Effect of the interaction between periodontitis and type 1 diabetes mellitus on alveolar bone,mandibular condyle and tibia

Objective. This study examined the effect of the interaction between periodontitis and type 1 diabetes mellitus on alveolar bone, mandibular condyle and tibia in animal models. Materials and methods. Rats were divided into normal, periodontitis, diabetic and diabetic with periodontitis groups. After injection of streptozotocin to induce diabetes, periodontitis was induced by ligation of both lower-side first molars for 30 days. Alveolar bone loss and trabecular bone volume fraction (BVF) of the mandibular condyle and tibia were estimated via hematoxylin and eosin staining and micro-computed tomography, respectively. Osteoclastogenesis of bone marrow cells isolated from tibia and femur was assayed using tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining. Results. The cemento-enamel junction to the alveolar bone crest distance and ratio of periodontal ligament area in the diabetic with periodontitis group were significantly increased compared to those of the periodontitis group. Mandibular condyle BVF did not differ among groups. The BVF of tibia in the diabetic and diabetic with periodontitis groups was lower than that of the normal and periodontitis groups. Osteoclastogenesis of bone marrow cells in the diabetic groups was higher than that in the non-diabetic groups. However, the BVF of tibia and osteoclastogenesis in the diabetic with periodontitis group were not significantly different than those in the diabetic group. Conclusions. Type 1 diabetes mellitus aggravates alveolar bone loss induced by periodontitis, but periodontitis does not alter the mandibular condyle and tibia bone loss induced by diabetes. Alveolar bone, mandibular condyle and tibia may have different responses to bone loss stimuli in the diabetic environment.     

Association between type 1 and type 2 diabetes with periodontal disease and tooth loss

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine whether both type 1 (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are associated with increased prevalence and extent of periodontal disease and tooth loss compared with non-diabetic subjects within a homogeneous adult study population.
Material and Methods: T1DM, T2DM and non-diabetic subjects were recruited from the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania. Additionally, T1DM subjects were retrieved from a Diabetes Centre. The total study population comprised 145 T1DM and 2647 non-diabetic subjects aged 20–59 years, and 182 T2DM and 1314 non-diabetic subjects aged 50–81 years. Periodontal disease was assessed by attachment loss (AL) and the number of missing teeth.
Results: Multivariable regression revealed an association between T1DM ( p <0.001) and T2DM ( p <0.01) with mean AL after full adjustment. After age stratification ( p =0.04 for interaction), the effect of T2DM was only statistically significant in the 60–69-year-old subjects (B=0.90 (95% confidence intervals [95% CI]; 0.49, 1.31). T1DM was positively associated with tooth loss (adjusted, p <0.001). The association between T2DM and tooth loss was statistically significant only for females (odds ratios=1.60 [95% CI: 1.10, 2.33]).
Conclusions: Our study confirmed an association between both T1DM and T2DM with periodontitis and tooth loss. Therefore, oral health education should be promoted in diabetic subjects.     

RAGE基因多态性与2型糖尿病伴慢性牙周炎遗传易感性的相关研究

［摘要］ 目的 探讨晚期糖基化终产物受体(receptor for advanced glycation end products, RAGE)基因的5个SNP位点在2型糖尿病伴慢性牙周炎、单纯慢性牙周炎、健康对照北方汉族人群中分布的差异,从而研究RAGE基因是否为糖尿病和牙周炎可能的致病易感基因。方法 运用飞行时间质谱法检测19例2型糖尿病伴慢性牙周炎患者(DM组),22例单纯慢性牙周炎组(CP组)以及54例健康对照组(H组)全血基因组DNA中5个单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism, SNP)位点。结果 rs17846808、rs1800625、rs184003、rs2070600、rs3134940基因多态性在三组间分布无差异。DM组中的rs3134940 A/A（野生纯合子）基因型人群的龈沟出血指数(sulcus bleeding index,SBI)显著高于(A/G+G/G,杂合子和突变纯合子)基因型人群的SBI。CP组中的rs1800625 (T/C+C/C)和rs3134940 (A/G+G/G,杂合子和突变纯合子)基因型人群缺失牙数显著性增高。结论 RAGE基因并非2型糖尿病以及慢性牙周炎的易感基因。rs3134940 G等位基因可能在2型糖尿病伴慢性牙周炎进展过程中起到一定保护作用。     

慢性牙周炎与2型糖尿病的关系研究进展

慢性牙周炎（chronic periodontitis,CP）与糖尿病（diabetes mellitus,DM）关系密切,其相互影响是近年来牙周医学研究的热点。DM是CP的危险因素之一,可通过多种机制促进CP发生发展,同时CP也是DM的第6大并发症,可影响DM病程进展,约90%以上的DM为2型糖尿病（type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM）,本文就CP和T2DM相互影响的特点及机制等方面的研究进展作一综述。     

