2010年新疆维吾尔族、哈萨克族及汉族成年人血脂异常的流行特点

目的 分析2010年新疆地区维吾尔族、哈萨克族及汉族成年居民血脂异常的患病现状及分布特点.方法 2010年采用分层整群随机抽样方法,抽取年龄≥18岁的维吾尔族居民3625名,男性1773名,女性1852名,年龄为(42.89±15.95)岁;哈萨克族居民4148名,男性1649名,女性2499名,年龄为(44.14±13.27)岁;汉族居民3733名,男性1563名,女性2170名,年龄(49.66±12.24)岁,共调查了11 506名.进行问卷调查和身体检查,抽取空腹静脉血检测TG、TC、LDL-C和HDL-C.结果 维吾尔族调查对象TG、TC、HDL-C和LDL-C水平分别为(1.31±1.03)、(4.44±1.20)、(1.41±0.62)和(2.44±0.81) mmol/L;哈萨克族分别为(1.24 ±0.99)、(4.55±1.31)、(1.41±0.62)和(2.40±0.87) mmol/L;汉族分别为(1.62±1.34)、(4.60±1.10)、(1.16±0.68)和(2.23±0.93) mmol/L.维吾尔族、哈萨克族及汉族血脂异常患病率分别为:42.4％(1537/3625)、31.6％(1311/4148)、30.2％(1127/3733),标化患病率分别为:42.4％、31.8％、28.2％,维吾尔族血脂异常患病率高于哈萨克族和汉族,差异有统计学意义(x2=179.87,P＜0.01).维吾尔族、哈萨克族和汉族男性血脂异常的标化患病率分别为52.6％、35.4％、33.2％,维吾尔族男性高于哈萨克族和汉族男性,差异有统计学意义(x2=159.19,P＜0.01).汉族、维吾尔族、哈萨克族高TG血症标化患病率分别为:9.3％,9.3％,17.3％,汉族高TG血症患病率高于维吾尔族及哈萨克族(x2=172.55,P＜0.01).哈萨克族的TC异常标化率(6.9％)高于维吾尔族(5.2％),差异有统计学意义(x2=10.20,P＜0.01).维吾尔族、哈萨克族、汉族的低HDL-C血症标化患病率分别为:33.6％,20.8％,11.1％,维吾尔族高于哈萨克族和汉族(x2 =552.82,P＜0.01),哈萨克族高于汉族(x2=138.01,P＜0.01).3个民族间的高LDL-C血症差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 新疆地区3个民族血脂异常患病率均高于全国患病率,且存在民族、年龄及性别间差异.     

新疆维汉哈三民族人群肥胖的流行病学调查研究

目的以汉族人群为对照,分析新疆心血管疾病高发人群-哈萨克族和维吾尔族人群超重和腹型肥胖的流行现状和特征。方法利用2007年新疆高血压研究所高血压现况调查获取的7 510人的有效数据,计算哈萨克族、维吾尔族、汉族人群超重率、腹型肥胖的患病率,并采用三组人群的合并人群作为标准人群,对各率进行年龄标化。超重的诊断标准为:BMI≥25 kg/m2为超重;腹型肥胖的诊断标准为:腰围≥90 cm(男)或≥80 cm(女)为腹型肥胖。结果 (1)超重的患病率在三民族的男女人群分别为:哈萨克族63.83%和55.67%,维吾尔族61.33%和60.77%,汉族51.79%和29.53%;腹型肥胖的患病率相应为:哈萨克族46.61%和53.43%,维吾尔族42.03%和64.33%,汉族42.49%和36.22%。(2)超重率在三民族人群均表现为男性>女性,而腹型肥胖患病率的性别差异在不同人群表现不同,哈萨克族、维吾尔族人群为女性>男性,汉族人群则为男性>女性。(3)汉族女性人群各年龄段腹型肥胖的患病率均高于同年龄段超重率,50岁以后女性维吾尔族、哈萨克族人群也出现了同样的特点,但男性汉族、维吾尔族、哈萨克族人群各年龄段腹型肥胖的患病率始终低于超重率。结论哈萨克族、维吾尔族是超重、腹型肥胖的高发人群,汉族女性人群和50岁以后的维吾尔族、哈萨克族女性人群的腹型肥胖率高于超重率。     

