Metal Contamination of Ganga River (India) as Influenced by Atmospheric Deposition

Metal contamination of Ganga river in relation to atmospheric deposition was investigated. The data reveled that, although Cr and Cu remained below their maximum admissible concentrations, levels of Cd and Pb in mid-stream waters at five out of six stations were higher than their respective maximum admissible concentration. About 62% of water samples contained Ni above its maximum admissible concentration of 20 μg L⁻¹. Metal concentrations in water showed significant correlation and seasonal synchrony with atmospheric deposition. The study forms the first report on air-driven metal contamination of Ganga and has relevance from human health perspectives.     

Comparison of Epigeic Moss (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hypnum cupressiforme</Emphasis>) and Lichen (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cladonia rangiformis</Emphasis>) as Biomonitor Species of Atmospheric Metal Deposition

In the present work epigeic moss (Hypnum cupressiforme Hedw.) and epigeic lichen (Cladonia rangiformis Hoffm.) samples were collected simultaneously in the Thrace region, Turkey according to a regular sampling grid. Whereas the moss was found at all 68 sampling sites, the lichen could be collected only at 25 of the sites, presumably because lichens are more sensitive than mosses with respect to air pollution and climatic variations. All elements showed higher accumulation in the moss than in the lichen whereas element inter-correlations were generally higher in the lichen. All considered the moss was judged to be a better choice than the lichen for biomonitoring of atmospheric deposition of metals in this case, and it is argued that mosses may be generally more suited than lichens for this purpose.     

大气可吸入颗粒物和四种重金属致突变性研究

本研究以体外微核、姐妹染色单体互换(SCE)、DNA单链断裂及体内微核为指标对Ni、Pb、Cr、Cd和太原市大气中可吸入颗粒物提取液进行了遗传毒性检验,结果表明四种金属元素及可吸入颗粒物提取液均可产生一定的遗传毒性。     

北海市海产品重金属污染调查

目的了解北海市海产品中重金属污染状况,评价其食用安全风险。方法 对本市销售量较大的海产鱼类、软体类和甲壳类共3类18种海产品,计113份样品进行采样检测,依据国家食品卫生标准,采用生物质量指数法进行评价。结果海产品中3种重金属以镉的合格率最低,仅为54.0%,铅也有超标样品,而汞的合格率为100%,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。分类中以软体类的重金属污染最严重,其中达到重度镉污染水平的占83.3%,轻度铅污染水平的占55.6%,铅污染和重度铅污染水平的占16.7%;其次为甲壳类,达到重度镉污染水平的占45.7%,轻度铅污染水平以上的占28.3%,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。而海水鱼类的污染相对较少,占77.4%的铅污染和64.5%的镉污染均在正常背景值水平。结论 海产品中软体类的重金属风险最大,尤其是镉的风险应引起足够的重视,属于污染危害大的海产品种类,应开展深入的污染控制研究和加强必要的监管。     

2006～2009年大兴区各类食品重金属污染状况分析

[目的]对北京市大兴区各类食品进行金属污染物指标的监测和分析,了解食品中金属污染物的污染状况,为政府部门食品安全监管提供科学依据。[方法]2006~2009年在区内共采集主要食品324份,检测食品中铅、镉、总汞等金属污染物,将检测结果与国家相关标准对照。[结果]食品中铅、镉、总汞的合格率分别为94.7%(307/324)、96.6%(313/324)、93.5%(145/155)。各类食品中重金属铅、镉、总汞含量均值分别为0.077 1、0.171 9、0.009 mg/kg,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01、0.01相似文献   

Survey of Heavy Metal Pollution in Four Chinese Crude Drugs and Their Cultivated Soils

A two-year survey on the residues of heavy metals in four Chinese crude drugs and their cultivated soils was conducted. Targeted heavy metals were copper (Cu), arsenic (As), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), and cadmium (Cd). Herbs surveyed include White Peony Root (Radix Paeoniae Alba), Turmeric Root Tuber (Radix Curcumae), Thunberg Fritillary Bulb (Bulbus Fritillariae Thumbergii), and Tuber of Dwarf Lilyturf (Radix Ophiopogonis). Concentrations of all heavy metals were under the permitted levels except cadmium, which exceeded the permitted level in some samples of Thunberg Fritillary Bulb, White Peony Root, and Turmeric Root Tuber. Concentration coefficients were less than 1.0 for all heavy metals except cadmium. The concentration coefficient of cadmium in Turmeric Root Tuber was 14.0. Lower pH and high Zn concentration in the soil may facilitate the transfer of cadmium from cultivated soil into the herbs.     

