     

Impairment of Concept Formation Ability in Children with ADHD: Comparisons between Lower Grades and Higher Grades

Objective

We investigated executive functions (EFs), as evaluated by the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), and other EF between lower grades (LG) and higher grades (HG) in elementary-school-age attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) children.

Methods

We classified a sample of 112 ADHD children into 4 groups (composed of 28 each) based on age (LG vs. HG) and WCST performance [lower vs. higher performance on WCST, defined by the number of completed categories (CC)] Participants in each group were matched according to age, gender, ADHD subtype, and intelligence. We used the Wechsler intelligence Scale for Children 3rd edition to test intelligence and the Computerized Neurocognitive Function Test-IV, which included the WCST, to test EF.

Results

Comparisons of EFs scores in LG ADHD children showed statistically significant differences in performing digit spans backward, some verbal learning scores, including all memory scores, and Stroop test scores. However, comparisons of EF scores in HG ADHD children did not show any statistically significant differences. Correlation analyses of the CC and EF variables and stepwise multiple regression analysis in LG ADHD children showed a combination of the backward form of the Digit span test and Visual span test in lower-performance ADHD participants significantly predicted the number of CC (R²=0.273, p<0.001).

Conclusion

This study suggests that the design of any battery of neuropsychological tests for measuring EF in ADHD children should first consider age before interpreting developmental variations and neuropsychological test results. Researchers should consider the dynamics of relationships within EF, as measured by neuropsychological tests.     

癫(癎)患者认知功能特点的研究

目的:研究癫(EP)患者认知功能的特点及其影响因素。方法:采用听觉词语测验、逻辑记忆测验、数字符号转换测验、Stoop字色干扰测验、连线测验、言语流畅性测验、Rey-Osterrieth复杂图片测验及Boston命名测验对166例EP患者进行认知评定。结果:EP患者存在广泛的认知损害,包括言语记忆、情景记忆、视觉空间结构记忆、词语学习能力、注意力、抗干扰能力、精神运动速度及言语命名功能等方面,以词语延迟回忆、注意力及精神运动速度损害最为明显。而未经药物干预的新诊断EP患者已存在除视觉空间记忆、注意力及抗干扰能力外的上述认知功能的损害,以词语延迟回忆最为明显。随访病例与新诊断病例的区别在于,前者在抗干扰能力及精神运动速度方面损害更明显。结论:新诊断EP组以及随访EP组病例在多项神经心理学测验中得分均低于正常对照组,两组之间差异有统计学意义。     

精神分裂症患者与其健康同胞的注意和执行功能障碍的对照研究

目的　探讨精神分裂症患者及其健康同胞的注意、工作记忆 /执行功能的特点。方法对 5 0例精神分裂症患者 (患者组 )及其健康同胞 5 0名 (同胞组 ) ,以及 4 5名正常对照者 (正常对照组 )采用威斯康星卡片分类测验 (WCST)和持续操作测验 (CPT) ,评估注意、工作记忆 /执行功能。结果　(1)在WCST中 ,患者组及其同胞组的总测验次数 (分别为 83 4± 2 3 2和 74 1± 2 4 6 )、持续错误数 (分别为 2 5 8± 11 7和 2 2 8± 10 7)、随机错误数 (33 4± 19 2和 2 5 9± 17 1)均高于正常对照组 (分别为6 0 0± 2 1 6、14 8± 8 3和 18 1± 16 0 ;P <0 0 1)。 (2 )在CPT中 ,患者组的评分 [(2 8 4± 4 0 )分 ]低于同胞组 [(30 4± 2 3)分 ]和正常对照组 [(30 9± 2 8)分 ],而同胞组与正常对照组的差异无显著性(P >0 0 5 )。(3)患者组及其同胞组发生执行功能障碍 (分别为 2 9例和 2 5例 )和注意缺陷 (分别为 2 2例和 7例 )的例数均多于正常对照组 (分别为 9例和 4例 ;P <0 0 1) ,其中有工作记忆 /执行功能缺陷的精神分裂症患者 ,其同胞出现这一缺陷的比率 (6 6 % )高于无缺陷的精神分裂症患者的同胞 (2 8% )。(4)WCST中的持续错误数与文化程度呈负相关 (r =- 0 32 ,P <0 0 1) ,CPT与性别 (r=- 0 2     