新疆地区汉族、维吾尔族、哈萨克族成年人群超重和肥胖流行病学调查

目的 了解新疆地区汉族、维吾尔(维)族、哈萨克(哈)族成年人超重、肥胖的流行特点及相关因素.方法 应用四阶段整群随机抽样法,于2007年6月至2010年3月在新疆抽取乌鲁木齐市、克拉玛依市、阜康市、吐鲁番地区、和田地区、伊犁哈萨克族自治州年龄＞35岁样本,统计3个民族间不同民族组、不同年龄组、不同性别组人群的超重率和肥胖患病率,并进行相关因素分析.结果 6个地区共调查16 460人.汉族、维族、哈族总超重率标化后为36.1%,男性和女性超重率标化后分别为39.8%和27.2%.汉族、维族、哈族超重率标化后分别为41.4%、34.9%和32.8%,3个民族总肥胖患病率标化后为26.9%,男性和女性肥胖患病率标化后分别为27.2%和25.5%,汉族、维族、哈族肥胖患病率标化后分别为18.4%、28.9%和40.1%.新疆地区男性超重和肥胖患病率高于女性,差异有统计学意义(x2=135.00,P＜0.05).不同民族人群的超重率和肥胖率不同,汉族人群超重率最高,哈族人群肥胖患病率最高(x2=338.232,P＜0.05);新疆地区超重率和肥胖率随年龄增加呈明显上升趋势,超重率在45～54岁达到高峰,肥胖率在55～64岁达到高峰(x=246.80,P＜0.05).年龄、民族、职业、教育程度、吸烟、饮酒是超重和肥胖的影响因素.结论 新疆地区超重率和肥胖患病率较高,且存在民族差异,汉族男性超重率最高,哈萨克族男性肥胖患病率最高.     

新疆博尔塔拉州居民肥胖及其危险因素分析

目的了解新疆博尔塔拉州维吾尔、哈萨克、蒙古、汉等4个民族中30岁以上人群的超重肥胖流行状况及其与心血管危险因素的关系，为肥胖防治提供科学依据。方法采用随机整群抽样方法，对新疆博尔塔拉州4个民族30岁以上居民共3732人进行流行病学调查。结果居民超重和肥胖率分别为36．02％和27．39％；城市肥胖率高于农村；男、女性超重与肥胖总体上的差异无统计学意义，但超重率男性高于女性，肥胖率则女性高于男性。蒙古族居民超重和肥胖的危险最大，维吾尔族和汉族次之，哈萨克族最小；蒙古族男性和维吾尔族女性的肥胖问题较突出。影响各民族超重和肥胖率的因素主要是性别，民族，年龄，城乡，职业，文化程度，饮酒和肉食等，其中男性超重与肥胖者合并的危险因素多。结论新疆博尔塔拉州人群中超重和肥胖患病率较高，尤其是肥胖，已成为突出的公共卫生问题之一，其中男性肥胖者是心血管病的高危人群。     

新疆牧区寄宿制学校哈萨克族中小学生营养状况

了解新疆牧区寄宿制哈萨克族中小学生营养状况,为制定有效的牧区学生营养干预计划提供理论支持.方法 采用整群抽样的方法,对新疆伊犁州新源县、特克斯县的2 686名哈萨克族寄宿制中小学生进行营养状况调查.结果 新疆牧区寄宿制学校哈萨克族中小学生营养不良检出率为37.45%,超重肥胖检出率为4.80%.牧区寄宿制哈萨克族中小学男生的营养不良检出率(42.38%)高于女生(31.38%),差异有统计学意义(x2=28.66,P<0.01);小学生营养不良率(22.51%)低于初中生(51.14%)(x2=234.52,P<0.01).哈萨克族男生超重率(3.67%)高于女生(2.04%)(x2=6.35,P<0.05);小学生超重率(0.86%)低于初中生(4.71%),差异有统计学意义(x2=35.69,P<0.01).结论 新疆牧区寄宿制学校哈萨克族中小学生的营养不良问题较为突出,应进一步采取干预措施改善该地区哈萨克族中小学生的健康状况.     