Diabetes mellitus-associated periodontitis: differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus

Aspriello SD, Zizzi A, Tirabassi G, Buldreghini E, Biscotti T, Faloia E, Stramazzotti D, Boscaro M, Piemontese M. Diabetes mellitus‐associated periodontitis: differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Periodont Res 2011; 46: 164–169. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S Background and Objective: Although many studies have appeared about diabetes mellitus‐associated periodontitis, few have compared periodontitis inflammatory markers between type 1 (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and information regarding this issue is scarce and contradictory. We evaluated the levels of plasma C‐reactive protein and of interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) in gingival crevicular fluid in two groups of subjects affected by T1DM and T2DM, in order to identify possible differences between the two classes in the inflammatory mechanisms of diabetes mellitus‐associated periodontitis. Material and Methods: Plasma C‐reactive protein and gingival crevicular fluidIL‐1β, IL‐6 and TNF‐α were measured in periodontitis patients affected by type 1 (P‐T1DM, n = 24) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (P‐T2DM, n = 24). Results: Gingival crevicular fluid levels of IL‐1β and TNF‐α in P‐T1DM subjects were significantly higher than in P‐T2DM subjects. In P‐T1DM subjects, we found significant negative correlations between the duration of diabetes mellitus and IL‐1β and between the duration of diabetes mellitus and TNF‐α. Conclusion: This study shows that IL‐1β and TNF‐α levels in periodontitis patients with T1DM are affected by the duration of diabetes mellitus.     

2型糖尿病合并牙周炎患者血清白细胞介素-1水平的检测

目的探讨2型糖尿病合并牙周炎患者血清白细胞介素-1（interleukin-1,IL-1）蛋白水平的表达。方法选择健康对照、糖尿病、重度慢性牙周炎和重度慢性牙周炎伴2型糖尿病患者各32例。用酶联免疫ELISA法测定血清IL-1α、IL-1β水平。结果 2型糖尿病合并牙周炎患者的血清IL-1β含量明显高于不伴牙周炎的糖尿病患者（P〈0.05）,牙周炎组高于健康对照组。4组中IL-1α水平无显著差异。结论 2型糖尿病合并牙周炎患者血清IL-1β水平明显升高。     

Long-term control of diabetes mellitus and periodontitis

Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between long-term control of diabetes mellitus (DM) and periodontitis, A total of 75 diabetics (Type I or II) aged 20–70 years with long-term records of their diabetic control were selected for the study. The following periodontal variables were recorded in a randomized half-mouth examination: plaque, calculus (+/?), probing depth (pd) and attachment loss (al). The mean of glycosylated hemoglobin measurements (IIbAlc) over the past 2–5 years was used to indicate the long-term control of DM. The study participants were divided into well-, moderately- and poorly-controlled diabetics. An increase in the prevalence, severity and extent of periodontitis with poorer control of diabetes was observed. The extent of calculus also increased with poorer control. In a multiple regression analysis, calculus and long-term control of diabetes were significant variables when pd≥4 mm was used as the dependent variable. Age was a significant predictor for al > 3 mm but not for pd ≥4 mm. Sex, duration and type of DM were not significant variables in the regression models. Less than 2% of sites with no calculus demonstrated pd≥4mm. When calculus was present, the frequency of pd ≥4 mm increased from 6% in the well-controlled diabetics to 16% in the poorly-controlled ones. We conclude that periodontitis in diabetics is associated with long-term metabolic control and presence of calculus. Therefore, regular maintenance care, including patient motivation and instruction as well as professional calculus removal, is important for diabetic patients.     

半导体激光辅助治疗伴2型糖尿病的慢性牙周炎的疗效分析

目的 评价半导体激光辅助治疗伴2型糖尿病的慢性牙周炎的临床疗效。 方法 将40例伴2型糖尿病的牙周炎患者随机分为试验组和对照组,每组20例,80颗患牙480个位点。试验组行牙周基础治疗,辅助二极管激光治疗;对照组只做牙周基础治疗。观察患者治疗前、治疗后3、6个月的牙周临床指标,包括龈沟出血指数（sulcus bleeding index ,SBI)、探诊深度（probing depth ,PD）、临床附着丧失（clinical attachment loss ,CAL）,以及全身指标（血清超敏C-反应蛋白、糖化血红蛋白、空腹血糖）。 结果 两组患者治疗后3、6个月,所有牙周指标以及全身指标均显著低于治疗前（P＜0.05）。治疗后3个月,实验组SBI、PD以及所有全身指标均显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）。治疗后6个月,实验组的SBI、PD以及糖化血红蛋白仍显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）,而CAL、超敏C-反应蛋白以及空腹血糖水平,两组无统计学差异（P＞0.05）。 结论 使用半导体激光辅助治疗伴2型糖尿病的牙周炎患者,可以更好地控制患者牙周炎症状况,同时,也更有利于患者短期内全身炎症状况以及糖代谢水平的控制。     

