肝癌破裂出血的肝动脉化疗栓塞术及手术治疗（附16例报告）

目的探讨经导管肝动脉化疗栓塞术（transcatheterarterialchemoembolization,TACE）治疗肝癌破裂出血及TACE治疗后再手术的临床价值。方法回顾性分析我院自2008年1月至2010年12月收治的16例肝癌破裂出血患者的临床资料,其中TACE治疗13例、手术切除3例以及TACE后再手术切除4例,从治疗效果进行评估。结果16例肝癌破裂出血患者,其中13例经TACE治疗后休克及时纠正,生命体征很快稳定,复查CT肿瘤缩小,4例1个月后行二期肿瘤切除,AFP均下降或正常,疗效优良;3例一期手术后其中1例发生腹腔种植转移。结论对于病情危重、当时切除困难的肝癌破裂出血患者,TACE在控制出血、挽救生命、为二期手术赢得时间上不失为一种非常有效的治疗手段。     

肝切除联合腹腔热灌注化疗在肝癌自发破裂出血中的应用

目的探讨肝切除联合腹腔热灌注化疗在肝癌自发破裂出血中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析2013年1月至2016年10月在中山市人民医院行肝切除联合腹腔热灌注化疗的20例肝癌自发破裂出血患者的临床资料。统计和分析患者的手术时间、术中出血量、术后并发症、术后住院时间及随访情况。结果患者均顺利完成手术,肿瘤切除后切缘均为阴性,患者无围手术期死亡。手术时间为(204±45)min;术中出血量为100~800 m L,平均270 m L;术后住院时间为(11±4)d。术后发生胸腔积液及腹腔积液各2例,经保守治疗治愈。1例于术后3个月肿瘤复发并死亡,其余恢复良好。结论肝切除联合腹腔热灌注化疗应用于肝癌自发破裂出血是安全、有效的,具有止血确切、防治肿瘤种植转移及复发的优势。     

TACE后二期手术治疗小肝癌破裂出血的临床研究

目的 探讨小肝癌破裂出血行TACE后二期手术的治疗效果.方法 21例小肝癌破裂出血患者先行TACE治疗,并于1～2个月后行手术切除（联合治疗组）;同时以18例小肝癌破裂出血患者行急诊手术切除作为对照（对照组）;比较两组止血成功率、围手术期输血量、住院病死率、术后并发症、术后生存率和住院天数.结果 两组患者止血成功率均为100％,联合治疗组与对照组相比围手术期输血量少、并发症发生率低、住院天数短,差异有统计学意义（P＜ 0.01）,但病死率和生存率无差异（P＞0.05）.结论 TACE治疗后二期手术治疗小肝癌破裂出血虽然不能延长患者生存时间,但更具安全性,是临床值得应用的治疗方法.     

肝癌破裂出血26例临床分析

目的探讨原发性肝癌破裂出血的诊断和治疗。方法回顾性分析26例肝癌破裂出血患者诊断和治疗的结果。结果26例患者中,单纯保守治疗11例,住院病死率45%;TAE/TACE介入治疗组8例,住院病死率12%,中位生存期5月;手术治疗组7例,无住院死亡,中位生存期14月。本组误诊3例。结论详细的病史采集与B超检查是肝癌破裂出血确诊的主要依据。根据患者一般情况、肝功能状态及肿瘤分期不同,肝癌破裂出血的治疗应遵循“个体化原则”,争取最佳疗效。     

原发性肝癌自发性破裂出血的I期手术切除治疗的体会

目的探讨原发性肝癌自发破裂出血的发生机制、临床特点及诊治原则。方法对35例原发性肝癌自发破裂出血患者行I期手术切除，对临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果术后并发腹腔感染1例，胆漏1例，消化道出血2例，均经非手术治愈。本组无围手术期死亡病例。28例获得随访，18例生存1a以上，10例术后6—10月死于肝功能衰竭。结论原发性肝癌自发破裂出血时，若无禁忌证，急诊行I期手术切除止血效果可靠，应作为首选治疗方法。     

肝细胞腺瘤36例临床分析

目的 探讨肝细胞腺瘤(HCA)的准确诊断及合理治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析近3年来收治的36例HCA患者的临床、病理、影像学资料及治疗效果.结果 大多数HCA患者无明显症状,血清学检查正常.病理显示局部癌变1例,瘤内出血坏死19例,其中1例肿瘤破裂出血至腹腔.大多数病灶CT、MRI增强扫描后动脉期病灶均匀强化,门静脉、延迟期造影剂退出.手术切除疗效确切.结论 HCA无特异性临床表现,CT、MRI增强扫描对HCA有较高的诊断价值;因其可发生破裂出血及癌变,故对怀疑HCA者手术切除是首选的治疗方法.     

