间接血球凝集反应的原理示意图

<正> 间接血球凝集反应(间接血凝)试验,在医学及生物学领域的应用已有30余年的历史。因它具有抗原抗体的特异性;用已知抗原(或抗体),就可检测出未知的微量抗体(或抗原)。它又具有灵敏、快速、简便及易于结果判定等优点,故已成为基础理论研究和临床血清学诊断的有力工具之一。 间接血凝反应的原理,从理论上早有详细论述,即将多糖或蛋白质抗原(或抗体)吸附(或结合)在载体——红血球的表面上,这种血球——致敏血球,就具备了血清学性质。致敏血球与患者血清     

反向间接血凝法检测乙型肝炎表面抗原的初步观察

用绵羊或人“O”型红血球以戍二醛或甲醛固定后,再经过高稀释度的鞣酸处理,这种红血球能将较多的蛋白质抗原或抗体吸附在其表面,称为致敏。用抗原致敏的红血球,在适当条件下与待检血清作用,如血清中有特异性抗体,则发生抗原抗体反应而出现凝集现象,称为间接血球凝集试验(简称间接血凝),用以检查病人血清中有无抗体。反之,如将抗体     

麻疹间接血凝试验与血凝抑制试验的应用比较

被动血球凝集试验(PHA)是一种快速、敏感的血清学方法,已广泛应用于微生物学及免疫学领域,1988年中国预防医学科学脘流行病学微生物学研究所与四川省卫生防疫站采用超声波处理未浓缩抗原致敏醛化绵羊红血球,建立麻疹被动血球凝集试验,并将其引入麻疹抗体的检测中。我们应用此试剂和微量血凝抑制试验(HI)同时检测305份健康儿童血清中的麻疹抗体,结果报道如下:     

固相致敏血球凝聚试验检测葡萄球菌肠毒素的研究

直接检测肠毒素是证实葡萄球菌食物中毒及食品卫生监控的重要依据。鉴于目前所用各种血清学检测法,在简易性、快速性及准确性上尚嫌不足,本研究初步建立了一种检测葡萄球菌肠毒素(简称葡肠毒素)的固相致敏血球凝聚技术(Solid-phase Aggregation of Coupled Erythrocytes SP-     

冻干鼠疫F1抗体致敏血球的制备及其效价测定

目的 筛选出适合野外鼠疫监测工作需求的冻干鼠疫F1抗体致敏血球.方法 在传统鼠疫F1抗体致敏血球制备方法的基础上增加红细胞保护剂,制备冻干鼠疫F1抗体致敏血球,并通过血凝试验筛选出两种红细胞保护剂蔗糖与海藻糖及两种介质健康兔血清(normal rabbit serum,NRS)、小牛血清白蛋白(bovine serum...     

间凝技术在诊断血吸虫病中的应用

间接红细胞凝集试验(Indirect hs-emagglutination test,IHA)是以红血球为载体.将预制的特异性抗原或抗体吸附其表面作为试剂,用于检测标本中的相应抗体或抗原的一种血清学方法.其特点是:微量的抗原与其相应抗体之间的特异性反应,可借红血球凝集现象表现出来,因此.显著地提高了反应的敏感性。 1.致敏血球和问凝技术已广泛应用于血吸虫病的诊断和流行病学调查它有高度的敏感性和特异性,其阳性检出率为92.80％～100％,平均为95.31％,非血     

陶瓷凹板法妊娠免疫学试验

哈尔滨市妇产医院的革命职工发扬敢想、敢干、敢创的革命精神,经过几年来反复试验,终于创造成功陶瓷凹板法妊娠免疫学试验。经过一万多例临床试验,该法对诊断早期妊娠、葡萄胎和绒膜上皮癌等效果准确,方法简便,化验及时,深受临床医生和患者的欢迎。陶瓷凹板法妊娠免疫学试验,是用血球凝集抑制试验,用绒膜激素免疫家兔获得抗体,再与绒膜激素致敏的血球(人、羊、兔等)混合产生肉眼可见的凝集,借以测定被检尿内是否有绒膜激素存在。如抗体尿液与致敏血球混合发     

用形成花环法测定杀伤细胞

杀伤细胞(K细胞)在细胞免疫中负有重要的杀伤靶细胞功能,因此测定K细胞的数量对于判断机体内破坏和排除繁殖细胞、癌细胞、病毒感染细胞的情况具有重要价值。测定K细胞的方法很多,最常用的方法有以靶细胞释放~(51)Cr为指标的ADCC试验法,空斑形成法、人类Rh阳性O型血红血球或牛红血球形成花环标记K细胞法。本文主要根据K细胞具有高度亲和Fc受体,试图用100倍稀释兔抗牛红血球IgE亚凝集价致敏牛红血球形成花环和兔抗人Rh阳性O型血球IgG亚凝集价100倍稀释致敏人红血球形成花环标记K细胞,以测其数量。     

新的固相血球吸附试验检测EHF患者血清IgM抗体的研究

我们参照有关文献,建立了一种新的固相血球吸附试验(Solid-phase attachment of red cells,简称SPARC),用于流行性出血热(EHF)患者血清特异性IgM抗体的检测。     

