心房感知起搏器的临床应用探讨

目的探讨心房感知起搏器(AAI)的临床应用状况和对病态窦房结综合征(SSS)患者预后的影响. 方法回顾性调查1998-2002年在长征医院进行起搏治疗的175例SSS患者的病例资料.将其中132例患者分成AAI、双腔感知起搏器(DDD)、心室感知起搏器(VVI)三组,定期门诊随访,观察房颤、中风、心力衰竭、起搏器综合征、手术并发症、起搏电极脱位、生活质量改善以及Ⅱ度以上房室传导阻滞(AVB)发生率等临床情况. 结果175例SSS患者中共有AAI适应证42%(73例),但仅有13%(22例)置入AAI起搏器.AAI组的房颤、中风、心力衰竭发生率显著低于VVI组.AAI组中未发现新发生的AVB. 结论AAI起搏较其他起搏方式更有利于SSS的预后.应该注意纠正临床上AAI起搏器应用率偏低的不合理情况.     

心房感知起搏器的临床应用探讨

目的：探讨心房感知起搏器(AAI)的临床应用状况和对病态窦房结综合征(SSS)患者预后的影响。方法：回顾性调查1998-2002年在长征医院进行起搏治疗的175例SSS患者的病例资料。将其中132例患者分成AAI、双腔感知起搏器(DDD)、心室感知起搏器(VVI)三组，定期门诊随访，观察房颤、中风、心力衰竭、起搏器综合征、手术并发症、起搏电极脱位、生活质量改善以及Ⅱ度以上房室传导阻滞(AVB)发生率等临床情况。结果：175例SSS患者中共有AAI适应证42％(73例)，但仅有13％(22例)置入AAI起搏器。AAI组的房颤、中风、心力衰竭发生率显著低于VVI组。AAI组中未发现新发生的AVB。结论：AAI起搏较其他起搏方式更有利于SSS的预后。应该注意纠正临床上AAI起搏器应用率偏低的不合理情况。     

埋藏式心脏起搏器治疗病态窦房结综合症130例临床总结

目的:探讨在病态窦房结综合征(SSS)患者起搏治疗中各种起搏模式的比例及对患者临床预后的影响。方法:对我院130例行起搏器安装术SSS患者的资料,进行起搏模式及临床预后分析。结果:130例患者中生理性起搏(AAI／DDD)占27.6％,其中AAI起搏占11.2％,DDD起搏占16.4％;心室按需型起搏(VVI)占72.4％。植入起搏器能明显改善SSS患者的临床症状,在生理性起搏组中永久性房颤、心衰的发生率以及患者死亡率均明显低于非生理性起搏组(P<0.05~<0.01),手术并发症发生率为10.8％,主要并发症为电极脱位和感知障碍。结论:生理性起搏是治疗SSS较理想的起搏方式,但目前应用的比例仍偏低。     

生理性与非生理性起搏对术后房性心律失常的影响

探讨病窦综合征 (SSS)、房室阻滞 (AVB)患者安置生理性起搏器 (AAI/DDD)与非生理性起搏器 (VVI)对术后房性心律失常的影响 ,分别对 4 6例AAI/DDD与 6 1例VVI起搏患者进行术前及术后近 1年的心电图、动态心电图、心脏超声心动图检查随访。结果 :AAI/DDD组房性心律失常的发生率由术前的 5 0 %降至术后的 32 % ,VVI组发生率由术前的 4 4 .2 %上升至术后的 6 5 .5 % ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 1)。AAI/DDD组术后左室射血分数和心输出量改善 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,房室大小无明显变化 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;VVI组术后左室射血分数和心输出血下降 ,心房、心室扩大 (P <0 .0 1)。结论 :生理性起搏优于非生理起搏 ,前者有利于消除心律失常、改善心功能。     

Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞患者行VVI及DDD起搏后心功能及超敏C反应蛋白的比较

目的比较Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞(AVB)患者行VVI及DDD起搏后心功能、N-末端B型脑钠肽(NT-pro BNP)及超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)的变化。方法选取Ⅲ度AVB患者50例,按起搏方式分组。VVI组(n=25)植入单腔起搏器,起搏模式为VVI;DDD组(n=25)植入双腔起搏器,起搏模式为DDD。随访3年,比较患者起搏参数、左房内径(LAD)、左室舒张末径(LVEDD)、左室射血分数(LVEF)、左室舒张功能(E/A)、心脏指数(CI)、每搏输出量(SV)、右室内径(RV)、hs-CRP、NT-pro BNP等指标。结果两组心室电极感知、阈值、阻抗、右室起搏比例均无差异。术后LAD、LVEDD进行性扩大,LVEF进行性下降,CI较前改善,均以VVI组较为明显;SV指标VVI组术后逐年下降,而DDD组术后1年明显增加,随后下降。术后hs-CRP、NT-pro BNP进行性升高,均以VVI组较为明显。患者hs-CRP与LVEDD、LAD、NT-pro BNP之间、NT-pro BNP与LVEDD间存在正相关关系,hs-CRP、NT-pro BNP与LVEF间存在负相关关系。结论Ⅲ度AVB患者长期VVI及DDD起搏将不同程度导致心功能恶化,VVI起搏为甚,起搏术后心功能恶化与炎症反应可能有关。     