β2-肾上腺素能受体基因Arg16/Gly多态性与新疆哈萨克族肥胖的关系

[目的]研究β2肾上腺素能受体基因(β2-adrenergic receptor,β2-AR)Arg16/Gly多态性与哈萨克族人超重、肥胖的相关性. [方法]随机入选557例新疆北部的哈萨克族牧民,男性232例,女性325例,年龄30～70岁,按体重指数(BMI)＜24 ks/m2、24～27.9 kg/m2、≥28 kg/m2将入选人群划分为正常、超重及肥胖组3组.用聚合酶链反应-限制性酶切片段多态性(PCR-RFLP)技术分析入选人群的β2-AR基因Arg16/Gly多态性,观察各基因型和等位基因在正常、超重及肥胖3组中的分布频率及其与超重、肥胖的关系. [结果]正常、超重、肥胖3组间相应Arg16/Arg、Arg16/Gly、Gly16/Gly 3种基因型频率分别为0.28、0.45、0.27,0.36、0.46、0.18和0.33、0.43、0.24;3组间Arg16、Gly16等位基因频率分别为0.51、0.49,0.59、0.41和0.55、0.45,3种基因型及二种等位基因在正常、超重及肥胖3组中的分布频率差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).分别比较3种基因型在哈萨克族男性、女性人群中正常、超重及肥胖3组中的分布频率也来发现统计学差异. [结论]哈萨克族人群β2-AR基因Arg16/Gly多态性与哈萨克族人群的超重、肥胖无相关性.     

成都市武侯区居民超重和肥胖流行现状研究

目的 了解成都市武侯区居民超重和肥胖的流行现状,为卫生行政部门决策和人群肥胖防治工作提供依据.方法 利用2011年武侯区社区诊断调查数据资料,对武侯区12个街道18～108岁居民共16 826人进行超重和肥胖的流行现状分析.结果 武侯区超重率26.4％,肥胖率6.5％,男性超重率(28.4％)高于女性(24.1％)(x2=38.997,P＜0.01);男女性肥胖率差异无统计学意义(x2 =0.369,P=0.549);居民超重率,肥胖率均随年龄增加而增高(x2超重=435.99,P＜0.01,x2肥胖=87.852,P＜0.01).结论 武侯区居民超重和肥胖的流行形势严峻,应采取综合措施加大预防与控制力度.     

浙江省成年居民高血压前期患病率及其危险因素的研究

目的 <\b>探讨浙江省成年居民高血压前期患病率及其危险因素.方法 <\b>采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法,于2010年7-11月在浙江省15个县区选择年龄≥18周岁常住人口作为研究对象,进行问卷调查和体检并采集空腹静脉血标本.数据分析采用x2检验、t检验和logistic回归模型.结果 <\b>共调查成年居民17 437(男性8169、女性9268)人.高血压前期患病率为34.39％,其中男性患病率(38.57％)高于女性(30.70％)(x2=119.36,P＜0.0001).≥25岁男性高血压前期患病率随年龄增加逐渐下降(x2=76.94,P＜0.0001),≥45岁女性高血压前期患病率随年龄增加呈下降趋势(x2=114.66,P＜0.0001).城市居民高血压前期患病率为32.39％,农村为35.60％,农村高于城市(x2=18.69,P＜0.0001).多因素非条件logistic回归分析提示,男性、年龄(≥35岁)、腰围(男≥85 cm、女≥80 cm)、BMI(≥25.0 kg/m2)、TG≥1.7 mmol/L为高血压前期的危险因素,文化程度高是高血压前期的保护因素.结论 <\b>浙江省成年居民高血压前期患病率较高,主要影响因素有超重、肥胖、血脂异常等.     

