显微外科治疗小脑扁桃体下疝畸形Ⅰ型合并脊髓空洞症

目的 探讨小脑扁桃体下疝畸形(chiari 畸形)Ⅰ型合并脊髓空洞症的显微神经外科手术方法.方法 对经磁共振成像(MRI)证实的Chiari畸形Ⅰ型合并脊髓空洞症101例进行显微神经外科手术治疗,采用枕后正中直切口,颅后小骨窗减压、硬膜下探查、硬膜成形合并枕大池重建术,重建脑脊液循环通路.结果 术后经6个月左右的随访,89例(88.1%)的症状、体征得到改善,86例(93.5%)经MRI复查显示小脑扁桃体达正常水平、延髓压迫解除、枕大池形态恢复,脊髓空洞腔不同程度缩小者75例(81.5%),空洞腔消失25例(27.1%).结论 应用显微外科的手术技巧治疗Chiari畸形Ⅰ型合并脊髓空洞症,可以有效的缓解患者的病情,取得满意的临床效果.     

Chiari-I畸形并脊髓空洞症247例外科治疗

目的　探讨Chiari I畸形并脊髓空洞症手术治疗的适应证、手术方式及效果。方法对 2 4 7例磁共振成像 (MRI)证实的Chiari I畸形并脊髓空洞症患者的手术治疗情况进行回顾性分析。MRI征象为小脑扁桃体下疝及伴轻度脊髓空洞者 12 6例、小脑扁桃体下疝并脊髓空洞达第二颈椎(C2 )以上者 38例、小脑扁桃体下疝严重达C2 ～C3 水平并脊髓远隔节段空洞者 6 7例、小脑扁桃体下疝严重达C2 ～C3 水平脊髓空洞达C2 以上者 16例。患者分别行后颅窝减压术、后颅窝减压及脊髓空洞切开引流术、后颅窝减压及小脑扁桃体切除术、后颅窝减压加脊髓空洞切开引流及小脑扁桃体切除术。结果　出院时患者症状明显改善或改善者 197例 (79 8% ) ,无改善但病情稳定者 39例(15 8% ) ,恶化者 7例 (2 8% ) ,死亡者 4例 (1 6 % )。随访 10 7例患者 ,复查MRI脊髓空洞消失或基本消失者 78例 ,缩小者 14例 ,无改变者 15例。结论　后颅窝减压术、脊髓空洞切开引流术、小脑扁桃体切除术及其不同组合是治疗Chiari I畸形并脊髓空洞症的有效方法。     

成人Chiari畸形Ⅰ型后颅窝线性容积特征与小脑扁桃体下疝程度和脊髓空洞的相关性分析

目的 :探讨成人Chiari畸形Ⅰ型(Chiari malformation typeⅠ,CMⅠ)患者后颅窝线性容积特征及其与脊髓空洞和小脑扁桃体下疝程度之间的相关性。方法:收集2010年6月~2014年6月在我院接受治疗的CMⅠ患者,入选标准为:(1)年龄30岁;(2)经头颈部MRI确诊为CMⅠ伴或不伴脊髓空洞;所有入选患者均排除颅内占位性病变、颅骨破坏、后颅窝手术史或获得性Chiari畸形。选取年龄匹配的正常成人作为对照组,测量两组头颅正中矢状位MRI中斜坡长度、枕骨大孔横径、枕上长度、后颅窝矢状径、后颅窝高径和后颅窝斜坡倾斜角α等指标,并将两组按性别分组后比较后颅窝线性容积差异。同时根据小脑扁桃体下疝程度及是否伴发脊髓空洞进行分组,分析后颅窝线性容积特征与小脑扁桃体下疝程度及脊髓空洞的关系。结果:共纳入CMⅠ患者37例,男18例,女19例;年龄38.5±5.5岁(31~56岁)。正常对照组41例,男19例,女22例;年龄36.4±6.3岁(33~58岁),成人CMⅠ患者后颅窝斜坡长度、枕上长度、后颅窝矢状径、后颅窝高径及斜坡倾斜角分别为35.9±4.2mm、38.2±5.8mm、77.4±6.1mm、28.2±3.9mm和47.4°±6.4°,均明显小于正常对照组(43.3±2.9mm、43.5±5.6mm、82.5±4.5mm、35.4±3.4mm、58.6°±5.7°,P0.05);伴脊髓空洞的成人CMⅠ组患者斜坡倾斜角(45.8°±7.6°)较单纯CMⅠ组(49.7°±5.1°)显著减小;Ⅱ度扁桃体下疝CMⅠ患者的后颅窝斜坡长度(31.4±3.6mm)及倾斜角(42.3°±5.4°)明显小于Ⅰ度扁桃体下疝CMⅠ患者(36.2±3.8mm、48.1°±5.2°;P0.05),余指标未见明显差异。结论 :成人CMⅠ患者的后颅窝容积明显减少,但与脊髓空洞和扁桃体下疝程度之间无显著相关性;CMⅠ患者斜坡发育不良与脊髓空洞的形成以及小脑扁桃体下疝程度存在一定相关性。     