最小化心室起搏功能在病态窦综合征与房室传导阻滞患者中的应用分析

目的 比较分析最小化心室起搏中的心室起搏管理(MVP)功能在病态窦综合征(SND)与房室传导阻滞(AVB)患者中应用的差别.方法 入选接受双腔起搏治疗的症状性窦性心动过缓患者52例,并将患者分为SND组32例(62％)和AVB组20例(38％).首先关闭MVP模式,将起搏器程控调为生理型起博(DDD/R)模式,于3个月随访时将MVP模式打开.通过程控仪随访观察患者心房和心室的起搏比例、高频心房事件和房性心律失常(AA)负荷.结果 SND组患者MVP模式与DDD/R模式相比,心室起搏百分比(VP％)及心房起搏百分比(AP％),AA负荷百分比显著下降(P＜0.05),心房高频事件(AHR)两组比较差异无统计学意义.AVB组患者MVP模式与DDD/R模式相比,VP％显著下降,两组AA负荷百分比比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),而两组AP％、AHR比较差异无统计学意义.结论 对于植入心脏起搏器的心动过缓的患者,MVP模式相较DDD/R模式可以显著地减少不必要的右心室起搏,无论是病窦综合征的患者还是房室传导阻滞的患者均可以从中获益.     

永久性心脏起搏器植入早期左心室重构的研究

目的分析起搏器植入后早期左心室重构特点.方法全组患者27例,其中,起搏心室感知心室R波抑制型(VVI)起搏器组15例,起搏双腔感知双腔P波/R波抑制型(DDD)起搏器组12例.采用双探头门控单光子发射计算机断层摄影系统(GSPECT)采集心肌显像资料,测定患者起搏器植入前及植入后随访时(随访期4.6±1.5个月)自身心律状态时下列左心室参数值:左心室射血分数(LVEF),左心室舒张末容积(EDV),左心室收缩末容积(ESV).EDV增加或降低10%及以上者,为重构.结果13例(48.1%)出现重构,VVI组10例(66.7%),DDD组3例(25%).其中,EDV增大7例(25.9%),VVI组5例(33.3%),DDD组2例(16.7%);EDV减少者6例(22.2%),VVI组5例(33.3%),DDD组1例(8.3%).结论起搏器植入后早期,即可出现左心室重构,表现在EDV增大或缩小.本研究提示,永久性心脏起搏器植入在获得电生理学益处的同时,可能对左心室结构带来某些不利影响.     

心室起搏管理功能降低病窦综合征患者高比例的右室起搏

目的评估具有心室起搏管理(MVP)功能的双腔起搏器对高比例右室起搏的病窦综合征(SSS)患者的疗效。方法 35例SSS患者,房室传导正常或合并间歇性房室传导阻滞(AVB),至少植入了两年双腔起搏器(DDD/R),并计划更换,入组前1个月以上的心室起搏比例超过40%。均植入具有MVP功能的双腔起搏器,随机程控MVP启动(MVP on组,n=17)或者关闭(MVP off组,n=18)。术前、术后6个月行血浆脑钠肽(BNP)测定;心脏超声测定左室收缩末期内径(LVESD),左室舒张末期内径(LVEDD),左室射血分数(LVEF);并于术后6个月程控起搏器了解右室起搏比例、心房高频事件。结果术前两组血浆BNP及LVESD、LVEDD、LVEF比较无显著差异(P>0.05);术后两组有关心脏超声指标无明显变化(P>0.05)。MVP on组术后较术前血浆BNP有明显下降(P﹤0.05),与MVP off组比较,MVP on组术后右室起搏百分比、心房高频事件发生率均有显著下降(2.6%±0.6%vs 48.4%±10.5%,15.7%±2.3%vs 62.0%±7.8%;P﹤0.01)。结论具有MVP功能的DDD/R起搏器能降低高比例右室起搏的SSS的右室起搏比例及心房高频事件的发生率。     

Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞病人植入起搏器的观察

目的对72例Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞患者植入VVI或DDD起搏器的效果进行对照观察.方法对植入VVI起搏器的38例(VVI组)和DDD起搏器的34例(DDD组)患者配对观察(1) Holter 24小时早搏数;(2)超声心动图左室射血分数(IVEF);(3)存活年限;(4)死亡率.随访时间4.6±1.6年.结果两组Holter早搏数分别减少1250±1002次/24h和2546±1600次/24h.IVEF值分别为(20.6±5.0)%和(29.8±4.3)%,存活时间分别3.1±1.9年和4.0±2.3年,死亡率分别为10.5%和2.9%.结论DDD起搏器治疗Ⅲ度AVB患者的以上4项指标全部优于VVI起搏器.     

DDD(R)与VVI(R)起搏模式对病窦综合征患者的影响

91例病窦综合征患者,分别植入DDD(R)(n=56)及VVI(R)(n=35)起搏器,术后平均随访28.5±10.7个月。随访结束时与植入起搏器前比较,两组的左房内径均增大;左室射血分数降低;血浆BNP水平增高;Ⅰ级心功能患者减少;Ⅲ级心功能患者增加。而两组间以上各指标均无差异。DDD(R)组心房颤动发生率比VVI(R)组有降低趋势,但未达统计学差异(P=0.061)。两组间因心力衰竭住院率、脑梗塞及因心血管死亡均无差异。结论 :DDD(R)与VVI(R)起搏效果类似,均使患者心脏重构、心功能减退。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.