下肢康复机器人训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢运动功能的影响

目的 观察下肢康复机器人训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢运动功能的影响。 方法 采用随机数字表法将40例脑卒中偏瘫患者（病程<12周）分为治疗组及对照组。对照组患者给予常规康复干预,治疗组患者在常规康复干预基础上辅以下肢康复机器人步行训练,每天治疗1次,共连续治疗6周。于治疗前、治疗6周后分别采用简式Fugl-Meyer运动功能量表（FMA）下肢评分及上田敏式偏瘫下肢功能量表对2组患者下肢运动功能进行评定,同时采用功能性步行分级（FAC）评价2组患者步行能力改善情况。 结果 治疗前2组患者下肢FMA评分、上田敏式分级及FAC评分组间差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）;治疗6周后发现2组患者下肢FMA评分、上田敏式分级及FAC评分均较治疗前明显改善（P<0.05）,并且治疗组患者下肢FMA评分［(28.14±3.37)分］、上田敏式分级［(10.29±1.69)级］及FAC评分［(3.86±0.77)分］均显著优于对照组水平［分别为（24.62±3.69）分、（8.85±1.73）级和（2.92±0.86）分］,组间差异均具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论 在常规康复干预基础上辅以下肢康复机器人步行训练,能进一步提高脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢运动功能,该疗法值得临床推广、应用。     

骨盆辅助步行康复机器人对脑卒中偏瘫患者运动功能及日常生活能力的影响

目的:探讨应用骨盆辅助步行康复机器人对卒中偏瘫患者运动功能及日常生活能力的影响。方法:选取嘉兴市第二医院康复医学中心2016年1月—2017年1月间住院确诊的40例脑卒中偏瘫患者,随机数字表法分为治疗组(20例)和对照组(20例),对照组给予常规康复训练,治疗组还给予骨盆辅助步行康复机器人训练,每次10—20min,每周6次,共8周。对两组患者进行康复评定,治疗前后采用下肢Fugl-Meyer评分(FMA)、Berg平衡测试(BBS)、功能性步行能力分级(FAC)及改良Barthel指数(MBI)。结果:治疗前两组患者下肢FMA评分、BBS评分、FAC分级及MBI评分组间差异均无显著性意义(P0.05)。治疗8周后治疗组患者FMA评分、BBS评分、FAC分级及MBI评分较对照组均有明显改善(P0.05),且治疗组FMA评分、BBS评分、FAC分级优于对照组(P0.05)。但MBI评分与对照组比较无显著性差异(P0.05)。结论:骨盆辅助步行康复机器人训练可以更有效地改善卒中偏瘫患者的下肢运动功能,提高步行能力。     

足下垂助行仪联合Lokomat下肢康复机器人对脑卒中患者步行功能的疗效

目的观察足下垂助行仪训练联合Lokomat下肢康复机器人对脑卒中患者步行功能的影响。方法将36例脑卒中患者随机分为对照组(n=18)和观察组(n=18)。两组均接受常规康复训练。对照组在常规康复治疗的基础上进行Lokomat下肢康复机器人步行训练,观察组在对照组基础上佩戴足下垂助行仪。30 min/次,1次/d,5 d/周,共6周。治疗前后分别采用Fugl-Meyer下肢运动功能量表(FMA-LL)、功能性步行量表(FAC)和足印分析法评定下肢运动功能、步行能力和步态。结果治疗前,两组FMA-LL评分、FAC分级、步态参数(步速、步宽、两侧步长差)均无显著性差异(t0.765,Z=0,P0.05)。治疗后,两组FMA评分、FAC分级和步速均有提高,两侧步长差与步宽均减小(t2.190,Z3.630,P0.05);观察组FMA评分、FAC分级、步速及两侧步长差均优于对照组(t2.030,Z=-2.560,P0.05),但两组间步宽无显著性差异(t=0.570,P0.05)。结论足下垂助行仪联合Lokomat下肢康复机器人同步治疗可提高脑卒中患者的步行能力,且疗效明显优于单用Lokomat下肢康复机器人治疗。     