Chiari畸形Ⅰ型患者小脑扁桃体下疝程度及脊髓空洞形态与后颅窝容积的相关性

目的:分析Chiari畸形Ⅰ型(Chiari malformation typeⅠ,CMⅠ)患者小脑扁桃体下疝程度及脊髓空洞形态与后颅窝线性容积的关系,探讨影响小脑扁桃体下疝程度的后颅窝解剖学因素。方法:2003年6月~2011年6月在我科接受治疗并符合入选标准的CMⅠ患者共59例,男34例,女25例,年龄16~20岁,平均17.9岁,Risser征5级,均有完整MRI资料(包括头枕部及全脊髓矢状面扫描图像);均无颅内占位性病变、颅骨破坏、后颅窝手术史或获得性Chiari畸形。均伴有不同形态的脊髓空洞,55例(93.2%)伴有不同程度的脊柱侧凸畸形。在MRI T1加权像正中矢状位扫描层面上评估患者的小脑扁桃体下疝程度和脊髓空洞类型;测量后颅窝斜坡长度、枕骨大孔前后径、枕骨鳞部长度、后颅窝矢状径、后颅窝高径和斜坡倾斜角。将CMⅠ患者按照小脑扁桃体下疝严重程度分为三度:Ⅰ度,小脑扁桃体下缘超过枕骨大孔水平5mm但没有到达C1后弓上缘;Ⅱ度,小脑扁桃体下缘尾向移位超过C1后弓上缘但未超过C1后弓下缘;Ⅲ度,小脑扁桃体下缘尾向移位超过C1后弓下缘。依据脊髓空洞类型分为膨胀型、念珠型、细长型和局限型四组。比较不同组间后颅窝线性容积的差异,并对相关指标进行相关性分析。结果:Ⅰ度扁桃体下疝CMⅠ患者的后颅窝斜坡长度明显大于Ⅱ、Ⅲ度扁桃体下疝CMⅠ患者(P<0.05),Ⅲ度扁桃体下疝患者的斜坡倾斜角较Ⅰ、Ⅱ度患者明显减小(P<0.05),其余指标三组间无显著性差异;CMⅠ患者的斜坡倾斜角与小脑扁桃体下疝程度之间存在显著性负相关关系(r=-0.626,P=0.005)。膨胀型脊髓空洞患者的斜坡倾斜角显著小于其他类型的脊髓空洞患者(P<0.05),其余指标各类型之间无显著性差异。结论:后颅窝斜坡短平可能是促使CMⅠ患者小脑扁桃体下疝加重的重要因素之一,同时对CMⅠ患者的脊髓空洞的形成和发展也存在影响。     

Ⅰ型Chiari畸形和(或)脊髓空洞相关脊柱侧凸术前评估和治疗选择

Ⅰ型Chiari畸形是小脑扁桃体下疝畸形,为后脑的先天性畸形,其病理特征是小脑扁桃体疝入椎管内,小脑低于枕骨大孔5mm以上。虽然非特发性脊柱侧凸中较少见的为伴发Chiari畸形和(或)脊髓空洞者,但随着诊断技术的提高,该类患者已变得不那么少见。检索Chiari畸形合并脊柱侧凸,得到相关中英文文献100篇,作者对相关文献进行综述,以了解Ⅰ型Chiari畸形合并脊柱侧凸研究进展。     

脊髓空洞与脊柱侧凸

脊髓空洞是指脊髓中央管室管膜内外有液体积聚且呈筒样串联，可以在颈髓或上胸段几个节段内发生，也可向上、下延展。脊髓空洞形成的最常见原因为枕大孔区畸形和小脑扁桃体下疝，即Chiari畸形，90％的脊髓空洞与Chiari畸形有关。临床上脊髓空洞也可呈“特发性”而单独存在。脊髓空洞可伴发脊柱侧凸。在各种类型的脊柱侧凸中，脊髓空洞的发生率为4％～8％，而在脊髓空洞患者中，脊柱侧凸的发生率高达25％～85％。     

