The effect of periodontal therapy in diabetics

Abstract The present investigation was performed to study the frequency of recurrence of periodontitis in diabetic subjects, who, prior to the initiation of a 5-year period of monitoring, were treated for moderate to advanced periodontal disease. 20 patients with diabetes, type 1 (LDDM) or type 2 (N1DDM) and 20, sex and age matched, controls with similar amounts of periodontal tissue destruction, were selected for the study. Following a screening examination, all patients were subjected to non-surgical periodontal therapy (oral hygiene instruction, supra-and subgingival scaling). 3 months later, the baseline examination for the study was performed. This included assessments of several parameters such as: number of teeth, plaque, gingivitis, probing pocket depth and probing attachment level. 6 months after the baseline examination, all 40 subjects were recalled for a 2nd examination. Sites which at this 6-month examination exhibited bleeding on probing, and had probing depth >5 mm, were scheduled for additional surgical therapy (modified Widman flap). Following this selective additional therapy, the main period of monitoring was initiated. During this period, a plaque control program was repeated every 3 months. Re-examinations regarding plaque, gingivitis, probing depth and probing attachment level were performed 12, 24 and 60 months after the baseline examination. The findings from the examinations disclosed that diabetics and non-diabetics alike, treated for moderately to advanced forms of adult periodontitis, during a subsequent 5-year period, were able to maintain healthy periodontal conditions. Thus, the frequency of sites which exibited signs of recurrent disease was similar in the 2 study groups.     

Healing response to non-surgical periodontal therapy in patients with diabetes mellitus: clinical, microbiological, and immunologic results

Abstract. The aim of the present study was to monitor clinical, microbiological, medical, and immunological effects of non-surgical periodontal therapy in diabetics Lind healthy controls. 20 IDDM (insulin dependent. n = l) or NIDDM (non-insulin dependent. n = 13) diabetic patients (median duration 11.5 years, range of HbA_1C: 4.4–10.6%) with moderate to advanced periodontal disease and 20 matched healthy control patients, were subjected to supragingival pretreatment and subsequent subgingival therapy Periodontal examinations (API. PBI, BOP. PPD, PAL), microbiological examinations (culture), medical routine examinations, and immunological examinations (oxidative burst response of PMNs to TNF-α and FMLP) were performed at baseline, 2 weeks after supragingival, and 4 months after subgingival therapy. 4 months after completion of non-surgical therapy, the following compared to baseline significant ( p ≤0.05) changes (Δ) of clinical parameters (median) were found in diabetic patients versus control patients: JAPI (30.4% versus 36.3%), ΔPBI (22.9% versus 24.2%), ΔBOP (39.5% versus 46.9%). The median % per patient of pockets with PPD≥4 mm decreased from 41.9% to 28.3% in diabetics, and from 41.6% to 31.8% in controls. Microbiologically. similar reductions of periopathogenic bacteria were found in diabetics and controls. Neither periodontal data nor the oxidative burst response of PMNs showed any significant difference ( p >0.05) between diabetics and control patients. In this study, periodontal therapy had no significant influence on medical data of diabetics. In conclusion, this study indicates that metabolically well-controlled diabetics might respond to non-surgical periodontal therapy as well as healthy control patients.     

牙周基础治疗对2型糖尿病相关性牙周炎患者血糖控制的Meta分析

目的系统评价牙周基础治疗对2型糖尿病相关性牙周炎患者血糖控制的影响,探讨牙周基础治疗在糖尿病治疗中的具体作用。方法计算机检索Cochrane图书馆对照试验注册中心、Medline、EMbase、SIGLE、GreyNet、NTIS、中国生物医学文献数据库、中文科技期刊全文数据库、中国期刊全文数据库和万方数据库,查找有关牙周基础治疗对糖尿病血糖控制影响的研究。检索时限均为1991-2011年4月31日。均由2名评价者独立选择试验、提取资料和评估方法学质量,然后采用RevMan 5．1软件对资料进行Meta分析。纳入7个研究,共计471例受试患者。结果牙周基础治疗能明显降低2型糖尿病相关性牙周炎患者糖化血红蛋白的水平,组间差异有统计学意义（95％CI：-0．94—0．22,P=0．001）。治疗组牙周袋探诊深度低于对照组,组间差异也有统计学意义（95％CI：-2．26～0．69,P=0．0002）。结论牙周基础治疗有利于2型糖尿病相关性牙周炎患者总体血糖水平的控制。     