Fucus spp. as a Mercury Contamination Bioindicator in Costal Areas (Northwestern Portugal)

Mercury has been considered as one of the most important pollutants in coastal and estuarine areas. Efforts have been made to detect, as early as possible, the effects of this and other metals in several species. Macroalgae, particularly Fucus spp., have been widely used as biomonitors of metal pollution. In this study, three Fucus species (F. spiralis, F. vesiculosus and F. ceranoides) were collected from several sampling sites in Portugal. The concentrations of mercury were determined in three structural parts (holdfast, stipe and receptacles). Two different techniques were used to determine mercury concentrations. Almost all mercury concentrations (in sediments and in water) were below national and international standards. Mercury concentration in the specimens (0.012–0.061 μg g⁻¹ for receptacles, 0.028–0.221 μg g⁻¹ for stipe and 0.029–0.287 μg g⁻¹ for holdfast) was always higher that those obtained for the sediment (0.001–0.112 μg g⁻¹). With few exceptions the contrary was found for receptacles. In general, a good agreement between concentrations of mercury in sediment and Fucus was found. The results indicate that Fucus accumulate mercury and may be a suitable species for use in risk assessment for coast and estuarine areas, by providing valuable information regarding the levels of mercury that will be available for the consumers of Fucus spp.     

垃圾各组分中重金属对环境二次污染的贡献值

通过对生活垃圾不同组分的重金属含量进行测定。以及它们在渗滤液和焚烧残渣中的残留情况，考查了垃圾不同组分中的重金属元素在生活垃圾推肥，填埋或焚烧处理中对环境二次污染的贡献值。     

新疆加工番茄产地土壤重金属及农药残留污染状况

目的了解新疆加工番茄产地土壤重金属及农药残留污染状况,判断其是否符合《食用农产品地环境质量评价标准》的要求。方法按《土壤环境监测技术规范》(HJ/T166-2004)和《土壤中六六六和滴滴滴检测》(GB/T14550-2003)检测方法抽查2006—2008年新疆加工番茄产地机产品土壤样品913份。结果重金属合格率98.2%,农药残留合格率100%。结论通过调查,重金属及农药残留可以满足《食用农产品产地环境质量评价标准》(HJ332-2006)的要求。     

Heavy Metal Accumulation in Hot Water Tanks in a Region Experiencing Coal Waste Pollution and Comparison Between Regional Water Systems

In 2000, a coal slurry impoundment failure in Martin County, Kentucky, caused concerns about contaminants entering municipal water supplies. Water samples taken from impacted and reference area hot water tanks often exceeded US EPA drinking water guidelines. Concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Pb had maxima of 119; 51.9; 154; 170,000; 976,000; 8,710; and 12,700 μg/L, respectively. Significantly different metal accumulation between counties indicated this procedure’s utility for assessing long-term municipal water quality. Correlations between metal concentrations were strong and consistent for As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Co, and Fe indicating that some metals accumulate proportionally with others.     

The Hooded Crow (Corvus cornix) as an Environmental Bioindicator Species of Heavy Metal Contamination

This study aims to examine the possible presence of lead and cadmium in the liver and kidneys of hooded crows (Corvus cornix). Liver and kidneys of hooded crow carcasses were collected in Province of Cuneo (Piedmont, Italy) in order to detect lead and cadmium content. Significant differences were found in lead and cadmium levels between areas of intensive cultivation versus areas where meadows are prevalent. Moreover, age greatly influenced the burden of heavy metals, while sex did not seem to affect the level of contamination. The source of contamination may be phosphate fertilizers used for intensive cultivation in the study area.     

积累指数法对公路旁土壤中重金属污染的评价

目的评价公路旁土壤中重金属污染.方法以319国道龙岩市新罗区路段为例,应用积累指数法对公路环境土壤介质中重金属(Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、As、Cr、Ni、Fe、Mn)污染叠加进行评价. 结果研究区土壤中Cd、Pb、Cr和Cu元素含量高于福建省土壤背景值,其平均含量分别是福建省土壤背景值的23.6倍、4.6倍、1.7倍和1.5倍.已形成强污染的元素为Cd,中等污染的元素为Pb,轻污染的元素为Cr.土壤对重金属元素的吸附及污染程度Cd＞Pb＞Cr＞Cu＞As＞Zn＞Ni＞Mn＞Fe.结论公路旁土壤中Cd、Pb污染严重,重金属污染物质主要来源于机动车辆燃料和轮胎中所含微量重金属成分.     

宁夏某市大气污染对健康影响的研究

为评价大气污染对健康影响尤其是低浓度早期危害,分别在居住区、工业区、商业区和清洁区设点监测SO_2、NO_x、TSP,同时在各区选7～14岁小学生检查眼、耳鼻咽喉科疾病,免疫功能,唾液APT_1/2e测定。结果表明生活在各污染区儿童上呼吸道疾病检出率和AR阳性反应率均高于清洁区(P<0.05);唾液溶菌酶低于清治区(P<0.01);唾液中APT_1/2e缩短,与TSP的相关系数r=-0.957(P<0.025)。     

武汉市市售牙膏重金属含量调查

目的为了解市售牙膏的卫生质量。方法采用原子吸收仪和氟电极测定了市售30种牙膏中铅、镉、汞、砷和游离氟的含量。结果铅、砷含量符合标准；含氟牙膏中11．1％样品达到标准；30种牙膏中检测出镉，镉含量为0．192∽2．032mg／kg，28种牙膏检出汞，含量为3．58∽507．83μg／kg。结论含氟牙膏卫生质量需加强监督；刷牙过程中误吞牙膏是儿童摄入重金属的途径之一。     

