2型糖尿病合并非糖尿病肾病的临床及病理分析

目的：回顾性分析2型糖尿病合并非糖尿病肾病的临床表现及病理特征。方法：回顾性分析2004年1月～2009年12月临床疑为合并非糖尿病肾病的110例2型糖尿病患者的肾活检资料。根据肾活检结果分为单纯糖尿病肾病（DN）组和糖尿病肾病合并非糖尿病肾病（NDRD）组,并对临床和病理资料进行分析。结果：110例2型糖尿病肾病患者中,50例（45.5%）合并非糖尿病肾病。糖尿病肾病合并非糖尿病肾病组蛋白尿、血尿发生率高于单纯糖尿病肾病组,但糖尿病视网膜病变发生率低于单纯糖尿病肾病组。两组年龄、糖尿病病程、高血压、血肌酐和肾小球滤过率差异无统计学意义。所有合并的非糖尿病肾病中,IgA肾病的比率最高为34%,其他依次为膜性肾病22.0%,系膜增殖性肾小球肾炎14%,HBV相关性肾小球肾炎8.0%,微小病变型肾小球肾炎10%,高血压肾小球硬化4.0%,FSGS4.0%,新月体肾小球肾炎2.0%,狼疮性肾炎2.0%。结论：2型糖尿病肾病合并非糖尿病肾病发生率45.5%,IgA肾病最常见。血尿、蛋白尿同时缺乏糖尿病视网膜病变强烈提示合并非糖尿病肾病。对于临床表现不典型的患者,肾活检是一项排除糖尿病肾脏病变的重要手段。     

青年与老年2型糖尿病患者非糖尿病性肾脏损害的对比分析

目的探讨青年与老年2型糖尿病患者非糖尿病性肾脏损害的临床表现和病理特点。方法比较分析在我院进行。肾活检的10例青年（青年组,≤35岁）和15例老年（老年组,〉60岁）糖尿病患者非糖尿病性。肾脏损害的临床表现和病理特点。结果两组患者比较,合并非糖尿病性。肾脏损害中,临床表现为与糖尿病病程不相符的肾功能损伤者,青年组1例,而老年组10例。肾脏病理类型为IgA肾病者,青年组4例,老年组1例;病理类型为。肾小管间质性肾病者,青年组无1例,而老年组有6例,其中1例为亚急性、5例为慢性肾小管间质性。肾病。上述临床表现与病理类型之间比较,均有统计学差异（P〈0．05）。结论青年糖尿病患者非糖尿病性。肾脏损害主要为IgA肾病（占40％）,老年糖尿病患者则主要为慢性肾小管间质性肾病（占41）％）,临床主要表现为与糖尿病病程不符合的肾功能损伤,由于起病早期未能发现,。肾活检时大多已呈慢性病变。     

2型糖尿病患者合并非糖尿病性肾损害的临床病理分析

目的：了解2型糖尿病合并非糖尿病性肾损害的临床病理特点。方法：总结分析29例2型糖尿病合并非糖尿病肾损害的临床资料、病理改变及治疗反应。结果：2型糖尿病或糖尿病肾病可以合并多种非糖尿病肾损害,以各种类型的原发性及继发性肾小球疾病为主。原发性肾小球疾病常见病理类型有轻度系膜增生性肾小球肾炎、膜性肾病、IgA肾病和微小病变。这些患者具有以下不同于典型糖尿病肾病的特点：（1）糖尿病病程短于5年;（2）大量蛋白尿或肾功能不全时血压正常;（3）急性肾功能衰竭;（4）血尿明显。大部分肾病水平蛋白尿患者经糖皮质激素或糖皮质激素联合细胞毒类药物治疗后可完全缓解.结论：（1）2型糖尿病合并肾损害不等于糖尿病肾病;（2）2型糖尿病可以合并各种非糖尿病性肾损害;（3）当2型糖尿病伴肾脏受累者具有上述不符合糖尿病肾病特征时,应尽早行肾活检明确诊断;（4）在充分考虑患者 的临床特点、病理改变、严格控制血糖及血压的情况下,糖皮质激素或糖皮质激素联合细胞毒类药物治疗是安全有效的,可以改变患者的预后。     