The effect of periodontal therapy on uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus in older subjects

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of periodontal therapy on glycemic control in older type 2 diabetic patients. METHODS: Fifty-two diabetic patients, age 55-80 years (mean age = 61 years), with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) 7.5-11.0% (mean +/- s.d. = 8.98 +/- 0.88) and severe periodontitis were included in the present study. The treatment group received mechanical periodontal treatment combined with systemic doxycycline, 100 mg day(-1) for 14 days. The control group received neither periodontal treatment nor systemic doxycycline. Clinical periodontal parameters, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and HbA1c levels were measures at baseline and 3 months. RESULTS: Periodontal treatment significantly improved periodontal status of the treatment group (P < 0.05), however the reduction in the level of FPG and HbA1c did not reach significance. In the control group, no significant changes in clinical periodontal parameters, FPG and HbA1c levels were observed, except for significant increase in attachment loss (P < 0.05). Comparing the two groups, although the 3-month level of HbA1c of the treatment group was lower than that of the control group, the difference did not reach significance. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present study indicate that the periodontal condition of older Thais with uncontrolled diabetes is: (a) significantly improved 3 months after mechanical periodontal therapy with adjunctive systemic antimicrobial treatment, and (b) rapidly deteriorating without periodontal treatment. The effect of periodontal therapy on the glycemic control of older uncontrolled diabetics will require further studies that will have to include much larger sample sizes.     

Effect of non-surgical periodontal treatment with or without doxycycline on the periodontium of type 1 diabetic patients

AIM: The present investigation was performed to study how type 1 diabetics responded to non-surgical periodontal treatment with and without adjunctive doxycycline. METHOD: Sixty diabetic type 1 patients (mean age 35.3+/-9 years) with moderate-to-severe periodontal disease were selected and divided into two groups of 30 patients each. Both groups were sex and age matched and had similar amounts of periodontal destruction. Plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment levels (CAL) were recorded. Group 1 (30 patients) was treated with oral hygiene instruction, scaling and root planing, chlorhexidine rinses twice a day and doxycycline (100 mg/day for 15 days). Group 2 (30 patients) had the same treatment but without doxycycline. After 12 weeks their periodontal condition was reevaluated. RESULTS: After treatment, both groups had a significant improvement in all periodontal parameters, since PI, BOP, probing pocket depth (PPD) and CAL were significantly reduced. However, the reduction in PD in pockets > or =6 mm and in BOP were more evident when doxycycline was used (group 1). Differences between groups for these parameters were statistically significant (p=0.03). CONCLUSION: Although both periodontal treatment regimens are effective in type 1 diabetics, the use of doxycycline as an adjunct, provided more significant results when good plaque control was achieved.     

Effect of periodontal treatment on metabolic control, systemic inflammation and cytokines in patients with type 2 diabetes

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of periodontal therapy on the circulating concentration of high-sensitivity capsule-reactive protein (hs-CRP), fibrinogen (FIB), interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and tumour necrosis factor- α (TNF- α ) and on the metabolic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients.
Material and Methods: Twenty-three T2DM patients with chronic periodontitis were enrolled in this study. Periodontal clinical parameters, namely visible plaque index, gingival bleeding index, bleeding on probing, probing depth and clinical attachment levels, were evaluated. Blood samples for plasma were collected and assessed for the levels of hs-CRP, FIB, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and TNF- α . The glycated haemoglobin (HbA_1c) and fasting plasma glucose were also measured. All parameters were evaluated before and 3 months after non-surgical periodontal therapy.
Results: All clinical parameters were significantly improved 3 months after the periodontal therapy. A univariate comparison showed a tendency towards a decrease of the measured biomarkers, most pronounced for TNF- α and FIB, after therapy. Periodontal treatment also reduced HbA_1c and hs-CRP levels, albeit not significantly.
Conclusions: The clinically successful non-surgical periodontal therapy tended to reduce systemic inflammation and the concentration of some circulating cytokines.     