百色市苗、汉族居民高血压及代谢综合征患病分析

目的 探讨苗、汉族高血压(PH)和代谢综合征(MS)的患病特点.方法 于2009年2-12月分层随机抽取广西省隆林县新州镇和者浪乡苗族1102人和汉族2068人进行调查.结果 苗族PH患病166例,患病率为15.06％(男性129例,患病率为18.75％;女性37例,患病率为8.94％);汉族PH患病486例,患病率为23.50％(男性365例,患病率为27.36％;女性121例,患病率为16.49％);苗族PH患病率低于汉族(x2=31.326,P＜0.01),苗、汉族男性均高于女性(x2=19.452、31.155,P＜0.01);苗族MS患病128例,患病率为11.62％(男性94例,患病率为13.66％;女性34例,患病率为8.21％);汉族MS患病363例,患病率为17.55％(男性275例,患病率为28.11％;女性88例,患病率为11.99％);苗族MS患病率低于汉族(x2=19.365,P＜0.05),苗、汉族男性均高于女性(x2=7.479、24.342,P＜0.01);苗族肥胖、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDLC)和空腹血糖(FBC)异常率均低于汉族(x2=5.425～86.553,P＜0.05或P＜0.01);苗族PH患者对PH的知晓率、治疗率均低于汉族患者(x2=37.991、13.679,P＜0.01).结论 苗族居民PH和MS患病率均低于当地生活的汉族居民,其伴发慢性血管疾病危险因素也较少,对PH知晓率、治疗率低.     

武汉市企业管理人员体重控制现状及健康教育对策

目的 了解武汉市企业管理人员超重和肥胖现状及体重控制的认知情况、行为情况及其影响因素,为相关干预提供依据.方法 通过现场由调查员一对一测量和调查对象自填方式完成对武汉市4家大型企业管理人员超重和肥胖现状及体重控制的认知、行为情况等项目的信息收集.结果 武汉市企业管理人员的超重率和肥胖率分别为25.42％和6.15％,其中男性的超重率高达35.63％,且男性超重肥胖率45.31％明显高于女性15.96％,差异有统计学意义(X2 =68.580,P＜0.01).当体重增加时企业管理人员采取的措施主要为控制饮食(63.29％)和加强运动(61.30％),其中女性选择控制饮食(69.89％)明显高于男性(57.50％),差异有统计学意义(X2=10.247,P＜0.01).调查对象对体重控制主要相关知识题知晓率40.31％,67.28％调查对象对肥胖人的态度是无所谓.女性每周测量体重明显多于男性,差异有统计学意义(x2=24.313,P＜0.01).结论 武汉市企业管理人员的超重率和肥胖率低于全国水平；体重控制的认知水平需提高；男性忽视超重肥胖的问题比女性更严重,应根据男、女的特点制定不同健康教育干预策略.     

Salmonellas in pigs and animal feeding stuffs in England and Wales and in Denmark

A comparison has been made between the incidence of salmonellas in pigs and feeding stuffs in England and Wales and in Denmark. In Denmark there is veterinary legislation requiring the sterilization of imported and home produced feed ingredients of animal origin. There is no such legislation in England and Wales. In Denmark 0·3% of resterilized imported meat and bone meal was contaminated with salmonellas. This compared with 23% of meat and bone meal in England and Wales and 20-27% of other ingredients of animal origin. In England and Wales salmonellas were isolated from 7% of caecal samples and 6% of lymph node samples, while in Denmark they were isolated from 3% of caecal samples and 4% of lymph node samples. In England and Wales 25 serotypes were found in both pigs and feeds and these included nearly all the most prevalent human pathogens. In Denmark four of the six serotypes in pigs had been found in resterilized feed. One notable difference between the two studies was the very wide range of serotypes found in pigs in England and Wales and the narrow range in Denmark. A second was that Salmonella typhimurium formed 15% of all Salmonella strains isolated from pigs in England and Wales, and 60% of those in Denmark.     