糖尿病肾病与非糖尿病性肾脏疾病的对比分析及其诊断概率回归方程的建立

目的 对比分析糖尿病肾病和糖尿病合并的非糖尿病性肾脏疾病的不同临床特征，探索两组疾病的临床鉴别诊断依据，建立糖尿病肾病诊断概率回归方程。方法肾活检前临床诊断为糖尿病肾病患者共110例，经肾活检后，按病理诊断分为两组：DN组(糖尿病肾病)60例，NDRD组(非糖尿病性肾脏疾病)50例。对两组资料进行统计分析。结果单因素及多因素回归分析显示，糖尿病患病时间、收缩压、糖化血红蛋白、有无血尿和视网膜病变与糖尿病肾病诊断相关。由所得参数建立糖尿病肾病诊断概率回归方程。经检验，方程判断糖尿病肾病灵敏度为90%，特异度为92％，阳性预测值为93％，阴性预测值为88％，准确率为91％。结论2型糖尿病伴肾脏损害并不一定是糖尿病肾病，相当部分是非糖尿病性肾脏疾病，回归方程的建立可为临床鉴别诊断提供帮助。     

2型糖尿病伴发非糖尿病性肾小球病变20例分析

糖尿病肾病是糖尿病的远期并发症之一,是糖代谢紊乱所致肾脏微血管病变的结果,具有独特的病理和临床特点.蛋白尿是糖尿病肾病(DN)最常见的临床表现之一 ,但是并非所有出现蛋白尿或者肾脏损害的糖尿病患者均属于DN.随着肾活检的开展,人们逐渐发现部分糖尿病患者的肾脏病变与糖尿病无关,而部分患者可以在糖尿病肾病的基础上同时合并其他的肾脏疾病,这就是所谓的糖尿病合并非糖尿病性肾脏疾病(NDRD).NDRD与DN 在病变性质,临床表现、治疗方法及预后均存在差异,本文通过对本院肾脏科近5年收治的2 0例NDRD患者的临床特点分析,以求提高对DM患者出现肾脏损害时的诊断与鉴别诊断水平, 为这类患者提供有效的诊治方案.     

2型糖尿病伴非糖尿病肾损伤临床病理分析

目的:分析2型糖尿病患者伴非糖尿病性肾脏疾病(NDRD)的临床病理特点,为NDRD与糖尿病肾病(DN)鉴别提供依据。方法:回顾性分析12例接受肾活检并结合临床和病理诊断为NDRD的2型糖尿病患者的临床和病理资料。结果:NDRD患者发现糖尿病至出现肾脏损害的病程短,容易出现畸形红细胞尿,较少伴糖尿病眼底损伤。NDRD中系膜增生最多,膜性肾病次之。在严格监控血糖的条件下根据病理类型使用糖皮质激素对部分NDRD安全有效。结论:2型糖尿病可合并NDRD,以系膜增生和膜性肾病居多,可结合临床和肾活检病理进行鉴别,严格控制血糖条件下,糖皮质激素的使用对NDRD并非禁忌。     

121例原发性IgA肾病的临床与病理及相关性分析

目的：了解IgA肾病患者的临床表现及其病理类型、损害程度,并探讨其相关性。方法：对经肾活检证实为原发性IgA肾病的121例患者的资料进行回顾性分析。结果：121例中男55例,女66例,平均年龄（33.33±10.59）岁;临床表现以尿检异常型最常见,为50例（占41.3%）,其次是高血压型25例（占20.7%）及大量蛋白尿型21例（占17.3%）;肾脏病理类型多样,Hass分级以Ⅲ级为主（占47.9%）;伴新月体形成39例（占32.2%）,伴肾小管损害91例（占75.2%）,伴有血管病变23例（占19%）,免疫复合物的沉积以IgA＋IgM＋C3型比例最高为48例（占39.67%）,IgM沉积总计达77例（占63.63%）。结论：IgA肾病的临床表现和病理类型多样,存在着一定的相关性但不完全一致,要综合临床表现并早期行肾活检以明确肾脏病理诊断。     

