Use of the holmium:YAG laser for ureterolithotripsy in children

OBJECTIVE: To review our experience with rigid ureteroscopy and holmium:YAG laser for treating ureteric calculi in children. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study included 35 children who were treated with rigid ureteroscopy for ureteric calculi between November 1997 and June 2003 (15 boys and 20 girls; mean age 6.2 years, range 1-14). The mean (range) stone size was 8 (4-15) mm and the duration of anaesthesia 46.6 (15-90) min. The stone was in the distal third of the ureter in 33 children and in the proximal third in two. We used a 7.5/8/10 F rigid ureteroscopes with routine dilatation of the ureteric orifice. For lower ureteric stones, lithotripsy was carried out with holmium:YAG laser in 29 cases, a pneumatic impactor in two and forceps extraction in two. Both stones in the proximal ureter were pushed back into the collecting system. All the ureters were stented using JJ stents in 31 and ureteric catheters in four cases. The mean postoperative follow-up was 12 (2-30) months. RESULTS: Excluding the two stones pushed back, the stone-free rate after a one-stage procedure was 82% (27/33). With repeated procedures in the six (ESWL in two) remaining cases the success rate was 97% (32/33). The ureter was perforated in two patients within the first five in the series. There was no pyelonephritis or gross haematuria after surgery. CONCLUSION: Ureteroscopy and lithotripsy using the holmium:YAG laser is effective and safe for treating ureteric stones in children, in experienced hands. The results would be even better using smaller and flexible ureteroscopes.     

输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管上段结石

目的 总结输尿管软镜结合钬激光治疗输尿管上段结石的疗效及并发症,探讨手术技巧.方法 38 例输尿管上段结石患者接受输尿管软镜钬激光碎石治疗,先使用8/9.8 F 输尿管硬镜探查患侧输尿管,置入导丝后留置输尿管软镜鞘,引入输尿管软镜,钬激光碎石,并使用套石篮套取出较大的结石碎屑.结果 35 例患者一期顺利碎石,3 例因输尿管狭窄难以置入输尿管软镜鞘,留置输尿管内支架2 周后再次手术成功.手术时间31~56 min,平均42 min.术后7 例患者发热,无其他严重并发症.术后1 个月拔除内支架,2 周后复查KUB,结石清除率92.1%.结论 输尿管软镜结合钬激光是处理输尿管上段结石的有效手段,即便输尿管结石进入肾内,也可一期处理,避免了额外的体外碎石操作.     

Staging lymphadenectomy in patients with localized high risk prostate cancer: comparison of the laparoendoscopic single site (LESS) technique with conventional multiport laparoscopy

Background

Laser lithotripsy is an established endourological modality. Ho:YAG laser have broadened the indications for ureteroscopic stone managements to include larger stone sizes throughout the whole upper urinary tract. Aim of current work is to assess efficacy and safety of Ho:YAG laser lithotripsy during retrograde ureteroscopic management of ureteral calculi in different locations.

Methods

88 patients were treated with ureteroscopic Ho:YAG laser lithotripsy in our institute. Study endpoint was the number of treatments until the patient was stone-free. Patients were classified according to the location of their stones as Group I (distal ureteric stones, 51 patients) and group II (proximal ureteral stones, 37). Group I patients have larger stones as Group II (10.70 mm vs. 8.24 mm, respectively, P = 0.020).

Results

Overall stone free rate for both groups was 95.8%. The mean number of procedures for proximal calculi was 1.1 ± 0.1 (1–3) and for distal calculi was 1.0 ± 0.0. The initial treatment was more successful in patients with distal ureteral calculi (100% vs. 82.40%, respectively, P = 0.008). No significant difference in the stone free rate was noticed after the second laser procedure for stones smaller versus larger than 10 mm (100% versus 94.1%, P = 0.13). Overall complication rate was 7.9% (Clavien II und IIIb). Overall and grade-adjusted complication rates were not dependant on the stone location. No laser induced complications were noticed.

Conclusions

The use of the Ho:YAG laser appears to be an adequate tool to disintegrate ureteral calculi independent of primary location. Combination of the semirigid and flexible ureteroscopes as well as the appropriate endourologic tools could likely improve the stone clearance rates for proximal calculi regardless of stone-size.

