Levels and sources of stress in medical students

Levels of stress, as measured by the general health questionnaire, were assessed in 318 medical students in their fourth year at three British universities. Mean scores were higher than those in other groups within the general population, and the estimated prevalence of emotional disturbance was 31.2%, a proportion similar to that reported in medical students in the United States. There were no differences in prevalence or in mean scores of stress between the sexes. Twelve (4%) students reported high intake of alcohol, and almost half of the students had increased their intake in the past two years. The four categories most commonly cited in answers to an open ended question on recent stressful events were talking to psychiatric patients, effects on personal life, presenting cases, and dealing with death and suffering. Relationships with consultants raised the strongest negative feelings, with 102 (34%) students finding these particularly stressful. Stress among medical students should be acknowledged and attempts made to alleviate it.     

Perceived stress in medical, law, and graduate students

Students in the medical and law schools and graduate students in chemistry and psychology at a single institution were asked to complete a questionnaire about events and activities related to their educational programs which they perceived to be stressful. The questionnaire was designed to elicit information about stress associated with academic activities, personal relationships, time pressures, and financial concerns. Information was also obtained about time utilization, health behaviors, crises, and support systems. The authors' hypothesis that medical students would report higher perceived stress levels than students in the other programs was not supported, as the highest total stress score was reported by law students. Factor analysis of a 31-item stress scale produced six separate factors pertaining to the sources of stress: academic concerns, time concerns, fear of failing, classroom interactions, economic issues, and world issues. Time restrictions and economic and academic issues had the highest mean stress scores. The hypotheses by the authors that students would report program-specific stresses and that utilization of support services would differ among the four groups of students were both supported. Implications of these findings are discussed.     

武术运动对高校学生学业紧张压力的影响

目的 研究武术运动对高校学生学业紧张压力的影响。 方法 采用问卷调查方法,以高校学生压力源情况调查表及《学业紧张压力量表》对驻保高校学生压力源及武术运动对高校学生学业紧张压力的影响进行研究。 结果 对调查对象的压力来源分析得出大学生各项均分所示压力大小情况,压力排在前3位的为学习问题、个人发展、人际交往。武术运动组高校学生学业任务、紧张反应、应对资源的均值与标准差分别为64.56±13.57、41.01±11.22、65.08±17.94。非武术运动组高校学生学业任务、紧张反应、应对资源的均值与标准差分别为86.49±13.47、62.08±15.14、75.42±12.20。武术运动组的高校学生学业任务、紧张反应、应对资源的总均分明显低于非武术运动组(P<0.01)。紧张反应及应对资源与学业任务的相关分析显示,紧张反应及应对资源与学业任务各个子项和存在明显的相关性。武术运动紧张压力多元线性逐步回归分析显示,高校学生心理紧张的主要影响因素依次为任务不适、任务冲突、自我保健(β值分别为0.879、0.534、-0.153);高校学生身体紧张的主要影响因素依次为任务不适、责任感、任务冲突、自我调节(β值分别为0.451、0.226、0.222、-0.068)。 结论 武术运动有利于缓解高校学生学业紧张压力。     

Gender differences in relationships and stress of medical and law students

A small-scale, comparative study of medical and law students was undertaken at a large, southern state university to examine the sources and consequences of stress during professional training. Specifically, the impact of stress on personal relationships was explored. The authors of the study reported here found gender differences in the source and degree of stress perceived by students. Women reported significantly more stress than men. Unlike the men, women found sexism and difficulties with partners to be particular sources of stress. Although both men and women reported that the stress of their professional training had resulted in strained personal relationships, proportionately more women than men stated that their personal relationships had ended.     

Effects of stress and social phobia on medical students' specialty choices

As a consequence of stress in medical school, the careers of students with social phobia might be significantly influenced by behaviors and decisions based on avoidance of stressful situations. In 1985 third- and fourth-year students at Wright State University School of Medicine were asked to rate specialties as most and least stressful, to indicate whether they considered stress to be favorable or unfavorable, and to complete instruments measuring their stress and social phobia. Contrary to the investigators' expectations, there was no significant association among high stress, social phobia, and choice of least stressful specialties. Certain students who indicated that stress was unfavorable nevertheless chose high-stress specialties. Implications of these findings are discussed, and the findings are compared with outcomes of related studies.     