2型糖尿病并发慢性肾脏病临床病理特点分析

目的 研究2型糖尿病并发慢性肾脏病（CKD）患者的肾脏损害类型及临床特点。 方法 回顾性分析155例伴显性白蛋白尿的2型糖尿病患者的肾脏损害病理类型及临床特点。根据病理表现分为典型糖尿病肾小球病（DG）组、不典型糖尿病相关肾脏病（ADRD）组、非糖尿病肾病组（NDRD）和DG并发NDRD组。 结果 DG占18.7%,ADRD占12.9%,NDRD占60.0%,DG并发NDRD占8.4%。DG的糖尿病病程较长,空腹血糖较高,糖尿病视网膜病变（DR）发生率较高,收缩压和平均动脉压较高,尿蛋白量较多,GFR下降更明显。ADRD组年龄较小,体质量指数和肥胖比例较高。NDRD组多可见肉眼血尿和急性肾功能下降,对诊断NDRD有一定预测价值的因素有不伴DR、糖尿病病程小于5年、肉眼血尿、急性肾功能下降、自身免疫性疾病证据和尿蛋白量≥3.5 g/24 h且eGFR≥60 ml/min。 结论 2型糖尿病并发CKD的肾脏病理表现多样,NDRD常见,且与ADRD和DG有差异。如2型糖尿病并发慢性肾脏病患者出现以下任何1项：2型糖尿病病程少于5年、不伴DR、肉眼血尿史、急性肾功能下降、尿蛋白量≥3.5 g/24 h但eGFR≥60ml/min、有导致肾损害的系统性疾病证据,应考虑肾活检明确病理诊断。     

少量蛋白尿和（或）血尿IgA肾病临床病理分析

目的 了解表现为少量蛋白尿和（或）血尿IgA肾病（IgAN）患者的肾脏病理特征及其与临床表现的关系。 方法 对1993年1月至2009年10月肾活检确诊为IgAN,且表现为少量蛋白尿 （<1 g/24 h）和（或）血尿,Scr<133 μmol/L的患者的临床和病理资料进行回顾性分析。病理学分级参照Lee分级及Katafuchi半定量积分标准。应用多因素logistic回归法分析肾脏病理损伤的危险因素。 结果 符合入选标准共316例,男123例,女193例,肾穿时年龄（33.10±10.69）岁。蛋白尿伴血尿占84.5%、单纯血尿占7.6%、单纯蛋白尿占7.9%。16.5%患者伴有高血压。CKD1、2、3期分别占76.9%、20.9%和2.2%。Lee Ⅲ级及以上患者占31.3%。52.8%患者有不同程度肾小球硬化;20.3%伴新月体形成;22.5%伴小管萎缩;16.8%有间质纤维化;24.7%有血管病变。肾小球硬化积分与估算肾小球滤过率（eGFR）呈负相关;与蛋白尿及平均动脉压（MAP）呈正相关。肾小管间质病变积分与eGFR及血红蛋白(Hb)呈负相关;与尿蛋白量呈正相关。血管病变积分与MAP呈正相关;与eGFR呈负相关(均P < 0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,肾活检时尿蛋白量（OR = 8.564,P < 0.01）、Scr（OR = 1.031,P< 0.01）及Hb（OR = 0.975,P < 0.01）是肾脏病理损伤（LeeⅢ级以上）的独立危险因素。 结论 部分表现为少量蛋白尿和（或）血尿IgAN患者的病理改变并不轻,且肾功能已减退。尿蛋白量、Scr、Hb是预测肾脏病理损伤程度的独立危险因素。肾活检对这些患者明确诊断、判断病情和预后、制定个体化治疗方案十分重要。     