The relationship of inflammatory periodontal disease to diabetic status in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients

This study was designed to evaluate the relationship of inflammatory periodontal disease to the diabetic status of the insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) patient. 52 IDDM patients, ages 11-22 years, were evaluated. These patients were closely monitored at regular intervals in the University of Kentucky pediatric diabetic clinic. A periodontal examination was carried out for each patient. The patients were then assigned to a periodontitis or non-periodontitis group. Moderate to advanced periodontitis was found in 5.8% of the subjects. The gingival index and sulcular bleeding index were significantly higher in the periodontitis group (P less than 0.05). There was no significant difference between groups for plaque index, age of diabetic onset, duration of diabetes, present age, insulin dosage/weight, or serum glucose (P greater than 0.05). There was a greater % of ketoacidosis, retinopathy and neuropathy in the periodontitis group. IDDM patients with neurological complications or a history of chronic infections had a significantly higher gingival index score than those without the complication (P less than 0.05).     

Salivary peroxidase activity in whole saliva of patients with insulin-dependent (type-1) diabetes mellitus

Abstract In this study, salivary peroxidase activity was measured in a group of 10 patients with insulin-dependent (type I) diabetes mellitus (IDDM) who had a tendency towards periodontitis. In healthy subjects (N: 10), mean salivary peroxidase activity was 0.0025±0.001 IU/ml, while in this group of type I diabetic patients it was 0.051±0.015 IU/ml, a significantly higher level (p <0.001). Approximal plaque index (API), modified sulcus bleeding index (mod SBI) and pocket depths were assessed clinically. The values for mod SBI and API were 60% and 68% respectively for the diabetic patients while for the control group mod SBI was measured 0.0% and the value for API was 10.67% (p < 0.001). The administration of this simple and practical test may provide an early marker of a tendency towards periodontitis in IDDM patients.     

Effect of triclosan on healing following non-surgical periodontal therapy in smokers

BACKGROUND: Tobacco smoking is an established risk factor for periodontitis, and is associated with periodontal attachment and tooth loss. Clinical studies have indicated that smoking may adversely affect and impede healing following periodontal therapy. Adjunctive antimicrobials, on the other hand, have been shown to enhance the effect of non-surgical periodontal therapy. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a triclosan/copolymer/fluoride dentifrice on healing following non-surgical periodontal therapy in smokers. METHODS: Sixty smokers (aged 35-59 years; 23 females) with chronic periodontal disease volunteered to participate in a double-blind, randomized, controlled, clinical trial. The subjects were randomly assigned to use a triclosan/copolymer/fluoride (30 subjects) or a standard fluoride (30 subjects) dentifrice and received detailed information on proper techniques for self-performed plaque control. The participants then received non-surgical periodontal therapy followed by periodontal maintenance care every 6 months over 24 months. Clinical recordings included evaluation of oral hygiene standards, gingival health, and periodontal status. RESULTS: Subjects using the triclosan/copolymer/fluoride dentifrice exhibited significantly improved oral hygiene conditions, gingival health, and periodontal status compared with those using the standard fluoride dentifrice over the 24-month maintenance interval. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that an oral hygiene regimen including a triclosan/copolymer/fluoride dentifrice may sustain the short-term effect of non-surgical periodontal therapy in smokers.     

牙周基础治疗对2型糖尿病患者糖脂代谢的影响

目的:观察伴发2型糖尿病的慢性牙周炎患者的牙周状况,探讨牙周基础治疗对牙周状况及糖脂代谢的影响.方法:选择伴发2型糖尿病的慢性牙周炎患者30例,非糖尿病慢性牙周炎患者30例,分析治疗前及治疗后1、3个月的牙龈指数、牙周探诊深度、附着丧失水平以及糖化血红蛋白、甘油三酯、总胆同醇水平.研究数据采集完成后,以SAS 6.12软件包对结果进行双因素方差分析.结果:牙周治疗后,患者的牙周状况均有改善,差异有显著性(P＜0.05).血糖控制欠佳的患者,治疗后糖化血红蛋白有所改善,差异有显著性(P＜0.05);而血糖控制较好者,其糖化血红蛋白治疗后下降不明显.基础治疗对患者的血脂水平无显著影响.结论:伴发2型糖尿病的慢性牙周炎患者接受基础治疗后,短期效果良好;血糖控制欠佳的患者,基础治疗有助其糖代谢水平的改善,但血糖控制良好者,基础治疗对其糖代谢水平无显著影响.     