肝细胞癌肝动脉栓塞化疗降期治疗后根治性切除

目的 探讨肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma, HCC)经TACE降期治疗后,实施根治性切除的可行性.方法 回顾性分析1991年1月至2002年6月首次诊断为根治性切除困难的HCC,经TACE降期治疗后,成功实施根治性切除患者的临床特点、手术出血量、术后并发症和生存时间.结果 11例HCC患者经TACE治疗后得到降期,成功实施根治性切除.术中平均出血量1336.4ml(110～3200ml),出血量>1000ml者6例.平均手术时间272.8min(210-390min).术后发生胆漏3例,大量腹水1例.中位生存时间为61.5个月,1、2、3年分别有8、7、6例生存.结论 经TACE治疗HCC,可使部分肿瘤降期后再实施根治性切除,其方法安全可行.     

巨大肝癌外科治疗探讨

目的：探讨巨大原发性肝癌的外科治疗。
方法：回顾性分析109例行手术切除治疗的巨大肝癌患者的临床资料。
结果：肿瘤最大径10.5~30(14.46±3.84)cm;病灶单发92例,多发17例;肿瘤位于左肝41例,右肝63例,超过半肝5例;83例合并肝炎后肝硬化,5 例肝癌破裂出血,19例合并门静脉癌栓(4例并有胆道癌栓),15例有肝门或肝周腹腔淋巴结转移;术前肝功能Child A级101例, B级8例;98例AFP>500 μg/L,11例<20 μg/L;临床分期IIa期2例,IIb 期92例,IIIa期15例;规则切除42例,局限性肝切除67例,手术失血量400~2 200 mL;全组住院期无死亡,术后并发症82例次(75.23%);68例获随访2~72个月,肝癌破裂出血5例切除术后生存8~13个月,63例非破裂肝癌择期手术切除后1,3,5年生存率分别为44.07%,13.06%和7.84%
结论：巨大肝癌切除近期效果优良,远期效果仍待提高;具备条件的巨大肝癌破裂出血可行一期切除。     

原发性肝癌自发性破裂大出血10例诊治体会

目的探讨肝癌自发性破裂大出血的诊治方法。方法回顾性分析10例肝癌破裂大出血的手术临床资料。结果10例均行手术切除出血的肝肿瘤,清除积血,清洗腹腔,腹腔内放置化疗药物,无术中死亡病例。结论原发性肝癌自发性破裂大出血复发率高。腹腔种植机会多,预后差,手术切除肿瘤为首选方法,术后应行综合治疗。     

手术切除与肝动脉介入栓塞化疗治疗原发性肝癌破裂出血比较及预后分析

目的 比较手术切除与肝动脉介入栓塞化疗两种方法治疗原发性肝癌破裂出血的近期疗效及远期生存时间,探讨最合理的治疗选择,分析影响原发性肝癌破裂出血患者远期生存时间的因素.方法 回顾性分析2000年1月至2009年12月我院收治的61例原发性肝癌破裂出血患者临床资料,其中32例采用手术切除治疗（手术组）,29例采用肝动脉介入栓塞化疗（TACE组）,对两组近期疗效、远期生存时间进行分析,并运用COX回归模型分析影响手术患者预后的相关因素.结果 两组患者近期疗效无统计学差异.手术组患者中位生存时间为（27.00±5.65）个月,TACE组为（10.00±4.49）个月,手术组患者中位生存时间为TACE组患者2.7倍,差异存在统计学意义（t=3.728,P＜ 0.01）.COX回归模型分析结果提示门静脉癌栓、分化程度是影响手术组患者预后的独立危险因素（P＜0.05）.结论 手术切除和TACE均是治疗原发性肝癌破裂出血的有效手段,但手术切除患者的生存时间较长,是治疗肝癌破裂出血首选,门静脉癌栓、分化程度可能是影响手术组患者预后的独立危险因素.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.