Coping with occupational stress in an accident and emergency department

Kingston Regional Hospital's Accident and Emergency Department (A&E), located in a volatile area of Kingston, Jamaica, treats 90-170 patients daily. It does so with limited staff and a potentially stressful work environment. This study explores the factors associated with occupational stress in the Department, and the coping strategies used by the doctors and nurses working there. A pre-tested self-administered questionnaire was completed by 28 (84.8%) of the total population (n = 33) of health personnel working in the A&E. The participants were 15 (53.6%) doctors, eight (28.6%) registered nurses and five (17.8%) enrolled assistant nurses. The data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 7.5. Qualitative data were analyzed by sorting texts into related themes and describing the ideas of the subjects. The median age was 32 years, range 23-50 years. Median duration of employment in the A&E was three years, range 0.5-22 years. Eighteen (60%) rated the A&E as "stressful". The major sources of stress were the external environment and the amount and quality of the workload. Ninety-six per cent reported experiencing one to seven emotional and physical symptoms. Forty-six per cent also reported behavioural symptoms. The emotional, physical and behavioural symptoms of stress were associated (p < 0.05). The number of behavioural symptoms experienced was associated with age (p < 0.05). The majority (89.2%) of doctors and nurses reported that they were satisfied with their jobs and had no intention of leaving their jobs within a year. This suggested the effectiveness of the reported humour, teamwork and "extracurricular" activities in buffering the effects of stress. Nurses were more likely to be "burned out" than doctors (p = 0.03). The respondents suggested increased monetary compensation, more staff and positive feedback from managers as factors which may relieve work stress. They suggested that organized counselling and stress management programmes would be useful.     

大学新生高中时期负性生活事件调查

目的　了解湖南省高中学生心理应激因素的来源、影响范围和程度。方法　采用郑延平编写的医学生紧张性生活事件评定量表对衡阳医学院 99级新生在高中时所遭遇的生活事件进行了调查。结果　就生活事件对群体的影响而言 ,学习方面的事件居生活事件发生率及应激指数的前三位 ,其次是社交与学习环境方面的生活事件 ;就生活事件对个人的影响来说 ,家庭重大变故、家庭成员患重病、失恋、与友决裂等事件对高中学生的精神影响程度最大 ;在遭遇考试失败、复读、被人误会、与同学关系不和、名誉受损、与父母关系不和、生活习惯改变等生活事件时 ,女生的精神反映较男生大 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;其它生活事件对精神的影响程度男女学生相同。结论　高中学生在学习、社交等方面所承受的精神压力较大 ,迫切需要在高中学生中开展心理辅导与心理咨询     

宁夏某医学院校学生应激生活事件与消化道症状相关调查

目的 探究宁夏某医学院校学生的主要应激生活事件和消化道症状,为预防医学生健康问题提供理论依据。方法 于2018年3月至4月,采用分层整群抽样的方法,利用青少年生活事件量表、消化道症状调查问卷对宁夏某医学院校各年级600名学生进行调查研究。结果 医学生的主要应激生活事件为人际关系、学习压力及健康适应。不同性别医学生在应激生活事件其他因子之间的差异有统计学意义(Z=-3.876,P<0.05)。不同年级的医学生在人际关系、学习压力、受惩罚、丧失4个因子之间的差异有统计学意义(Z=14.702、18.693、10.565、17.017,均P<0.05)。医学生的主要消化道症状有:口腔/咽喉干燥66.52%、消化不良51.67%、味觉异常43.10%、食欲不振42.05%、嗳气41.21%、腹胀40.17%等。不同性别、生源地、年级之间的医学生在消化道症状的差异无统计学意义(χ²=0.242、1.133、2.667,均P>0.05)。Logistic回归显示,应激生活事件中的学习压力和其他因子对消化道症状的影响有统计学意义(χ²=10.885、7.868,均P<0.05)。结论 生活事件中的学习压力和其他因子是消化道症状的影响因素。     

某高校医学博士研究生学业与生活压力现状分析

目的了解在校博士研究生生活质量及学业压力现状,为制定更加完善的研究生培养方案提供依据。方法随机整群抽取某高校医学博士研究生进行问卷调查。结果全日制博士与非全日制博士在生活及学业方面均有差别。读书及生活费用来源不同,全日制博士中家庭支持的有148人(43.0%),而非全日制博士中依靠自己的有102人(29.7%),差别有显著性意义;全日制博士中认为发表一篇高水平(SCI、IM)论文有难度的学生有178人(51.7%),高于非全日制博士97人(28.2%)。博士生做课题的经费来自导师申请的有226人(65.5%),由学生自己申请的有58人(16.8%);博士生中经常有疲劳和压力感者255人(74.3%),偶尔有疲劳和压力感的有73人(21.3%);今后在校生活最担忧的问题中,最担忧学业压力的学生有204人(61.4%),担忧个人发展的有73人(22.0%)。结论博士研究生面临着学业及生活的双重压力,其中学业成为主要压力。     