Resolution of periodontal inflammation does not guarantee improved glycemic control in type 1 diabetic subjects

Objective: The aim of this study was to find out if periodontal therapy has any effect on glycemic control of type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM).
Subjects and Methods: The periodontal health status of 65 type 1 diabetic subjects was assessed at the baseline and 8 weeks after completion of periodontal therapy. Glycemic control was assessed on both visits by measuring the percentage of glycosylated haemoglobin (GHbA1c). The change in HbA1c (ΔHbA1c) was assessed by using both a positive or negative change 0.5% and any change in HbA1c.
Results: The mean HbA1c level (±SD) of the whole study group was 8.6% (±1.5) at the baseline and 8.5% (±1.5) after treatment. Glycemic control improved during the study period in 23 subjects (35%) and worsened in 18 subjects (28%). Approximately 78% of the bleeding sites and 87% of the sites with probing depth 4 mm presented healing. ΔHbA1c associated significantly with baseline HbA1c but not with baseline periodontal health status or periodontal healing.
Conclusion: Regardless of a significant resolution of periodontal infection, a great majority of the subjects did not present any improvement in their glycemic control.     

The effect of periodontal therapy on serum TNF-α and HbA1c levels in type 2 diabetic patients

Background:  To determine the effect of non-surgical periodontal therapy on serum TNF-α and HbA1c levels in poorly and well-controlled type 2 diabetic patients.
Methods:  In total, 45 patients were enrolled in the study; 30 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with periodontitis (15 with poorly controlled diabetes, HbA1c ≥ 7%, group 1A and 15 with well-controlled diabetes, HbA1c < 7%, group 1B) and 15 patients that were systemically healthy with periodontitis (group 2). The plaque index, gingival index, probing depth, clinical attachment loss, gingival bleeding index, HbA1c value, and circulating TNF-α concentration were measured at baseline and three months after the non-surgical periodontal therapy.
Results:  All periodontal parameters and serum TNF-α levels were significantly decreased three months after the non-surgical periodontal therapy compared to the baseline values in all groups. The HbA1c values were significantly decreased only in well-controlled diabetic patients. We found no significant differences in the periodontal parameters or TNF-α levels at baseline and after three months between the two groups.
Conclusions:  Although non-surgical periodontal therapy eliminates local/systemic infection and inflammation via decreases in TNF-α, it is insufficient for significantly reducing HbA1c levels without strict glycaemic control in poorly controlled diabetic patients in a short time period.     

The effect of improved periodontal health on metabolic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of improved periodontal health on metabolic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fourty-four patients with type 2 DM were selected. Subjects were randomly assigned into two groups. Data collection: Plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment levels (CALs), gingival recession (GR) and bleeding on probing (BOP) were recorded at baseline at 1st and 3rd months. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2-h post-prandial glucose (PPG), glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and microalbuminure were analysed at baseline, 3 months following the periodontal therapy. The treatment group received full-mouth scaling and root planing whereas the control group received no periodontal treatment. RESULTS: A statistically significant effect could be demonstrated for PI, GI, PPD, CAL and BOP for the treatment group. HbA1c levels in the treatment group decreased significantly whereas the control group showed a slight but insignificant increase for this parameter. CONCLUSIONS: The results of our study showed that non-surgical periodontal treatment is associated with improved glycaemic control in type 2 patients and could be undertaken along with the standard measures for the diabetic patient care.     