糖尿病合并肾脏损害患者肾活检的临床意义

糖尿病肾脏疾病(DKD)是导致慢性肾衰竭的主要原因,其中2型糖尿病所致的肾脏病变占绝大多数。肾活检病理检查是诊断的"金标准",对患者治疗方案的选择及预后判断具有重要价值,对新药的开发具有重要意义,也是DKD流行病学调查、确定临床病理联系和开发无创诊断方法的重要依据。因此,对糖尿病尤其是2型糖尿病合并肾脏损害的患者积极开展肾活检病理检查具有重要的临床意义。     

Renal pathological change in patients with type 2 diabetes is not always diabetic nephropathy: a report of 52 cases

AIMS: The present study examined the relationship between clinical features and renal histological changes in the Type 2-diabetic patients and evaluated the usefulness of renal biopsy in the diagnosis of diabetic versus non-diabetic kidney disease. METHODS: 52 patients with Type 2-diabetic mellitus were retrospectively analyzed for differential clinical, laboratory features and pathological characteristics including overt proteinuria (> 0.5 g/day), elevated serum creatinine and/or the development of hematuria. RESULTS: Of 52 patients, 20 cases (38.5%) showed no detectable diabetic lesions and, thus, were diagnosed as non-diabetic renal disease (NDRD), while 32 patients (61.5%) exhibited diabetic nephropathy. Interestingly, while 29 patients showed diabetic nephropathy (DN) alone, NDRD was also found in 3 patients with DN. Clinically, 24 out of 52 patients (46.16%) had a diagnosis consistent with the pathological findings, while 10 (19.23%) were diagnosed incorrectly. Compared to NDRD patients, patients with DN had prolonged diabetic history with or without retinopathy, while 25% of patients with NDRD exhibited mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis. CONCLUSIONS: NDRD was a common feature in Type 2-diabetic patients with renal involvement. The absence of retinopathy and short periods of diabetic history may be useful indicators for diagnosis of NDRD clinically.     

Renal pathology and clinical features of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease

Objective To retrospectively investigate the pathological and clinical characteristics of diabetic nephropathy and non-diabetic nephropathy diagnosed with renal pathology. Methods Data of 110 patients diagnosed as type 2 diabetes mellitus combined with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and conducted renal biopsy from January 2004 to December 2013 in our hospital were retrospectively analyzed. According to pathological diagnosis, patients were categorized into three groups: DN group, NDRD group and DN with NDRD group (MIX group). Results Membranous nephropathy was the most prevalent pathological type in NDRD group while IgA nephropathy was the major pathological type in MIX group. Compared with NDRD, DN patients had a higher anemia and diabetic retinopathy(DR) rate (all P＜0.05). The prevalence of having both nephrotic range proteinuria and kidney function decrease was higher in DN than NDRD (P＜0.05). Conclusions Renal pathology is important for the differential diagnosis of DN and NDRD since there is a relatively high rate of NDRD in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and CKD.     

Nondiabetic Renal Disease in Type 2 Diabetic Patients: A Review of our Experience in 220 Cases

Background: The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the renal biopsies performed on type 2 diabetic patients for suspicion of nondiabetic renal disease (NDRD) and to correlate the pathological finding with the clinical and laboratory findings. Methods: From January 1999 to December 2009, 220 people with type 2 diabetes for clinically suspected NDRD underwent renal biopsy. The case records of these patients were retrospectively analyzed. Based on the biopsy findings, patients were divided into two groups: Group I, isolated diabetic glomerulosclerosis (DGS), and Group II, NDRD with underlying DGS. Clinical and laboratory data were analyzed in relation to the histopathological findings. Results: Of the 220 patients studied, 153 were males and 67 were females. The average age was 51.35 years (30–79). Renal biopsy showed that 100 patients (45.5%) had NDRD with underlying DGS. Group II had a significantly higher level of proteinuria and hematuria but less frequent diabetic retinopathy. There was no significant difference between the two groups in age, duration of diabetes, presence of hypertension, serum creatinine, and glomerular filtration rate. IgA nephropathy was the most common, accounting for 34% of Group II, membranous nephropathy ranked second accounting for 22.0%, followed by mesangial proliferative nephritis for 14%. Conclusion: This study showed that IgA nephropathy is the commonest NDRD among diabetics. The absence of retinopathy, especially when associated with nephritic proteinuria and hematuria, strongly predicts NDRD superimposed on DGS. Renal biopsy should be performed in diabetics when the clinical scenario is atypical.     