Lunasin is prevalent in barley and is bioavailable and bioactive in in vivo and in vitro studies

Lunasin, a unique 43-amino acid peptide found in a number of seeds, has been shown to be chemopreventive in mammalian cells and in a skin cancer mouse model. To elucidate the role of cereals in cancer prevention, we report here the prevalence, bioavailability, and bioactivity of lunasin from barley. Lunasin is present in all cultivars of barley analyzed. The liver and kidney of rats fed with lunasin-enriched barley (LEB) show the presence of lunasin in Western blot. Lunasin extracted from the kidney and liver inhibits the activities of HATs (histone acetyl transferases), yGCN5 by 20% and 18% at 100 nM, and PCAF activity by 25% and 24% at 100 nM, confirming that the peptide is intact and bioactive. Purified barley lunasin localizes in the nuclei of NIH 3T3 cells. Barley lunasin added to NIH 3T3 cells in the presence of the chemical carcinogen MCA activates the expression of tumor suppressors p21 and p15 by 45% and 47%, decreases cyclin D1 by 98%, and inhibits Rb hyperphosphorylation by 45% compared with the MCA treatment alone. We conclude that lunasin is prevalent in barley, bioavailable, and bioactive and that consumption of barley could play an important role of cancer prevention in barley-consuming populations.     

Prevalence and Trends in Overweight in Mexican-American Adults and Children

Overweight and obesity have been increasing in many countries. Our objective is to describe the trends in overweight and obesity occurring in the Mexican-American population in the United States. Data on measured height and weight for Mexican Americans come from the following surveys: the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES, 1982–84), the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988–94), and NHANES 1999–2002. In 1999–2002, 73% of Mexican-American adults were overweight and 33% were obese. Obesity increased between NHANES III and NHANES 1999–2002, from 24% to 27% for men and from 35% to 38% for women. Increases were also seen for children and adolescents. The Mexican-American population in the United States, both children and adults, is showing trends in overweight and obesity over time that are similar to those seen in other segments of the U.S. population and indeed in many countries     

Lead and cadmium in soil and Isopoda woodlice in Croatia

The aim of the study was to determine lead and cadmium concentrations in Isopoda woodlice and soil and to estimate their relation in the environment and the possibility of the use of isopods as biological indicators of pollution. Samples of isopods and soil were collected at two locations in Northern Croatia and analyzed for lead and cadmium. One location was in the forest, and another in the meadow near the road. Isopods were dry- ashed and soil was extracted with nitric acid. Elements were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry. Results revealed that the two locations were significantly different in lead and cadmium in extracted soil and isopods. Lead concentration in extracted soil was 34.6 mg/kg dry weight in the forest and 43.3 mg/kg dry weight in the meadow near the road. Respective cadmium values were 0.147 and 0.180 mg/kg. Lead concentrations in isopods were 2.40 and 4.22 mg/kg dry weights, and cadmium 0.757 and 0.411 mg/kg dry weight, respectively. Correlation of lead or cadmium between isopods and soil irrespective of location gave significant and linear relations for both elements.     

环孢素A及其在产科和生殖领域应用的研究

环孢素A(Cyclosporin A,CsA)是一种大环内酯类免疫抑制剂,广泛应用于器官移植后排斥反应和自身免疫性疾病的防治.近年对CsA在产科和生殖领域的应用展开了一系列研究,CsA不仅能从多方面诱导母胎免疫耐受,还能促进滋养细胞增殖、抑制凋亡,增强其运动、迁移和侵袭能力,从而对妊娠起到双重调节作用,有望成为原因不明...     