Chiari-Ⅰ畸形并脊髓空洞症247例外科治疗

目的 探讨Chiari-Ⅰ畸形并脊髓空洞症手术治疗的适应证、手术方式及效果。方法对247例磁共振成像(MRI）证实的Chiari-Ⅰ畸形并脊髓空洞症患者的手术治疗情况进行回顾性分析。MRI征象为小脑扁桃体下疝及伴轻度脊髓空洞者126例、小脑扁桃体下疝并脊髓空洞达第二颈椎(C2)以上者38例、小脑扁桃体下疝严重达C2～C3水平并脊髓远隔节段空洞者67例、小脑扁桃体下疝严重达C2～C3水平脊髓空洞达C2以上者16例。患者分别行后颅窝减压术、后颅窝减压及脊髓空洞切开引流术、后颅窝减压及小脑扁桃体切除术、后颅窝减压加脊髓空洞切开引流及小脑扁桃体切除术。结果 出院时患者症状明显改善或改善者197例(79．8％)，无改善但病情稳定者39例(15．8％)，恶化者7例(2．8％)，死亡者4例(1．6％)。随访107例患者，复查MRI脊髓空洞消失或基本消失者78例，缩小者14例，无改变者15例。结论 后颅窝减压术、脊髓空洞切开引流术、小脑扁桃体切除术及其不同组合是治疗Chiari-Ⅰ畸形并脊髓空洞症的有效方法。     

Chiari畸形后路减压手术术后近期并发症分析

Arnold Chiari畸形（Arnold Chiari malformation，ACM），也称小脑扁桃体下疝畸形,是一种以小脑扁桃体下疝人枕骨大孔为特征的先天性畸形。Chiari畸形的手术目的是解除颈枕部组织对脊髓的压迫，恢复正常的脑脊液动力学，缓解脊髓空洞。我院1998年1月～2006年6月共手术治疗Chiari畸形154例，对术后1个月内出现的各种并发症进行总结，报告如下。     

Chiari畸形/脊髓空洞合并脊柱侧凸的病理机制及治疗研究进展

Chiari畸形是一种以小脑扁桃体下疝为主要特征的先天性神经系统疾病,主要病理特征表现为小脑扁桃体下降至枕骨大孔水平以下,疝入椎管内致后脑诸结构、脑干、小脑及后组颅神经受挤压或者牵拉导致的一系列功能障碍。流行病学研究显示Chiari畸形发病率约为1%,其中50%~75%的Chiari畸形患者合并存在脊髓空洞。而脊柱     

枕大池重建术治疗Chiari Ⅰ型畸形合并脊髓空洞症

目的 探讨枕大池重建术治疗合并脊髓空洞症的Chiari Ⅰ型畸形操作要点.方法 枕下正中入路,用咬骨钳咬开下项线至枕大孔后缘及寰椎后弓,“Y“形切开硬脑脊膜和蛛网膜.显微镜下对下疝小脑扁桃体弱电流电凝或软脑膜下切除,开放正中孔直至第四脑室底,打通两侧小脑延髓外侧池,切开脊髓中央管口假膜,修补硬脑脊膜及蛛网膜,重建枕大池.结果 36例手术均成功,术中发现30例有脊髓中央管口假膜.术后随访3个月～5年,感觉及肌力均有不同程度的恢复,MRI复查6例脊髓空洞症消失,30例缩小.结论 后颅凹减压、显微镜下开放第四脑室正中孔与两侧小脑延髓外侧池相通、开通脊髓中央管口,是手术治疗Chiari Ⅰ型畸形合并脊髓空洞症的的关键.     

