SARS病区医院感染控制与管理

目的 探讨和总结SARS流行期间，医院感染控制与管理的方法和经验。方法 建立规范隔离病区、制定严格消毒隔离制度和规范消毒方法、采取严格患者管理、有效切断传播途径、加强医护人员防护等综合控制医院感染措施。结果 避免了SARS在医院内的传播，有效预防了医护人员与患者间的交叉感染。结论 加强医院感染控制与管理，针对SARS传播特点，制定科学的消毒隔离制度及医护人员防护措施，对控制SARS医院感染具有重要的作用。     

浙江省SARS防制中的医院消毒管理现状及对策

传染性非典型肺炎是一种新发现的、传染性极强的呼吸道传染病,目前认为可通过近距离空气飞沫、接触病人分泌物传播[1].由于医务人员实际发生的感染率很高,给所有医疗机构如何采取合理的消毒隔离和防护措施带来很大压力,卫生部也多次下文规范SARS防治中的医院感染控制工作,严防医院感染的发生.我们于2003年4-6月结合全省SARS防治工作,对7个市、14个县(市、区)有关医疗机构消毒隔离工作进行了实地检查,现针对检查中发现的一些问题,提出相应管理对策和具体技术措施.     

综合性医院收治SARS病人的医院感染控制

目的 探讨和总结严重急性呼吸综合征(SARS)流行期间，医院感染控制与管理的方法和经验。方法 建立规范隔离病区，制定严格消毒隔离制度和规范消毒方法，采取严格病人管理，有效切断传播途径，加强医护人员防护等综合控制医院感染措施。结果避免了SARS在医院内的传播，有效预防了医护人员与病人间的交叉感染。结论 加强医院感染控制与管理，针对SARS的传播特点，制定科学的消毒隔离制度及医护人员防护措施，对控制SARS医院感染具有重要的作用。     

SARS病区医护人员院内感染的主要原因与防制措施

传染性非典型肺炎是一种由新型冠状病毒(SARS病毒)引起,传染性强的呼吸系统疾病.WHO将"非典"称为严重急性呼吸综合征(Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome,SARS).SARS病毒的传播机制尚不完全清楚,目前认为SARS传播途径主要是通过近距离呼吸道飞沫传播及直接和间接的接触传播,粪便可能是另一个传播途径,其他传播途径未能确定.SARS传播的特点有显著的家庭和医院聚集现象.SARS作为一种严重的新发传染病,发病初期部分综合医院由于医护人员缺乏经验,对SARS病毒认识不足,消毒、隔离、防护知识缺乏,因而未采取严格的感染控制措施,在防护措施不够严格的情况下,致使许多医护人员被感染,是此次SARS遭遇战中医护人员感染率高的一个重要原因.针对这一问题,我们参考近期有关文献资料[1-4],做一必要性探讨,分析SARS隔离病区医护人员院内感染的主要原因,总结经验教训,借鉴宝贵经验及有效方法,提出相关防制措施,有效的预防和控制SARS院内感染,供大家参考.     

SARS病区医院感染的预防对策

严重急性呼吸综合症(SARS)因其病因学及其生物学特性未明．临床消毒隔离工作缺乏理论指导和实践经验，致使医院感染特别是医务人员感染率高。为控制SARS病区医院感染．作者以“标准预防”理念为指导，制定了“SARS病区护理规范程序”手册．并按手册内容付诸临床实践，采取了一系列预防对策：(1)加强对SARS病区消毒隔离措施；(2)加强SARS患者消毒隔离管理；(3)加强SARS病区医务人员的自我防护保健指导等。有效控制了SARS病区的医院感染。     

浅析消毒隔离在医院感染控制中的作用

消毒隔离在医院感染预防和控制中起着重要作用,是医院感染预防控制诸多要素中的重要组成部分,也是医院感染管理中需要进一步加强的环节.SARS医院感染的暴发流行,暴露了我国医院消毒隔离工作中存在的问题,为我国医院感染管理工作敲响了警钟.通过规范消毒操作程序,采取严格隔离原则,实施科学的防范措施,加强知识培训,提高全体医务人员对消毒隔离的认知水平和自我防护意识,使SARS导致的医院感染得到了有效的预防和控制,证实了消毒隔离工作在医院感染预防和控制中的重要作用.     

SARS时期综合医院感染监控室的职能作用

目的 围绕抗击SARS中心工作，发挥综合医院感染监控室职能作用。方法 认清形势，增强意识，加强工作主动性；明确工作标准，制定相关制度；规范工作行为，细化工作流程；严格监督、监测；做好宣传培训，提高医务人员自我防护能力。结果 通过实际工作，使我院抗击SARS工作在消毒隔离、防止院内交叉感染、标准化防护等方面均达到国家规定标准，并得以有序进行。结论 SARS时期综合医院感染监控室职能作用的发挥是抗击SARS工作的前提保证。     

医务人员防护知识和防护意识与SARS感染的关系研究

目的了解医务人员防护知识和防护意识与SARS感染的关系,为采取有效对策提供依据. 方法对广东省收治SARS的9所医院的医务人员进行问卷调查. 结果不同医院、不同科室的医务人员感染率有差异;医务人员本身的防护意识和防护知识均和感染发病有关;不同医院的医务人员防护知识水平状况有显著区别;不同科室的医务人员在防护意识方面有差异;防护知识水平与防护意识成正相关. 结论提高医护人员SARS防护知识和防护意识等可有效降低医务人员SARS感染.     

“非典”病人专用隔离帐或密封室的研制

“非典”病人呼出的气体携带大量的SARS病毒，飞沫具有极强的传染性。虽然病人戴着厚厚的口罩，且与之接触的医务人员也采取了十分严密的防护措施，但仍有部分医务人员不幸被感染。“非典”病人专用隔离帐或密封室可很好地将病人与医务人员隔离，医务人员只需进行一般性防护，轻装上阵，即可取得较好的防护作用，“远离”SARS病人。     

消毒隔离与SARS医院感染预防和控制效果探讨

目的探讨采取消毒隔离措施对预防和控制SARS医院感染的效果.方法针对我省医疗机构在SARS医院感染预防和控制存在的主要问题,加强知识培训,提高全省医务人员认知水平,规范消毒隔离程序,实施科学防范措施,强化管理、层层把关以确保措施落到实处.结果实现了全省医务人员无感染、SARS疫情无扩散、无输出病例、患者无死亡"4个零"的突破,取得了SARS防治的阶段性胜利.结论采取有效的消毒隔离措施,SARS医院感染是可以预防和遏制的.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.