糖尿病与牙周炎的相互关系

探讨牙周炎与糖尿病之间的双向关系。一些研究表明，糖尿病的表征可以表现为牙周炎，同时也可能成为糖尿病的危险因素，两者相互影响，互为因果。本文就两者相互作用的病理基础、临床表现及治疗特点进行综述，以期对今后的治疗有所裨益。     

内皮细胞型一氧化氮合成酶Glu298Asp基因多态性与牙周炎伴Ⅱ型糖尿病的相关性研究

目的研究内皮细胞型一氧化氮合成酶（eNOS）Glu298Asp基因多态性与牙周炎伴Ⅱ型糖尿病易感性的关系。方法收集慢性牙周炎患者、慢性牙周炎伴Ⅱ型糖尿病患者、Ⅱ型糖尿病患者和牙周健康者的颊黏膜拭子,提取DNA后应用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性法检测eNOS Glu298Asp的基因型分布。结果慢性牙周炎组、 Ⅱ型糖尿病组、慢性牙周炎伴Ⅱ型糖尿病组、正常组eNOS Glu298Asp基因型的分布差异有统计学意义（掊2＝18.503, P＝0.005）,等位基因频率分布差异也有统计学意义（掊2＝8.243,P＝0.041）。慢性牙周炎伴Ⅱ型糖尿病组与正常组相比,T基因型的OR值为0.962,95%可信区间为0.737～1.256,说明T基因型可能为糖尿病和牙周炎的保护因素;G基因型的OR值为1.043,95%可信区间为0.781～1.391,说明G基因型可能为二者的危险因素,但差异无统计学意义。结论慢性牙周炎、慢性牙周炎伴Ⅱ型糖尿病、糖尿病的易感性可能与eNOS Glu298Asp多态性有关。     

Ⅱ型糖尿病病人牙周附着水平的调查

目的:了解Ⅱ型糖尿病病人的牙周附着水平。方法:调查1 503名Ⅱ型糖尿病病人和819名健康志愿者的牙周附着水平,按年龄分组,用SPSS 16.0软件包对结果进行分析。结果:同一年龄组内,Ⅱ型糖尿病病人和健康对照组年龄构成相似,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),除≥75岁组外,同一年龄组内Ⅱ型糖尿病病人牙周附着丧失程度明显较正常对照组严重,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论:Ⅱ型糖尿病病人牙周附着丧失程度较正常人群明显严重,倡导早期对糖尿病病人进行口腔卫生保健指导,预防牙周炎的发生。     

2型糖尿病患者牙周指标与糖化血红蛋白关系的研究

目的 :研究 2型糖尿病患者牙周指标与糖化血红蛋白间的相关关系。方法 :随机选择 3 0例 2型糖尿病伴牙周炎患者于牙周基础治疗前检测其体重 ,菌斑指数 ,牙龈指数 ,探诊出血指数 ,探诊深度 ,附着丧失 ,糖化血红蛋白值。结果 :糖化血红蛋白与附着丧失、年龄的密切相关。结论 :糖化血红蛋白是影响牙周破坏的重要指标。     

Markers of bone destruction and formation and periodontitis in type 1 diabetes mellitus

Aim: To determine plasma concentrations of bone metabolism markers in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients and non-diabetic and to evaluate the influence of periodontitis on biomarkers of bone formation in these patient groups.
Methods: Plasma concentrations of receptor activator of nuclear factor- κ B ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG), C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen and osteocalcin were measured in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients ( n =63) and non-diabetics ( n =38) who were also subdivided on the basis of their periodontal status.
Results: Diabetics had significantly lower osteocalcin concentrations, lower RANKL to OPG ratios and higher OPG concentrations (as shown by other researchers) than non-diabetics. The ratio of RANKL to OPG was altered by the periodontal status. Osteocalcin had a negative correlation and OPG a positive correlation with the percentage of glycated haemoglobin in the blood.
Conclusion: Because, osteocalcin, a biomarker of bone formation, is lower in patients with periodontitis and in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus with and without periodontitis than in non-diabetics without periodontitis, this might indicate that diabetics are less able to replace bone lost during active bursts of periodontitis and explain the greater severity of disease seen in studies of patients with diabetes.