军事训练官兵应激性生活事件及其心理健康水平的调查研究

目的探讨军事训练应激条件下官兵的心理健康状况及其影响因素,为了加强开展官兵心理健康教育工作和提高军事训练成绩提供科学的依据。方法选取某部队在参加军事训练的982名官兵为研究对象,通过问卷调查的方式对应激官兵与官兵常模、不同军龄应激官兵、不同兵种应激官兵受军事训练的影响程度进行自评量表SCL-90测试。结果应激官兵和官兵常模的SCL-90各因子（抑郁除外）差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;≥3年军龄应激官兵的人际关系因子、抑郁因子、偏执因子与1年军龄官兵比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;≥3年军龄应激官兵的人际关系因子、抑郁因子、偏执因子、精神病性因子、总均分与2年军龄官兵相比,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。步兵应激官兵SCL-90评分与炮兵和侦查兵的分数差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,侦察兵应激官兵的强迫、抑郁、焦虑、恐怖、偏执、人际关系、总均分、阳性项目数与炮兵相比,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论了解军事训练应激下官兵的心理特点,能更有针对性地开展官兵心理健康教育工作。     

SARS引起部队战士与军校学生心理应激的对照研究

目的了解SARS事件引起武警部队战士与学员心理应激的中介因素与心理健康的关系。方法采用中国科学院心理研究所编制的“全国民众非典调查问卷”(新版 ) ,对SARS高发疫区的 80 0名武警战士和学员进行测试。结果大多数人对SARS事件的看法比较乐观。战士较学员认知更为积极 ,心理恐慌和无助感也明显低于学员 (P <0 .0 0 1)。战士与学员多使用积极的应对方式来应对应激。学员采用某些回避性应对和积极应对与战士有显著差异 ,如注意转移、自我保护性应对等 (P <0 .0 1)。战士与学员获得主观和客观社会支持上大部分没有显著差异 ,只是个别条目有所不同。SARS对士兵与学员的心理影响不大 ,学员的心理适应要好于士兵 (P <0 .0 5 )。相关因素分析显示认知、应对方式及社会支持与心理状态相关。结论认知、应对方式及社会支持影响人们对应激源的心理反应。     

海南省大学生心理压力感现状调查研究

目的：了解海南省大学生心理压力现状,为大学生心理健康教育提供依据。方法采用《大学生心理压力感量表》对205名大学生进行调查。结果海南省大学生承载的压力主要有择业压力、学校环境压力、学业压力、情绪压力和人际压力。理工科学生的学校环境压力感和学业压力感显著高于其他学科学生（P＜0．05）;男生的恋爱压力感、自卑压力感和学业压力感显著高于女生（P＜0．05）;非独生子女学生的家庭压力感和挫折压力感显著高于独生子女学生（P＜0．05）;农村学生家庭压力感显著高于城市学生（P＜0．01）。结论海南省大学生总体心理压力感状况良好,不同群体间存在一定差异。针对不同群体采取合适方法减轻其心理压力,促进其心理健康。     

Attitudes towards euthanasia.

There are an infinite variety of attitudes to euthanasia, each individual response to the concept being influenced by many factors. Consequently there is a literature on the subject ranging from the popular article to papers in specialized journals. This study, however, has taken a well defined sample of people, inviting them to answer a questionnaire which was designed to elicit their attitudes to euthanasia in a way which could be analysed statistically. Nor surprisingly attitudes appeared to 'harden' as those answering the questionnaire grew more experienced in dealing with patients and also more professionally established. Thus it was found that of the seven groups questioned practising physicians showed more positive attitudes to euthanasia and their responses did not differ significantly from those of senior medical students. It is these groups which actually or potentially have to resolve the clinical dilemma posed by the dying patient.     

某医科大学学生SCL-90量表调查结果与分析

目的了解医科类大学生的心理卫生状况。方法通过整群抽样的方法随机抽取1年级~4年级医科类大学生共827人应用SCL-90量表进行心理测试。结果学生的强迫、焦虑、恐怖、偏执、敌对、抑郁6项因子分数与全国常模比较,差异具有显著性(P<0.01);男女学生之间只有焦虑因子差异有显著性,其余各项比较差异无显著性;随着年级的增高,学生的强迫症状因子分数越来越高。结论医科大学生在强迫症状、焦虑、恐怖、偏执、敌对、抑郁6项因子中具有心理问题;随着年级的增高,SCL-90显示学生强迫症状因子分数逐渐增高;女生较男生容易产生焦虑症状。     

Stress in hospital personnel.