Development and validation of a predictive model for the differential diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy and non-diabetic renal disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Objective To develop and validate a predictive model for the differential diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy (DN) and non-diabetic renal disease (NDRD) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods A retrospective study with patients with type 2 diabetes who underwent renal biopsy in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from February 2012 to January 2015 was conducted. The dataset was randomly split into development (70.0%) and validation (30.0%) cohorts. Baseline predictors for model development was selected by using univariable and multivariable logistic regression. The model's performance in the two cohorts, including discrimination and calibration, was evaluated by the C-statistic, calibration curve and the P value of the Hosmer-Lemeshow test. Results Among the 931 patients with type 2 diabetes, 478 cases (51.3%) diagnosed as DN alone, 214 cases (23.0%) as NDRD alone and 239 cases (25.7%) as DN plus superimposed NDRD (MIX). Among NDRD and MIX patients, membranous nephropathy was the most common pathological type, followed by IgA nephropathy. The variables selected in the final predictive model were age, duration of diabetes, diabetic retinopathy, systolic blood pressure, hemoglobin, fasting blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, cystatin C. The model performed well with good discrimination and calibration. The C-statistics were 0.913(95%CI 0.892-0.935) in the derivation cohort and 0.897(95%CI 0.876-0.919) in the validation cohort. The model had the best P value of 0.934 of the Hosmer-Lemeshow test. Conclusions A simple predictive model with high accuracy is constructed for predicting the presence of NDRD and MIX for type 2 diabetic patients. The nomogram can be used as a decision support tool to provide a non-invasive method for differential diagnosis of DN and NDRD, which may help clinicians assess the risk-benefit ratio of kidney biopsy for type 2 diabetic patients with renal impairment.     

Non-diabetic renal disease with or without diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes: clinical predictors and outcome

Abstract

Background: Renal involvement in type 2 diabetes is mostly due to diabetic nephropathy (DN), but a subset of diabetic patients could present with pure non-diabetic renal disease (NDRD) or NDRD superimposed on DN. We conducted a prospective cohort study to identify the underline renal pathology in type 2 diabetic patients with defined clinical criteria for renal biopsy. Methods: A total of 46 patients (27 female, mean age of 48.9?±?11.9 years) with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and atypical features of DN with unexpected proteinuria, hematuria, and/or renal impairment were enrolled in this study. Results: Of 46 patients with type 2 diabetes, 16 (34.8%) had DN, 20 (43.5%) had NDRD, and 10 (21.7%) had NDRD superimposed on DN. Membranous nephropathy (34%) was the most common NDRD. Patients with NDRD had a lower frequency of diabetic retinopathy (5%), shorter duration of diabetes, higher range of proteinuria, and better kidney survival. In multiple logistic regression analysis, only lack of diabetic retinopathy was independent predictor of NDRD. Positive and negative predictive value of diabetic retinopathy (DR) for diabetic nephropathy was 94 and 68%, respectively. Conclusion: Kidney biopsy is strongly recommended for patients with type 2 diabetes and atypical renal presentation for DN, particularly in the absence of DR. This approach could lead to diagnosis of NDRD with better renal survival.     