下肢康复训练机器人联合等速肌力训练对老年脑卒中偏瘫患者神经功能、步行能力、Lovett肌力分级及平衡能力的影响

目的 分析下肢康复训练机器人联合等速肌力训练对老年脑卒中偏瘫患者神经功能、步行能力、Lovett肌力分级及平衡能力的影响。方法 回顾性分析2022年1月至12月于中国中医科学院西苑医院康复医学科接受康复治疗至少8周的86例老年脑卒中偏瘫患者的临床资料,依据训练方法不同分为联合组(n=43)和对照组(n=43)。对照组行常规康复训练联合等速肌力训练,联合组在对照组基础上行下肢康复训练机器人训练。观察分析两组训练前及训练8周后神经功能、步行能力、Lovett肌力分级、平衡能力、不良反应。结果 训练后,两组NIHSS评分、Rankin评分均较训练前降低,且联合组NIHSS评分、Rankin评分分别为(10.96±1.32)、(2.12±0.24)分,均低于对照组[(15.93±1.79)、(2.65±0.29)分],差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。训练后,两组FAC高分级均较训练前增加,且联合组FAC及Lovett肌力高分级比例均大于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。训练后,两组BBS评分均较训练前升高,且联合组BBS评分(45.19±4.83)分,高于对照组[(3...     

骨盆辅助式康复机器人对急性期脑梗死患者下肢功能和膝关节本体感觉的影响

目的探究骨盆辅助式康复机器人对急性期脑梗死患者的下肢功能和膝关节本体感觉的影响。方法将40例急性脑梗死偏瘫患者按随机数字表法分为对照组(20例)和观察组(20例), 2组患者均接受常规药物治疗和康复干预, 观察组患者在此基础上增加骨盆辅助式康复机器人训练。骨盆辅助式康复机器人训练每日训练1次, 每次训练20 min, 每周训练5 d, 连续训练4周。于治疗前和治疗4周后(治疗后)分别采用简式Fugl-Meyer运动功能量表(FMA)下肢部分、Berg平衡量表(BBS)、功能性步行分级(FAC)量表和等速测试仪对2组患者的下肢运动功能、平衡功能、步行功能和膝关节本体感觉进行评估。结果治疗后, 2组患者的下肢FMA评分、BBS评分、FAC分级和膝关节重现角度差值与组内治疗前比较, 差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05), 且观察组上述指标分别为(21.75±3.18)分、(31.55±3.39)分、(3.15±0.49)级和(6.25±0.91)°, 均显著优于对照组治疗后, 差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论骨盆辅助式康复机器人训练可显著改善急性期脑梗死患者的下肢运动功能、...     

一种下肢康复机器人对脑卒中亚急性期偏瘫患者步行功能的影响

目的:观察G-EO System下肢康复机器人对脑卒中亚急性期偏瘫患者步行功能的影响.方法:将40例偏瘫患者随机分为对照组(20例),G-EO组(20例).两组均给予常规的康复功能训练,每天100min,每周5d,共8周.G-EO组除了常规的功能训练外,增加G-EO System下肢机器人为主的步行训练,每天30min,每周5d,共8周.治疗4周后及治疗8周后,采用下肢Fugl-Meyer(FMA)运动功能量表、功能性步行量表(FAC)、Berg平衡量表(BBS)对下肢步行功能的疗效进行评价.结果:治疗前两组患者在FMA运动功能量表,功能性步行量表FAC,Berg平衡量表的评分无显著差异(P＞0.05).治疗后两组患者FMA,FAC,BBS的评估较治疗前均有明显改善(P＜0.05);8周后,G-EO组的FAC,BBS评分均高于对照组(P＜0.05).结论:G-EO System下肢康复机器人对于脑卒中亚急性期偏瘫患者的步行功能和提高步行的稳定性有积极作用.     

下肢智能康复机器人对脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢运动功能的影响

目的:观察下肢智能康复机器人训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢运动功能、平衡功能及步行能力的影响。方法:将80例脑卒中偏瘫患者随机分成对照组和干预组,各40例。2组均采用常规康复治疗,干预组在此基础上加用下肢智能康复机器人训练。采用简式Fugl-Meyer评分法(FMA)、Berg平衡量表(BBS)、功能性步行分级(FAC)、10 m最大步行速度、改良Barthel指数(MBI)、胫骨前肌表面肌电积分(iEMG)进行结局指标评价。结果:治疗12周后,2组患者BBS、FMA、MBI和iEMG评分均较治疗前明显升高(P=0.000),治疗后干预组评分明显高于对照组(P=0.000)。治疗后干预组FAC步行功能分级3级及以上者所占比例、10 m最大步行速度均优于对照组。结论:下肢智能康复机器人结合常规康复训练能明显提高脑卒中偏瘫患者的下肢运动功能、平衡功能及步行能力。     