Management of pregnancy and childbirth in England and Wales and in France

This paper reviews national data on obstetric and neonatal practices in England and Wales, and in France between 1970 and 1980. The data have been derived from national statistics and surveys on national samples of births in 1970, 1975 and 1980 in England and Wales, and 1972, 1976 and 1981 in France. The analysis shows that there was no major difference in pregnancy outcome, but wide variations in medical practices, and their trend over time. The main differences were: in England and Wales a higher number of antenatal visits, a higher percentage of inpatient admissions during pregnancy, a higher rate of induction, more episiotomies, a higher rate of resuscitation at birth, and admission to neonatal special care units; in France, a higher rate of caesarean sections before and during labour, some evidence of a more active management of labour, and a longer hospital post-natal stay. These differences in practice reflect differences in objectives and assessment of the effectiveness of care between the two countries: they point out the need for better monitoring and evaluation of obstetric and neonatal practices.     

Research and teaching in social and preventive medicine and in public health

Summary Both public health and social and preventive medicine are characterised by the common goal of promoting, maintaining and improving health and preventing disease, and both are concerned with a population-related, preventive and environmental perspective. But whereas public health is interdisciplinary and goes far beyond the medical focus, social and preventive medicine is medically based and forms a bridge between public health and medical practice. Research in a department of social and preventive medicine serves to support preventive and medico-social activities in medical practice as well as in public health. This is illustrated by results from research conducted at the author's department during the last twenty years. Examples are research in support of smoking cessation activities, and research used for the planning of care for the elderly. Both the research and the teaching activities of the department take into account the population focus of public health as well as the focus on individual medicine in clinical practice.

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Forschung und Lehre in Sozial-und Präventivmedizin und öffentlicher Gesundheit

Zusammenfassung Sowohl das Gebiet der öffentlichen Gesundheit als auch dasjenige der Sozial-und Präventivmedizin sind durch das Ziel der Förderung, Erhaltung und Verbesserung der Gesundheit sowie der Krankheitsvorbeugung gekennzeichnet, und beide beschäftigen sich mit einer bevölkerungsbezogenen, präventiven und umweltbezogenen Perspektive. Aber während die öffentliche Gesundheit stark interdisziplinär ist und weit über den medizinischen Fokus hinausreicht, ist die Sozial-und Präventivmedizin ein medizinisches Fach und stellt eine Brücke zwischen der öffentlichen Gesundheit und der ärztlichen Praxis dar. Die Forschung in einem Institut für Sozial-und Präventivmedizin dient der Förderung präventiver und sozialmedizinischer Tätigkeiten in der ärztlichen Praxis wie auch in der öffentlichen Gesundheit. Dies wird durch die Forschungstätigkeit des Instituts des Autors aus den letzten 20 Jahren illustriert, wobei Beispiele aus den Gebieten der Förderung der Raucherentwöhnung und der Betreuung behinderter Betagter dargestellt werden. Sowohl in den Forschungs-als auch in den Lehrtätigkeiten des Instituts finden der Bevölkerungsbezug der öffentlichen Gesundheit wie auch der individualmedizinische Ansatz der ärztlichen Praxis ihren Ausdruck.

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La recherche et l'ensignement en médecine sociale et préventive et en santé publique

Résumé La santé publique aussi bien que la médecine sociale et préventive sont caractérisées par le but commun de promouvoir, maintenir et améliorer l'état de santé et de prévenir les maladies, et elles s'orientent vers une perspective de population, de prévention et environnementale. Mais la santé publique est interdisciplinaire et va loin au-delà de la médecine, tandis que la médecine sociale et préventive est basée sur la médecine et représente le lien entre la santé publique et la pratique médicale. La recherche d'un institut de médecine sociale et préventive sert à appuyer les activités préventives et médico-sociales au cabinet médical aussi bien qu'en santé publique. Cela est illustré par des résultats de recherches conduites dans les vingt années passées à l'institut de l'auteur, et les exemples sont tirés de la recherche en appui de la promotion de la cessation de fumée et de la planification de la prise en charge des personnes âgées et handicapées. Les activités de recherche et de l'enseignement de l'institut tiennent compte de la perspective de population cacactéristique de la santé publique, aussi bien que de la dimension de médecine individuelle caractéristique de la pratique clinique.

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Paper presented at a symposium on The Public Health Perspective of Social and Preventive Medicine, in celebration of the 20th anniversary of the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Berne, 25 June 1992 in Berne.