Attention and executive functions profile in drug naive ADHD subtypes

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been associated with executive functioning and sustained and divided attention deficits. In order to clarify the questions on neurocognitive impairment in ADHD, we investigated the presence of specific executive functions (EFs) and attention deficit patterns in ADHD clinical subtypes. 50 patients with ADHD and 44 controls were evaluated. All subjects were boys and performed a clinical-psychopathological and neuropsychological battery. Five main domains of EFs and attention were studied. Executive functions-related neurocognitive abilities were used as control tasks. ADHD patients, inattentive and combined subtypes differ from controls on response inhibition, divided attention, phonological, and visual object working memory and on variability of reaction times measured with CPT. Comparison of ADHD subtypes, in five main domains of EFs, did not show evidence of different executive functioning profiles. Response inhibition can predict performance on working memory tests but it cannot predict performance on divided attention/set shifting and on sustained attention. ADHD boys exhibit a selective impairment on executive functions and attention tasks. These data suggest the involvement of partially independent neural circuits which control inhibition and divided attention in ADHD. Since right prefrontal cortex seems to be crucial in controlling response inhibition, while left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex seems important in modulating divided attention, these areas are deputated to be involved in the pathogenesis of neuropsychological deficits in ADHD subtypes. In addition, this study candidates the impairment in phonological and visual-object working memory as a possible neuropsychological trait in ADHD males with inattentive or combined subtypes.     

Executive deficits in chronic PTSD related to political violence

Twenty-two subjects with chronic PTSD were compared to 23 subjects with no diagnoses (NPD) on tests of executive functioning (EF) that are assumed to have clinical significance after exposure to political violence. METHOD: The three cognitive components of EF, intentionality, inhibition and executive memory [Burgess, P. W., Alderman, N., Evans, J., Emslie, H., Wilson, B. A. (1998). The ecological validity of tests of executive function. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 4, 547-58], were measured using the Tower of London, Stroop Color-Word Test and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), respectively. RESULTS: The PTSD group was impaired on tasks measuring automatic processing and executive memory. Executive memory problems were related to elevated posttraumatic symptoms, but the executive components intentionality and inhibition did not differentiate the groups. Arousal and intrusive symptoms had no impact on intentionality. CONCLUSION: Posttraumatic symptoms are related to automatic processing problems and impairment in executive memory. Observed dysfunctions in mental flexibility could have a negative impact on the cognitive processing of traumatic memory, thus preventing from recovery.     

Executive functioning in adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

The present study examined the executive abilities of 35 adults diagnosed with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivily Disorder (ADHD) and 32 adults without the disorder (n = 67) who were equivalent in age, gender, years of education, and Full Scale IQ. The ADHD group performed significantly worse on Stroop Color-Word (eta(2) =.18) and Interference (eta( 2) =.08), as well as time to complete Trails B (eta(2) =.08) than the controls (all ps <. 05). Analysis of Design Fluency indicated that the ADHD group committed more perseverative (eta(2) =.06) and non-perseverative (eta(2) =.12) errors than did controls; however, novel output was equivalent for the groups. No group differences were observed on tests measuring cognitive initiation, abstract thinking, or working memory (all ps >.30; eta(2) =.00-.01). The distributions of WCST variables showed severe skew associated with high-functioning performance on the test among both groups. The pattern of results suggests the presence of specific deficits in response inhibition, with intact abilities in other cognitive domains, such as primary verbal and visuospatial skills. These findings are consistent with the literature on neuropsychological deficits among children with ADHD. That persons with ADHD present a primary deficit of behavioral inhibition supports Barkley's (1997) theory of ADHD, as opposed to theories by Denckla (1996) and Roberts and Pennington (1996) that emphasize intention and working memory.     

Neuropsychological disorders related to interictal epileptic discharges during sleep in benign epilepsy of childhood with centrotemporal or Rolandic spikes

Nine children (five males, four females; age range 6 years 1 month to 11 years 1 month) affected by benign epilepsy of childhood with centrotemporal or Rolandic spikes (BECRS) with EEG evidence of marked activation of interictal epileptic discharges (IEDs) during sleep, and nine unaffected control children matched for age, sex, and socioeconomic status, were enrolled in a prospective study. At the time of detection of IED activation during sleep, patients showed a mean Full-Scale IQ score within the normal range, but significantly below that of control participants; neuropsychological assessment revealed disorders in visuospatial short-term memory (Corsi's Block Tapping Test), attention, and cognitive flexibility (Trail Making Test and Stroop Color-Word Test), picture naming, and fluency (Benton's Naming Test and Word Fluency), visuoperceptual skill (Ghent-Poppelreuter and Street Gestalt Completion Tests) and visuomotor coordination (Bender Test). After detection of IED activation during sleep, children were followed up for 2 years. At the time of IED remission (T1), neuropsychological re-evaluation showed a notable increase in IQ score and a significant improvement (t-test: p<0.007) in visuomotor coordination, non-verbal short-term memory, sustained attention and mental flexibility, picture naming, and visual-perceptual performance. At T1, patients' performance did not differ from the controls (Mann-Whitney U test).