矿化垃圾的重金属淋溶试验研究

通过土柱实验模拟矿化垃圾以及矿化垃圾与污泥混合物在淋溶条件下重金属的淋失情况,并利用污染综合指数法分析矿化垃圾中重金属迁移对地下水的影响.结果表明淋溶的不同阶段对地下水易造成污染的金属元素有所不同,需要分阶段进行监控.淋溶初期需监测[As]、[Cr]、[Co]、[Cu]和[Mn];淋溶中期需监测[Ni]和[Pb];淋溶末期需对[Fe]进行监测.综合污染指数评价表明矿化垃圾以及矿化垃圾与污泥混合土壤的淋溶液对地下水造成潜在污染的最关键因子为Mn,其次是Fe.     

重金属迁移及其对农作物影响的研究进展

重金属可以通过各种形态发生迁移,不同的化学形态其迁移的机制和毒害程度完全不一样。随着矿产资源的开发和环境污染的多样化,大量的重金属元素释放进入环境,造成了严重的土壤和水体污染,并直接导致农作物如粮食、蔬菜和水果中重金属元素含量的升高。随着生活水平的提高以及对农产品污染通过食物链的传递给人体造成危害的认识加深,人们对农产品质量的要求也越来越高。重金属污染的研究已成为一个令人瞩目的新领域。不同农作物对重金属的吸收和富集能力也不尽相同,作者详细阐述了重金属的迁移机制及其对农作物的污染危害,为农作物的安全生产提供科学依据。     

Heavy Metal Contamination in a Typical Mining Town of a Minority and Mountain Area,South China

This study was conducted in Dachang, a small mining town in Gaungxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in southern China. A total of 23 farmland soil samples and two atmospheric samples of particulate matter less than 10 microns (PM₁₀) were collected in this town. ICP-MS was used to analyze for 20 elements in each of the samples. All of the samples contained some level of heavy metals. The most commonly detected heavy metals detected in the soil samples were: Cd (up to 29.0 mg kg⁻¹), As (up to 776 mg kg⁻¹), Sb (up to 36.8 mg kg⁻¹), Pb (up to 582 mg kg⁻¹), Zn (up to 1379 mg kg⁻¹) and Cu (up to 156 mg kg⁻¹), Mn (up to 1476 mg kg⁻¹). The PM₁₀ content in air samples exceeded the Chinese standard by nearly ten-fold. The most commonly detected heavy metals detected in the PM₁₀ atmospheric samples were Cd (up to 210 mg kg⁻¹), As (up to 15239 mg.kg⁻¹), Sb (up to 445 mg kg⁻¹), Pb (up to 8053 mg kg⁻¹), Zn (up to 13151 mg kg⁻¹) and Cu (up to 673 mg kg⁻¹), Mn (up to 2826 mg kg⁻¹), Mo (up to 120 mg kg⁻¹). All of these heavy metals are associated with significant human health effects ranging from reduced intelligent quotients (IQs) in children (cf. Pb) to cancer (e.g., Cd and As). Müller Geo-accumulation Index (Igeo) and enrichment factor (EF) were used to assess the findings. The results to the two assessments showed the same ranking: Cd > As > Sb > Pb > Zn > Cu > Mn, which would imply that the particulate matter in ambient air was the source of the contamination in the soil. The correlation analysis supported this inference. Upon further examination, ore transportation through the town was identified as the most likely source of contamination. Therefore, steps should be taken to improve the management of the ore transportation in order to protect the farmland and the health of the residents.     

2017年北京市怀柔区大气PM_(2.5)中重金属污染特征及健康风险评价

目的研究怀柔区大气中PM_(2.5)浓度和PM_(2.5)中重金属污染特征及对人体的危害。方法 2017年1月—12月采集怀柔地区环境大气PM_(2.5)样品,共84份样品,用SPSS 23.0对PM_(2.5)及镉(Cd)、六价铬(Cr)、镍(Ni)、锰(Mn)、铅(Pb)等5种重金属元素的浓度特征进行分析,用美国环境保护署健康风险评价模型对重金属元素进行呼吸暴露的非致癌风险值和致癌风险值进行计算,并评价其健康风险。结果怀柔区大气PM_(2.5)年均浓度为46.39μg/m~3,低于我国环境空气质量二级标准(75μg/m~3);重金属浓度高低依次为Pb>Mn>Cr>Ni>Cd,5种重金属的非致癌风险值HQ儿童>成年男性>成年女性,3种重金属的致癌风险值由高到底依次为Ni>Cd>Cr,成年男性的致癌风险最大,其次是成年女性,对儿童的致癌风险相对最小。结论 5种重金属的非致癌风险值HQ均小于1,表明对人体健康影响较小。