反相血凝在现场诊断鼠疫的实验观察

国有人用抗体中和试验检查野鼠巢穴和猛禽吐物中的鼠疫F_1抗原,调查结果表明,鼠疫菌的分布比原先想象的广泛得多。认为是没有鼠疫的北厄尔布鲁地区,用该方法从黄鼠巢穴和猛禽吐物中检出了F1抗原,随后经过细致工作,果然从该地区检出了鼠疫菌。近年来有人报导用鼠疫菌的免疫血清和免疫球蛋白致敏血球进行试验研究,用血凝试验诊断其相应的抗原①②,均指出用抗体致敏的血球作诊断物具有高度的敏感性和特异性。以前Cook(1965)认为凡是用抗体致敏血球的血凝试验统称为反相被动血球凝     

单克隆抗体在ELISA法检测B型肉毒毒素中的应用

于ELISA—双夹心法系统中采用B型肉毒毒素单克隆抗体作为包被抗体,可检出B型肉毒类毒素4—31ng/ml,与A型交叉最低浓度为4—8μg/ml,特异性比值为250—1,000;可检出B型肉毒毒素16ng/ml(4LD_(50)/ml) A型大于32μg/ml(大于301LD_(50)/ml),特异性比值大于2,000;检出污染食物标本中的B型肉毒毒素最低浓度为0.67—7.8LD_(50)/ml,与A型间未见交叉现象。其敏感度接近RPHA,特异性明显优于RPHA。     

Studies on shiga-like toxin produced by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli: purification and characterization of the toxin and development of methods for identifying the toxin

A simple purification method using DEAE cellulose column chromatography and immunoaffinity column chromatography was developed for purifying Shiga-like toxin produced by Escherichia coli O157:H7. About 0.75 mg of purified toxin was obtained from 5 liters of culture (62% recovery). The purified toxin was demonstrated to be immunologically, biologically and structurally indistinguishable from Shiga toxin. A sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for detection of Shiga-like toxin. In the ELISA assay, Shigella dysenteriae type 1, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and some strains of Escherichia coli isolated from traveller's diarrhea were positive. Shiga toxin-resistant Vero cells were isolated by treatment of the cells with nitrosoguanidine. Immunofluorescence studies showed that the mutant Vero cells had lost toxin binding capacity. Samples of S. dysenteriae type 1 and E. coli O157:H7 showed cytotoxicity to the parent cells, but not to the mutant cells. Samples of other organisms showed either no cytotoxicity or cytotoxicity to both cell lines. The results suggested that (1) the presence of a receptor for Shiga-like toxin on Vero cells is essential for expression of cytotoxicity of the toxin, (2) the mutant Vero cells could be used to identify Shiga-like toxin producing organisms.     

脉冲射频治疗慢性疼痛的现状及进展

脉冲射频是一种新颖的治疗方法，由于它具有效果好、损伤小、并发症少且可以反复使用等优点，因此被广泛应用于慢性疼痛的治疗。但其作用机制目前尚未完全明了，故应对其临床进行广泛的研究。然而因其具有很高的安全性，所以是目前临床医师们很喜爱使用的一种疼痛治疗方法。     

实验性家兔肉毒中毒的观察

肉毒毒素是已知毒性最烈的一种毒物,它不但可以引起人的中毒,也可以引起许多种動物的中毒。为了解肉毒中毒的動物模型,我们使用了肉毒毒素耳静脉注射,观察家兔实验性肉毒中毒的过程。报告如下。材料和方法选用健康家兔20只,随机分为两组。A组每公斤体重耳静脉注射A型肉毒毒素0.5毫升。B组每公斤体重注射B型肉毒毒素0.5毫升。注射前观察動物的饮食、活動、呼吸     

Diphtheria-tetanus overimmunization in children with no records: can it be prevented?

A pilot study was undertaken to assess the validity of two new tests for predicting the immune response of Toronto schoolchildren with no acceptable evidence of prior administration of diphtheria or tetanus toxoid to a routine booster injection of diphtheria and tetanus (DT) toxoid. The tests, an inexpensive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) fingerprick test for tetanus antibodies and a modification of the Schick skin test for susceptibility to diphtheria, were administered before the booster injection. One week later the ELISA test was repeated and the result of the modified Schick test read. On both occasions a diphtheria microneutralization assay was done for "gold standard" evidence of prior exposure to diphtheria toxoid or toxin. The results were used to determine the sensitivity and specificity of a single prebooster tetanus ELISA test or a modified Schick test for predicting which children with no records could be safely protected with only one DT booster dose instead of the primary series of three or four doses usually given to such children. Only 6 of the 34 subjects (18%) were totally without prior exposure to tetanus toxoid. Two of the six (6% of 33 subjects) appeared to mount a primary immune response to diphtheria toxoid as well. An initial ELISA titre of 0.01 IU/ml or lower correctly identified all six children needing a full series of tetanus toxoid (sensitivity for a primary immune response 100%) and falsely identified only 3 of 28 immune children as needing the series (specificity for immunity 89.3%). The modified Schick test appeared to have even greater accuracy for identifying children needing a full series of diphtheria toxoid. However, its use, entailing the costs of an extra nurse visit, would have prevented only seven more children from receiving an unnecessary full series of diphtheria toxoid than use of the baseline tetanus ELISA test alone.     