     

输尿管镜钬激光技术治疗输尿管结石合并息肉(附75例报告)

目的 探讨输尿管镜钬激光技术对输尿管结石合并息肉的治疗效果.方法 2007年9月～ 2012年4月,对75例输尿管结石合并息肉行输尿管镜钬激光治疗.结石位于输尿管上段18例,中段38例,下段19例;结石长径0.6 ～1.7 cm,平均1.1 cm.术中50例息肉未行任何处理,10例息肉仅限于结石表面烧灼,切除息肉15例并送病检.结果 69例一次碎石成功;3例结石上移至肾盂术后1周体外冲击波碎石治疗;2例输尿管上段扭曲折叠进镜失败改经皮肾镜术:1例术中输尿管穿孔出血改开放取石.手术时间20～ 95 min,平均43 min.术后住院时间2～10 d,平均5d.67例术后随访6～12个月,B超或静脉肾盂造影检查64例肾积水消失,输尿管通畅,未见明显结石残留,3例输尿管狭窄,均为术中处理息肉者.结论 输尿管镜钬激光技术治疗输尿管中下段结石合并息肉具有良好的疗效,不影响手术视野和碎石操作的息肉无需处理.     

Holmium:YAG laser for urinary stones

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the results of Holmium:YAG (Ho:YAG) laser lithotripsy in the treatment of urinary stones. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Between 1993 and 1997, 59 patients with 85 urinary stones were treated with the Ho:YAG laser lithotripsy. Retrospective evaluation was done on the 64 procedures available, comprising 53 ureteric, 8 bladder, and 2 renal calculi, and one stone in a ureterocele. RESULTS: The Ho:YAG laser fragmented all types of calculi. Of 38 patients, 29 (76%) with ureteric stones were stone-free and 7 (18%) had stone fragments smaller than 2 mm left 1-3 months after the lithotripsy, resulting in a total clinical success rate of 95%. The procedure caused four ureteric perforations. One ureteric stricture, after repeated treatments for a Steinstrasse formation, led to nephrectomy. CONCLUSIONS: The Ho:YAG laser was reliable and effective for most of the urinary stones. The largest stones in any location, and stones of hard composition, however, were treated with combined disintegration methods. Four minor ureteric perforations and one ureteric stricture were related to laser use.     

输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术治疗输尿管结石221例

目的探讨输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术治疗输尿管结石的效果。方法2003年1月～2007年6月，对输尿管结石221例，采用单腿截石位（架健侧腿患侧下肢平放外展），在腰麻硬膜外联合麻醉下行输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术，碎石取石后常规留置双J管作为支架引流。结果221例手术时间15～118min，平均55min。结石位于上段16例、中段52例、下段153例，228枚结石均原位粉碎，碎石成功率100％，术中结石排净率为95．5％（211／221），7例碎石不满意及3例伴同侧肾结石者术后ESWL治愈。189例随访3～6个月，无结石残留及复发。结论输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术治疗输尿管结石创伤小、疗效好，术后联合ESWL术可以提高结石清除率，是一种可供选择的治疗方式。     

妊娠合并输尿管结石致顽固性肾绞痛的临床处理

目的探讨妊娠合并输尿管结石致顽固性肾绞痛安全有效的临床处理方法。方法妊娠合并输尿管结石致肾绞痛经保守治疗无效患者11例，孕6～33周，平均26周。结石最大径4～11mm。输尿管上段结石6例，中段3例，下段2例。上段结石中5例单纯留置双J管，1例将结石推回肾盂后留置双J管。中下段结石中3例采用输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石术击碎结石，2例应用输尿管镜下钬激光碎石。结果10例术后肾绞痛消失；1例单纯放置双J管者仍有间断轻微肾绞痛，服用解痉药物可以缓解。6例未碎石在结石排出前每3个月更换双J管。11例孕妇均较顺利度过围产期，并产健康婴儿。结论妊娠合并输尿管结石致顽固性肾绞痛患者采用逆行输尿管插管或输尿管镜取石术安全有效。     