Presenteeism and Absenteeism Before and After Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty

BackgroundAbsenteeism is costly, yet evidence suggests that presenteeism—illness-related reduced productivity at work—is costlier. We quantified employed patients’ presenteeism and absenteeism before and after total joint arthroplasty (TJA).MethodsWe measured presenteeism (0-100 scale, 100 full performance) and absenteeism using the World Health Organization’s Health and Work Performance Questionnaire before and after TJA among a convenience sample of employed patients. We captured detailed information about employment and job characteristics and evaluated how and among whom presenteeism and absenteeism improved.ResultsIn total, 636 primary, unilateral TJA patients responded to an enrollment email, confirmed employment, and completed a preoperative survey (mean age: 62.1 years, 55.3% women). Full at-work performance was reported by 19.7%. Among 520 (81.8%) who responded to a 1-year follow-up, 473 (91.0%) were still employed, and 461 (88.7%) had resumed working. Among patients reporting at baseline and 1 year, average at-work performance improved from 80.7 to 89.4. A Wilcoxon signed-rank test indicated that postoperative performance was significantly higher than preoperative performance (P < .0001). The percentage of patients who reported full at-work performance increased from 20.9% to 36.8% (delta = 15.9%, 95% confidence interval = [10.0%, 21.9%], P < .0001). Presenteeism gains were concentrated among patients who reported declining work performance leading up to surgery. Average changes in absences were relatively small. Combined, the average monthly value lost by employers to presenteeism declined from 15.3% to 8.3% and to absenteeism from 16.9% to 15.5% (ie, mitigated loss of 8.4% of monthly value).ConclusionAmong employed patients before TJA, presenteeism and absenteeism were similarly costly. After, employed patients reported increased performance, concentrated among those with declining performance leading up to surgery.     

The German emergency and disaster medicine and management systemdhistory and present

As well for optimized emergency management in individual cases as for optimized mass medicine in disaster management, the principle of the medical doctors approaching the patient directly and timely, even close to the site of the incident, is a long-standing marker for quality of care and patient survival in Germany. Professional rescue and emergency forces, including medical services, are the “Golden Standard” of emergency management systems. Regulative laws, proper organization of resources, equipment, training and adequate delivery of medical measures are key factors in systematic approaches to manage emergencies and disasters alike and thus save lives. During disasters command, communication, coordination and cooperation are essential to cope with extreme situations, even more so in a globalized world. In this article, we describe the major historical milestones, the current state of the German system in emergency and disaster management and its integration into the broader European approach.     

Differences in Osteocyte Density and Bone Histomorphometry Between Men and Women and Between Healthy and Osteoporotic Subjects

Bone defects related to osteoporosis develop with increasing age and differ between males and females. It is currently thought that the bone remodeling process is supervised by osteocytes in a strain-dependent manner. We have shown an altered response of osteocytes from osteoporotic patients to mechanical loading, and osteocyte density is reduced in osteoporotic patients, which might relate to imperfect bone remodeling, leading to lack of bone mass and strength. Hence, information on osteocyte density will contribute to a better understanding of bone biology in males and females and to the assessment of osteoporosis. Osteocyte density as well as conventional histomorphometric parameters of trabecular bone were determined in cancellous iliac crest bone of healthy postmenopausal women and men and of osteoporotic women and men. Osteocyte density was higher in healthy females than in healthy males and lower in osteoporotic females than in healthy females. Bone mass was reduced in osteoporotic patients, both male and female. In females, trabecular number was reduced, whereas in males, trabecular thickness was reduced and eroded surface was increased. There were no correlations between the parameter groups bone architecture, bone formation, bone resorption, and osteocyte density. These results are consistent with impaired osteoblast function in osteoporotic patients and with a different mechanism of bone loss between men and women, in which osteocyte density might play a role. The reduced osteocyte numbers in female osteoporotic patients might relate to imperfect bone remodeling leading to lack of bone mass and strength. M. G. Mullender and S. D. Tan contributed equally to this work.     

Tendon and Ligament Healing and Current Approaches to Tendon and Ligament Regeneration

Ligament and tendon injuries are common problems in orthopedics. There is a need for treatments that can expedite nonoperative healing or improve the efficacy of surgical repair or reconstruction of ligaments and tendons. Successful biologically-based attempts at repair and reconstruction would require a thorough understanding of normal tendon and ligament healing. The inflammatory, proliferative, and remodeling phases, and the cells involved in tendon and ligament healing will be reviewed. Then, current research efforts focusing on biologically-based treatments of ligament and tendon injuries will be summarized, with a focus on stem cells endogenous to tendons and ligaments. Statement of clinical significance: This paper details mechanisms of ligament and tendon healing, as well as attempts to apply stem cells to ligament and tendon healing. Understanding of these topics could lead to more efficacious therapies to treat ligament and tendon injuries. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 38:7–12, 2020