肌电生物反馈联合下肢康复机器人训练对脊髓损伤患者下肢功能恢复的影响

目的 观察肌电生物反馈联合下肢康复机器人训练对不完全性脊髓损伤（SCI）患者下肢功能恢复的影响。 方法 采用随机数字表法将92例不完全性SCI患者分为观察组及对照组,每组46例。2组患者均给予常规康复训练及肌电生物反馈治疗,观察组在此基础上辅以下肢康复机器人训练。于治疗前、治疗12周后分别采用Berg平衡量表（BBS）、ASIA量表、Holden步行能力分级(FAC)及徒手肌力检查法（MMT）对2组患者下肢功能恢复情况进行评定。 结果 入选时2组患者BBS评分、下肢ASIA评分、FAC分级及下肢MMT分级组间差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）;治疗后2组患者BBS评分、下肢ASIA评分均较入选时明显改善（P<0.05）,并且观察组BBS评分［（36.2±9.8）分］、下肢ASIA评分［（40.4±4.6）分］亦显著优于对照组水平（P<0.05）;2组患者FAC分级≥3级人数、下肢MMT分级≥3级人数均较入选时明显增加（P<0.05）,并且均以观察组患者增加人数（分别增加25例、26例）较显著,与对照组间差异均具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论 肌电生物反馈联合下肢康复机器人训练能进一步改善不完全性SCI患者平衡能力、下肢肌力及步行功能,对提高患者生活质量具有重要意义。     

手部强化训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者上肢功能恢复的影响

目的 观察手部强化训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者上肢功能恢复的影响.方法 采用随机数字表法将64例脑卒中偏瘫患者分为观察组及对照组.2组患者均给予常规康复干预(以Brunnstrom及Bobath疗法为主),观察组在此基础上辅以手部强化训练.分别于训练前、训练6周后采用Fugl-Meyer运动功能评分(FMA)上肢部分、改良Barthel指数(MBI)及简易上肢机能检查(STEF)对2组患者进行疗效评定.结果 2组患者分别经6周训练后,发现观察组FMA评分[(55.82±10.44)分]、MBI评分[(60.35±10.43)分]、STEF评分[(81.12±8.95)分]及对照组FMA评分[(44.56±10.31)分]、MBI评分[(34.58±9.09)分]、STEF评分[(64.34±8.18)分]均较治疗前明显改善(P＜0.05);并且上述指标均以观察组患者的改善幅度较显著,与对照组间差异均具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 在常规康复干预基础上辅以手部强化训练,能进一步改善脑卒中偏瘫患者上肢功能,提高其生活质量,该疗法值得临床推广、应用.     

运动想象疗法结合下肢康复机器人训练对脑卒中亚急性期偏瘫患者下肢运动功能的影响

目的:探讨运动想象疗法结合下肢康复机器人训练对脑卒中亚急性期偏瘫患者下肢运动功能的影响。方法:选取亚急性期脑卒中偏瘫患者50例,随机分为对照组和观察组各25例。两组患者均采用常规康复治疗(45min/次,每周6次)和下肢康复机器人的功能训练(20min/次,每周6次),一共6周。观察组在常规康复治疗的基础上,在训练结束后进行运动想象疗法(15min/次,每周6次)。两组患者均在治疗前、治疗6周后采用下肢FuglMeye(rFMA)运动功能量表、Berg平衡量表(BBS)、功能性步行量表(FAC)进行评估。结果:治疗前对照组和观察组在Fugl-Meyer(FMA)运动功能量表、Berg平衡量表(BBS)、功能性步行量表(FAC)的评分无显著差异(P0.05)。治疗6周后,两组患者FMA,BBS,FAC的评分较治疗前均有明显改善(P0.05),且观察组较对照组提高更明显(P0.05)。结论:运动想象疗法结合下肢康复机器人对亚急性期脑卒中患者下肢的运动功能、平衡功能及步行能力有所提高。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.