Electrokinetic lithotripsy: safety, efficacy and limitations of a new form of ballistic lithotripsy.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the safety and efficacy of electrokinetic lithotripsy (EKL), a ballistic lithotripter which uses high-energy magnetic fields to propel an impactor to fragment calculi. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The records and radiographs of 121 patients who underwent ureteroscopy using the EKL for stones in the upper (26), mid (28) or lower (67) ureter were reviewed retrospectively. Ureteroscopy was performed with an 8.5 F semi-rigid ureteroscope, through which a 3 F EKL probe was passed. RESULTS: A total of 148 stones (mean stone size 11.5 mm, range 6-40) in 121 patients were treated using the EKL. One patient was lost to follow-up. Of 148 stones, 147 (99.3%) were fragmented, including five that had resisted fragmentation with either pulsed-dye laser or electrohydraulic lithotripsy. Despite this, only 45 of 56 patients (80%) with a single stone in the lower ureter were rendered stone-free after a single ureteroscopic procedure. Seven patients in this group (12%) required shock-wave lithotripsy for fragments that had been propelled into the kidney, while four patients (7%) required repeat ureteroscopy for retained ureteric fragments. Complications were limited to minor ureteric perforations in two patients, both of which were treated with a stent. CONCLUSION: EKL is an inexpensive and reliable endoscopic method which fragments nearly all urinary calculi. Its limitations include the propulsion of fragments and the need to use an offset, semi-rigid ureteroscope. We recommend the use of a basket or graspers to remove fragments of >/=4 mm after EKL.     

Experience with the holmium laser as an endoscopic lithotrite

INTRODUCTION: Holmium laser lithotripsy represents an additional option in the management of urinary tract calculi. We report the results of a cohort of patients with ureteric and bladder calculi treated with this modality. METHODS: Twenty-three patients underwent holmium laser lithotripsy to treat ureteric or bladder calculi. Power settings of 0.5 J to deliver 2.5-4.0 watts were used for the ureteric calculi, and up to 30 watts for the bladder calculi. RESULTS: The mean ureteric stone size was 7.3 mm (range 4-10 mm). One stone was upper ureteric, seven were mid-ureter and nine were lower-ureter. Eighteen of the 19 patients with ureteric calculi were free of stones 28 days postoperatively. The remaining patient was clear by 12 weeks. All patients with bladder calculi were completely cleared of stones. There were no intraoperative complications. DISCUSSION: Ureteric stone position can limit the use of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy due to imaging difficulties. Ureteric lithotripsy overcomes this problem. The holmium laser has proven to be safe and effective in clearing urinary stone burdens of a variety of sizes, sites and compositions in this cohort of patients.     

输尿管结石ESWL失败改腔内钬激光碎石术的疗效观察

目的 探讨输尿管结石ESWL失败后采用腔内钬激光碎石术的临床疗效。方法 自2001年10月至2002年8月，对28例输尿管结石(ESWL失败)行输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术。结果 26例经输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术治愈，治愈率92．8％(26／28)；1例结石上移，辅以ESWL治愈；1例因输尿管纤维性扭曲改开放手术。结论 输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术安全、有效、方便，可以作为输尿管结石的首选治疗。     

输尿管镜钬激光碎石术中并发输尿管穿孔原因及对策

目的探讨输尿管镜钬激光治疗输尿管结石并发输尿管穿孔的原因及防治方法。方法回顾性分析2004年8月至2006年12月经尿道输尿管镜钬激光碎石术268例中25例并发输尿管穿孔的临床资料。男14例,女11例;结石单发者21例,多发者4例;上段结石18例,下段结石7例;结石直径1．2～3．2em,平均（1．8±0．5）cm,25例均合并输尿管息肉及中、重度肾盂积水。术后常规放置双J管4—8周。结果25例输尿管镜手术时间15～70min,平均（40．4±18．3）min。11例一次性碎石成功,6例术中改开放取石治疗,8例结石上移至肾盂内,1周后予以体外冲击波碎石治疗。结论输尿管结石合并息肉是输尿管镜钬激光碎石致输尿管穿孔的主要原因之一,术中轻巧操作是预防出现输尿管穿孔的关键,早期及时开放手术可以避免严重并发症的发生。     

经输尿管镜钬激光治疗输尿管结石的临床分析(附350例报告)

目的 探讨经输尿管镜钬激光治疗输尿管结石的临床效果. 方法 选取2009年5月～ 2011年6月收治的350例输尿管结石患者,均行经输尿管镜钬激光碎石术. 结果 350例输尿管结石患者中321例一次碎石成功,治疗成功率为91.7％(321/350).手术时间平均48.6(20 ～ 115 )min;术后住院时间平均5.2(4 ～7)d.术中结石移位18例,其中16例留置双J管后1～4周内再行补救性体外冲击波碎石术,另2例换经输尿管软镜钬激光肾内碎石.D-J管常规留置时间为3～4周.因输尿管迂曲、狭窄不能进镜达结石部位11例,均中转开放手术取石.术中发生输尿管粘膜下损伤6例,输尿管穿孔4例.术后当天出现畏寒、发热,体温＞38.5C者19例,给予静脉抗感染和对症治疗后均恢复正常.术后结石残留造成再次输尿管梗阻6例,经再次输尿管镜碎石术后好转.术后3个月339例获随诊,结石均获清除,结石清除率达96.9％(339/350). 结论 经输尿管镜钬激光治疗输尿管结石具有安全、高效、创伤小、并发症少、成功率高、住院时间短等优点,是目前输尿管结石的最理想治疗方法.     