血红蛋白在鉴别糖尿病肾病与非糖尿病肾脏疾病中的作用

目的探讨血红蛋白在鉴别糖尿病肾病(DN)与非糖尿病肾脏疾病(NDRD)中的临床意义。 方法对2004年1月至2012年4月在解放军总医院肾脏病科行肾活检、病理诊断明确且病史资料完整的66例DN、78例NDRD患者进行回顾性分析,比较两组临床指标及合并症的差异,采用多因素Logistic回归分析方法明确DN的独立危险因素;比较DN及NDRD组不同CKD分期的血红蛋白水平差异,明确其贫血性质及贫血相关的独立危险因素。 结果DN组糖尿病罹病时间、肾病罹病时间、平均动脉压、血清肌酐、尿素氮、24 h尿蛋白定量水平及合并糖尿病视网膜病变、心血管病、贫血的比例均高于NDRD组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);多因素分析显示糖尿病罹病时间长(OR＝1.012,95%CI 1.005～1.019)、合并糖尿病视网膜病变(OR＝ 4.265,95%CI 1.616～11.255)、血红蛋白水平低(OR＝ 0.952,95%CI 0.929～0.976)及合并心血管病(OR＝2.875,95%CI 1.089～7.593)是DN的独立危险因素;CKD1～3期DN组及NDRD组的血红蛋白水平均存在显著性差异(P<0.05),该差异在CKD 4～5期消失;DN及NDRD组共有60例诊断为贫血,均为正细胞正色素性贫血;多因素Logistic回归分析显示白蛋白降低(OR＝0.928,95%CI 0.879～0.980)、血清肌酐升高(OR＝1.011,95%CI 1.004～1.019)、病理诊断为DN(OR＝6.213,95%CI 2.690～14.347)是贫血的独立危险因素。 结论血红蛋白与DN显著独立相关,早期对血红蛋白水平的监测可能为临床鉴别DN与NDRD提供新线索。     

Evaluation of renal biopsies in type 2 diabetic patients with kidney disease: a clinicopathological study of 216 cases

Objectives

The outcome and the therapy of patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), diabetic nephropathy (DN), and non-diabetic renal disease (NDRD) are quite different, so the differential diagnosis is of considerable importance. To evaluate the usefulness of renal biopsy in type 2 diabetic patients, we examined the relationship between the clinical parameters and the histopathological findings in different age groups.

Methods

Renal biopsy specimens and clinical and laboratory data from 216 patients with type 2 DM were evaluated. According to their age, three groups were defined: 17–35 years (group I), 36–59 years (group II), and more than 60 years (group III).

Results

The study showed that, beside the duration of diabetes, other clinical parameters were not significantly different between the three groups. Chronic nephritic syndrome was the most common clinical manifestation in group I (44.1 %) and in group II (34.0 %). Among patients in group III, we found a high prevalence of chronic renal failure (34.3 %) and nephrotic syndrome (28.6 %). Consistent with the clinical manifestations, IgA nephropathy was the most common pathologic finding in group I (29.4 %) and in group II (34.7 %), whereas the most frequent abnormalities in group III were membranous nephropathy (25.7 %) and tubulointerstitial lesions (14.3 %). Overall, among these patients, 14 cases were diagnosed with DN (6.5 %), 179 with NDRD (82.9 %), while 23 had concurrent DN and NDRD (10.7 %).

Conclusions

Our results indicated that the clinical manifestations and pathologic findings in type 2 diabetic patients in different age groups have different features. This study emphasized the usefulness of renal biopsy for determining the pattern of renal damage and thus for the overall management of type 2 diabetic patients.     

Clinical predictors of non-diabetic renal disease in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus

Background: Several studies had suggested that non-diabetic renal disease (NDRD) was common among non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) patients with renal involvement. Methods: We prospectively studied the prevalence of NDRD among a Chinese NIDDM population. Renal biopsy specimens were evaluated with light-, immunohistological and electron-microscopy. The cohort consisted of 51 patients who had NIDDM and proteinuria >1 g/24 h. Results: Patients with both isolated diabetic nephropathy (DN, n=34) and NDRD (n=17) had comparable duration of DM, creatinine clearance, serum creatinine, albumin and glycosylated haemoglobin levels, as well as incidences of retinopathy, neuropathy and hypertension. Significantly more patients with NDRD had microscopic haematuria (P=0.043) or non-nephrotic proteinuria (P=0.004). IgA nephropathy accounted for 59% of the NDRD identified. Conclusions: In this study, microscopic haematuria and non-nephrotic proteinuria predicted the presence of NDRD among NIDDM patients presenting with renal disease.