Effect of non-surgical periodontal therapy on clinical and immunological response and glycaemic control in type 2 diabetic patients with moderate periodontitis

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to compare the local efficacy of nonsurgical periodontal therapy between type 2 diabetic and non-diabetic patients and the effect of periodontal therapy on glycaemic control. BACKGROUND: A complex two-way relationship exists between diabetes mellitus and periodontitis. Material AND METHODS: After selection, 20 subjects (10 diabetic and 10 non-diabetic) underwent baseline examination, periodontal clinical study and biochemical analysis of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). After the pre-treatment phase, subgingival scaling and root planing were performed. Subsequently, all subjects continued the maintenance programme and were re-examined at 3 and 6 months. RESULTS: Diabetic and non-diabetic subjects responded well after therapy, showing a very similar progression during the follow-up period. Both groups showed clinically and immunologically significant improvements. Significant reductions were also found in the total volume of GCF and levels of interleukin-1beta and tumour necrosis factor-alpha. Diabetic subjects showed an improvement in their metabolic control. The change in glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA(1C)) was statistically significant at 3 and 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical and immunological improvements obtained were accompanied by a significant reduction in HbA(1C) values in type 2 diabetic subjects. Larger studies are needed to confirm this finding and establish whether periodontal therapy has a significant effect on glycaemic control.     

牙周治疗对2型糖尿病患者血清白细胞介素6及糖化白蛋白的影响

目的 探讨牙周非手术治疗对伴牙周炎2型糖尿病患者血清白细胞介素-6及糖化白蛋白的影响.方法 选择2型糖尿病伴重度慢性牙周炎患者32例,于牙周治疗前、后一个月分别检测血清白细胞介素-6(IL-6)和糖化白蛋白(FA)、甘油三酯(TG)水平、牙周指数.结果 经牙周治疗后,伴重度牙周炎的2型糖尿病患者除TG水平外,血清IL-6阳性百分率(P＜0.05)、FA水平(P＜0.001)有明显下降;探诊深度(PD)、附着丧失(AL)治疗后均较基线明显下降(P＜0.001).结论 非手术牙周治疗可能降低糖尿病牙周炎患者外周血循环IL-6水平,糖化白蛋白水平、牙周状况也有明显改善.     

Periodontal disease related to diabetic status

Abstract Variation in the periodontal health status and the response to oral hygiene education, scaling and root planing were studied in 36 subjects with type-1 diabetes mellitus (DM) and in 10 non-diabetic control subjects. The age range of the subjects was 24–36 years. The diabetic group was divided into 3 subgroups based on the levels of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbAlc) over a 3 year period and the presence of diabetic complications as follows: (Dl) subjects with good metabolic control and no complications (n=13) (D2) subjects with varying metabolic control with/without retinopathy (n=15) and (D3) subjects with severe diabetes, i.e., with poor long-term control and/or multiple complications (n= 8). Clinical measurements (plaque, subgingival calculus, probing pocket depth, bleeding after probing and clinical attachment level) were performed at the baseline and 4 weeks and 6 and 12 months after periodontal therapy. The between-group comparisons were made using the Student r-test and ANOVA. Based on the plaque scores, the oral hygiene status was similar in all groups during the whole study. No statistically-significant differences in the periodontal health status could be found between the diabetic group as a whole and the non-diabetic controls at any examination. The level of periodontal health of the diabetics with good control and no complications (Dl) and those with moderate control with/ without retinopathy (D2) was on the same level with that seen in the non-diabetic controls. Our findings of the significantly higher extent of al ≥ 2 mm at the baseline and the fast recurrence of pd ≥4 mm during the longitudinal study in diabetic subjects with poor metabolic control and/or multiple complications (D3) indicate increased periodontal breakdown as a complication of DM in these subjects. To be able to assess the periodontal prognosis and the need for periodontal therapy on an individual basis, the clinical practitioner should be well aware of the diabetic status of his/her patients.     

Determination of salivary peroxidase activity in human mixed whole saliva

Mixed whole saliva contains salivary peroxidase (SPX) and myeloperoxidase (MPO), thus it is important to discriminate between the two peroxidases in order to understand their functions in the oral cavity. We developed a method to measure SPX activity in mixed whole saliva using an oxygen electrode. According to our results, when 50% of the peroxidase activity in saliva was due to MPO, determined using a typical substrate for peroxidase guaiacol, almost all oxygen evolved was due to SPX. We propose that measurement of H(2)O(2)-dependent oxygen evolution is a useful method for determining SPX activity in whole saliva.