输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石

目的：探讨输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石的有效性和安全性。方法：回顾性分析216例应用经输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗的输尿管结石患者资料。男133例,女83例;年龄20～68岁,平均49岁。上段结石48例,中段58例,下段110例。结石直径0．7～2．6cm,平均1．4cm。结果：单次碎石成功率为98．1％（212／216）,其中上段结石单次碎石成功率为91．6％（44／48）,中、下段为100％（168／168）。平均手术时间29min,212例术后平均住院3．5天。术后随访2周～3个月,结石排净率99％（210／212）。结论：输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石高效、安全,可作为输尿管结石特别是中下段结石首选的治疗方法。     

Treatment of proximal ureteral calculi: holmium:YAG laser ureterolithotripsy versus extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy

PURPOSE: We compared the safety and efficacy of ureteroscopy with intracorporeal holmium:YAG laser lithotripsy and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) (Dornier Medical Systems, Inc., Marietta, Georgia) for proximal ureteral calculi. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 67 patients underwent 81 primary procedures, including in situ ESWL with a DoLi 50 lithotriptor (Dornier Medical Systems, Inc.) or ureteroscopy combined with holmium:YAG laser lithotripsy for proximal ureteral calculi. RESULTS: Of the primary procedures 81 involved proximal ureteral calculi, including 35 done for calculi 1 cm. or greater. The initial stone-free rate in patients with calculi 1 cm. or greater was 93% for ureteroscopy combined with holmium:YAG laser lithotripsy and 50% for in situ ESWL. The efficiency quotient for treating proximal ureteral calculi 1 cm. or greater was calculated as 0.76 for ureteroscopic lithotripsy and 0.43 for ESWL. For proximal ureteral calculi less than 1 cm. the initial stone-free rate was 100% and 80% for ureteroscopic laser lithotripsy and ESWL, respectively. The efficiency quotient was calculated as 0.81 for ureteroscopic lithotripsy and 0.72 for ESWL for treating proximal ureteral calculi less than 1 cm. There were no major complications in either group and all procedures were performed on an outpatient basis. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates that ureteroscopy combined with holmium:YAG laser lithotripsy is an acceptable treatment modality for all proximal ureteral calculi and excellent results are achieved for calculi 1 cm. or larger. Although the stone-free rate was better for smaller stones with ureteroscopic laser lithotripsy, efficiency quotients were similar. Therefore, ESWL should remain first line therapy for proximal ureteral calculi less than 1 cm. because of less morbidity, and a lesser anesthesia and analgesic requirement.     

输尿管软镜技术治疗输尿管上段结石手术技巧探讨

目的 探讨输尿管软镜技术治疗输尿管上段结石的手术技巧.方法 96例输尿管上段结石患者接受一期输尿管软镜钬激光碎石治疗,先以Wolf 8.0 ～ 9.8F输尿管镜在镍钛导丝引导下直接扩张输尿管开口进入输尿管,沿导丝放置一次性导引鞘,遇到输尿管节段性狭窄时,在硬镜下直接置入输尿管球囊进行扩张,扩张后再置入输尿管导引鞘,引入输尿管软镜钬激光碎石,并使用套石篮套取出较大的结石碎片.结果 94例患者一期成功置鞘碎石,2例因输尿管狭窄难以置入输尿管软镜鞘.手术时间30～75 min,平均45 min.术后9例患者寒战发热,无其他严重并发症.术后1个月拔除D-J管,复查CT/KUB,结石清除率94.79％ (91/96).结论 输尿管软镜钬激光碎石技术是处理输尿管上段结石的有效手段,熟练掌握手术技巧及灵活采用辅助手段,能够显著提高一期输尿管软镜手术的置管成功率.     

应用拦石网输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管上段结石

目的 探讨应用拦石网输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管上段结石的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析输尿管镜下拦石网配合钬激光碎石术治疗58例输尿管上段结石患者的临床资料.男36例,女22例,平均47.2岁.结石横径为3～23 mm,纵径为3～25mm.结果 本组单次碎石成功率93.1%(54/58).2例结石上移入肾内,1例因输...     