Stress levels vary both with the stressful situation and the person's ability to cope. We compared stress levels of nurses, hospital administrators and public service administrators. The highest stress levels occurred in the interns and nurses. The highly stressful situations are analysed and some remedies are suggested.     

SARS期间被隔离学生创伤性应激反应

目的 描述和评估SARS期间封闭学校中被隔离观察学生的创伤性应激反应和相关因素。方法 在被封闭的一所高校中,抽取被隔离观察的学生和未被隔离观察的学生共 132人,对他们进行创伤性应激反应量表、封校应激压力量表和心理症状量表的自评评估。结果 SARS期间,学生对封校产生了比较大的心理压力,其中心理压力维度最大(1. 54±0. 80)、其次为行为压力 (1. 09±0. 85)、然后是生理压力(0. 63±0. 77) (F=17. 387、P=0. 000)。隔离学生的创伤性应激反应症状、焦虑、抑郁、躯体化症状、及SARS总心理压力、行为压力的严重程度都明显高于非隔离学生的症状严重程度 (P<0. 01, P<0. 05 )。多元回归分析发现,生理压力、行为压力和焦虑是影响隔离学生创伤性应激反应症状严重程度的三个主要因素。结论 SARS流行期间,被集体隔离观察的人员应该接受相应的心理干预。     

汉族与维吾尔族医科大学生情商的对比研究

目的 了解汉族、维吾尔族(简称维族)大学生情商的异同.方法 采用随机整群抽样方法,以班级为单位团体施测.抽取新疆医科大学1～4年级学生629人,其中汉族324人,维族305人,进行情绪智商量表(QSEQ)测定.结果 在QSEQ的9项因子中,维族只有自信得分高于汉族[(21.96±5.18)分,(20.07±4.93)分,u =4.6654,P =0.000],其余8项因子得分两族大学生差异无显著性(均P >0.05).在不同性别比中男生的"情绪控制"、"感性"、"适宜性"、"自主性"及"影响力"5项因子水平明显优于女生(均P <0.05),而"进取心"、"人际关系"因子,女生优于男生(均P <0.05).结论 维族大学生较汉族大学生更加自信,男生情商水平优于女生,女生更擅长人际交往,及有较强的进取心.     

Evaluating self-help support groups for medical students

Self-help support groups for medical students represent one strategy for dealing with the emotional stresses of medical training and the diminished human sensitivity of students that often accompanies that experience. Support groups at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine were evaluated by 26 students who completed a nine-part questionnaire. The respondents indicated that they were primarily drawn to these groups because of a desire for social affiliation and an opportunity to express their feelings in a "safe" environment. Members shared in the leadership responsibilities of the group and dealt with external personal problems of the students rather than with the internal group dynamics. The gains derived from participation in these groups included opportunities for nonprofessional contact with faculty members, getting help and support from fellow students, and participation in stimulating discussions about the medical field. Students rated the groups as "meaningful" and expressed a desire for more frequent meetings.     

小学高年级儿童交往焦虑的影响因素分析

目的:探讨小学高年级儿童交往焦虑的影响因素。方法:采用分层整群随机抽样法,抽取皖北地区农村小学4~6年级儿童1 020名,对其进行问卷调查,调查内容包括儿童的一般情况问卷、情绪管理问卷、亲子依恋问卷和交往焦虑问卷。结果:学校环境中,不同自感教室环境、师生关系、同学关系、好朋友数的儿童交往焦虑总分、害怕否定和社交回避及苦恼评分差异均有统计学意义（P < 0.01）。家庭环境中,父亲外出打工儿童交往焦虑总分和社交回避及苦恼评分均高于父亲未外出打工者（P < 0.05和P < 0.01）,而母亲外出打工学生仅社交回避及苦恼评分高于母亲未外出打工者（P < 0.05）;自认父亲对其生活中表现“不知道”及“满意”的学生交往焦虑总分及2项因子评分均低于“不满意”者（P < 0.05~P < 0.01）,自认母亲对其学习中表现“不知道”及“满意”学生交往焦虑总分及2项因子评分均明显低于“不满意”者（P < 0.01）,自感家庭经济状况“一般”及“较好”学生害怕否定因子评分均明显低于“较差”者（P < 0.01）。相关分析显示,情绪管理、父母依恋与交往焦虑总分及各因子评分均呈显著负相关关系（P < 0.01）。多重线性回归分析显示,交往焦虑总分及各因子评分的影响因素均为情绪管理、母依恋及同学关系（P < 0.01）。结论:交往焦虑的影响因素为情绪管理、母依恋及同学关系,在预防中要关注家庭亲子关系及同学关系的调节,注重提高儿童的自我情绪管理能力。