克雷霉素、头孢噻肟对艰难梭菌毒素转录和表达的影响

目的研究1/2最小抑菌浓度(MIC)剂量的克雷霉素和头孢噻肟对中国艰难梭菌A-B+高分离株BJ08的生长、毒力基因转录和毒素分泌的影响。方法 BJ08菌株分别生长在含有1/2 MIC的克雷霉素或头孢噻肟以及无抗生素的脑心浸液肉汤(BHI)液体培养基中。每4个小时,通过检测其OD值以确定其生长曲线;通过实时荧光定量PCR检测其毒力基因的表达;通过酶联免疫吸附测定法(ELISA)检测上清和细胞内B毒素的表达。结果 BJ08在1/2 MIC剂量的克雷霉素存在的情况下,菌株的生长和毒素表达几乎不受影响;但是在1/2 MIC剂量的头孢噻肟存在的情况下,菌株生长变慢,到达对数期的时间延迟;毒力基因和B毒素的表达提前且增加。结论实验证明:在亚MIC剂量的不同的抗生素存在的情况下对中国株A-B+艰难梭菌的生长和毒力基因表达影响不同。我们的研究对于临床医师规范治疗CDAD和合理应用抗生素有一定的参考价值。     

全自动酶联免疫分析系统的临床应用评价

目的　评价酶联免疫自动化的临床应用价值。方法　使用全自动酶联免疫分析系统、普通酶标仪及洗板机分别对 13 0份质控标本和低值弱阳性标本进行HBsAg检测 ,比较全自动法、普通比色法和手工法的检测速度和检测质量。结果　全自动酶联免疫分析系统能明显加快实验速度 (比普通比色法加快 16分钟 ) ,提高显色强度 (与普通比色法相比 ,0 5ng/mL的标本OD值从 0 13 9增加到 0 14 9,P <0 0 5 ) ,消除边缘效应 ,检测的灵敏度和特异性等方法学评价指标均有不同程度的提高 (与普通比色法相比 ,符合率从 98 5 %提高到 10 0 % ) ,多数评价指标优于普通比色法和手工法。结论　全自动酶联免疫分析系统不但能降低劳动强度 ,提高劳动效率 ,而且能明显提高检测质量。酶联免疫吸附试验的自动化是现代化实验室发展的主要趋势之一。     

A型肉毒毒素与神经病理性疼痛

A型肉毒毒素广泛用于肌肉过度活动性疾病及美容外科领域。近年来,此种毒素在疼痛方面的治疗作用引起了人们的注意,如肌筋膜疼痛综合征、偏头痛及其它各种头痛。目前,A型肉毒毒素用于神经病理性疼痛的研究和治疗也日益得到关注。研究发现,A型肉毒毒素可能在治疗神经病理性疼痛方面极具前景。     

A型肉毒毒素在神经系统疾病中的应用研究进展

近年来随着A型肉毒毒素作用机制研究的不断深入,其在神经系统疾病中的应用范围日渐扩大。因其肌肉化学性去神经支配效应可用于治疗面肌痉挛、特发性眼睑痉挛、口下颌肌张力障碍、痉挛性斜颈、抽动障碍、脑卒中后肢体痉挛和痉挛性脑瘫;因其植物神经系统效应可用于治疗多涎病症和多汗证;因其镇痛效应可用于治疗各种头痛和神经痛,故A型肉毒毒素已逐渐成为神经科领域一种重要的治疗手段。     

Treatment of type C3 distal radius fracture resulted from high-energy injuries by volar plate in combination with external fixator

Background With a type C3 distal radius fracture it is extremely difficult to maintain the reduction and to restore congruity of the articular surface because the support for the volar and dorsal bone cortex has been lost. An external fixator crossing wrist in combination with Kirschner wire (K-wire) fixation was popularly used by most studies in recent years. But loss of reduction often occurred especially in the volar sides. Methods A total of 30 cases of type C3 distal radius fracture were treated by a volar buttress plate combined with a transarticular external fixator and other techniques such as K-wire fixation and bone grafting if necessary. The postoperative volar tilt angles, ulnar inclinations, radial heights, range of motion, grip strength and complications were recorded to assess the therapeutic effects. Results Of the 30 patients, 27 patients were followed up for 12-29 (mean 18) months and all fractures healed in 8-13 weeks after surgery (mean 10 weeks). The wrist function was excellent in 8 cases, good in 16 cases and fair in 3 cases according to the Sarmiento scoring system (modified by Stewart).Conclusions For type C3 comminuted fracture with severe volar and dorsal instability, fixation by volar buttress plate combined with transarticular external fixator should be adopted. Dorsal instability could be further stabilized by other techniques such as Kirschner wire fixation, and bone grafting.