Safety and efficacy of holmium: YAG laser lithotripsy in patients with bleeding diatheses

PURPOSE: We assessed the safety and efficacy of ureteroscopy and holmium:YAG laser lithotripsy for treating upper urinary tract calculi in patients with known and uncorrected bleeding diathesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the charts at 2 tertiary stone centers to identify patients with known bleeding diathesis who were treated with holmium:YAG laser lithotripsy for upper urinary tract calculi. A total of 25 patients (29 upper urinary tract calculi) underwent ureteroscopic holmium laser lithotripsy. Bleeding diathesis involved warfarin administration for various conditions in 17 patients, liver dysfunction in 3, thrombocytopenia in 4 and von Willebrand's disease in 1. The mean international normalized ratio, platelet count and bleeding time were 2.3, 50 x 109/l. and greater than 16 minutes in patients on warfarin and in those with liver dysfunction, thrombocytopenia and von Willebrand's disease, respectively. RESULTS: Overall the stone-free rate was 96% (27 of 28 cases) and 29 of 30 procedures were completed successfully without significant complication. In a patient treated concomitantly with electrohydraulic lithotripsy significant retroperitoneal hemorrhage required blood transfusion. CONCLUSIONS: Upper tract urinary calculi in patients with uncorrected bleeding diathesis can be safely managed by contemporary small caliber ureteroscopes and the holmium laser as the only modality of lithotripsy. Ureteroscopic holmium laser lithotripsy without preoperatively correcting hemostatic parameters limits the risk of thromboembolic complications and costs associated with an extended hospital stay. Avoiding electrohydraulic lithotripsy is crucial for decreasing bleeding complications in this cohort of patients.     

输尿管结石的现代治疗(附569例报告)

目的 :报告应用现代微创技术治疗输尿管结石的经验。方法 :2 0 0 1年 1月～ 2 0 0 2年 6月间 ,应用体外冲击波碎石 (ESWL)、输尿管镜腔内碎石 [包括气压弹道腔内碎石 (PL)和钬激光腔内碎石 (HLL) ]、腹腔镜输尿管切开取石 (LUL)和开放手术 (OS)治疗各种类型输尿管结石 5 6 9例 ,并随访其疗效及并发症的发生率。结果 :ESWL 36 8例 ,结石粉碎率为 96 .2 % ,3个月后结石清除率为 87.6 % ;HLL 110例 ,10 6例结石一次性粉碎(96 .4 % ) ;PL 4例结石均一次粉碎排出 ;2 1例行LUL患者 ,手术均获成功 ;6 6例行OS的患者均为结石体积较大(>1.8cm)或双侧结石伴有肾功能不全者。结论 :ESWL和HLL可作为输尿管结石的首选治疗方法。LUL和OS可作为首选疗法失败后的补救方法或用于少数结石体积较大的病例     

输尿管镜下钬激光治疗梗阻性急性肾功能衰竭

目的:探讨输尿管镜下钬激光治疗上尿路结石梗阻并发急性肾功能衰竭的有效性和安全性。方法:应用输尿管镜直视下钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石梗阻并发急性肾功能衰竭患者12例。结果:术后患者血清尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(Cr)均恢复正常或接近正常,尿量恢复正常,结石排净率92%(11/12)。结论:输尿管镜下钬激光治疗上尿路结石性梗阻并发急性肾功能衰竭具有安全、疗效可靠、损伤小、能同时处理双侧输尿管病变的优点,是急性梗阻性肾功能衰竭的有效治疗方法。     

妊娠期输尿管结石合并感染的微创处理

目的：探讨利用微创技术治疗妊娠期输尿管结石合并感染的可行性及临床效果。方法：2006年5月～2010年4月对21例妊娠期输尿管结石合并泌尿系感染患者行微创技术治疗。21例患者孕6～36周,平均24周。结石最大径5～15mm。左侧输尿管结石9例,右侧12例。输尿管结石上段5例,中段10例,下段6例。尿常规：白细胞＋＋～＋＋＋＋,伴不同程度发热。单纯留置双J管8例,12例采用输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术,1例行经皮肾穿刺造瘘术。结果：所有患者肾绞痛、发热等急症症状经治疗后消失。结石一次性取净12例,留置双J管及肾造瘘管者至分娩后再行微创手术取石。无一例发生先兆流产或早产等,所有患者均顺利生产,婴儿健康。无输尿管穿孔及其他并发症发生。结论：利用微创技术治疗妊娠期输尿管结石合并感染安全有效。