化学指示卡变色不标准的原因分析及其处理措施

预真空高压蒸气灭菌器是目前较为广泛使用的灭菌器之一 ,灭菌过程中由于柜内 98%的空气被预先排除 ,柜内的温度均匀一致 ,温度、压力均高于下排气压力蒸气灭菌器 ,因此 ,灭菌彻底。笔者用 3M压力蒸气灭菌包内化学指示卡作为无菌包裹包内监测 ,在使用中发现无菌包裹的化学指示卡变色不标准时有出现 ,重复灭菌而造成大量时间和材料的浪费 ,同时亦干扰科室正常的工作 ,为此笔者调查无菌包裹的灭菌达标情况 ,并对造成化学指示卡变色不标准的原因进行分析 ,以便找出解决问题的措施。现将结果报道如下。1　资料与方法1.1　一般资料　 2 0 0 2年 5…     

压力蒸汽灭菌包内化学指示物对灭菌监测效果的影响

目的:探讨压力蒸汽灭菌包内化学指示物在经过灭菌过程后所提供的灭菌监测效果的准确性。方法:按照原卫生部2009年12月1日实施的"医院消毒供应中心行业标准",加强灭菌全流程管理,采用问卷调查法、实验法与随机抽样法相结合,将国内医院常用的不同生产厂方的压力蒸汽灭菌包内化学指示物,经过灭菌循环后,比较分析其对灭菌过程的监测效果。同时分析不合格的原因,落实改进措施,提高包内化学指示物对灭菌监测效果的准确率。结果:包内化学指示物的灭菌监测效果与其生产厂方的工艺制作缺陷、包装材料透气性较差、化学指示物直接接触到金属器物、包装过大、灭菌前的装载过满、蒸汽质量欠佳、灭菌器的失误操作及故障运行等密切相关。结论:影响压力蒸汽灭菌包内化学指示物对灭菌监测效果的因素很多,管理者应主动加强灭菌全流程的细节管理,根据手术器械包的风险级别不同,手术器物的结构、材质不同,合理选择合格的包内化学指示物,为灭菌包提供准确的、有价值的监测结果,从而保证无菌物品的质量,确保医疗安全,为医院全面开展优质护理服务保驾护航。     

3M~(TM) Compl~(TM) 1243灭菌包内化学指示卡在手术室的应用

<正>化学指示卡是用于检测手术器械包灭菌效果的重要方法,同时及时判定每个手术包是否灭菌合格。目前已成为手术室进行器械包灭菌质量控制的最主要手段。但是普通包内化学指示卡受不同因素的干扰较大,在指示卡变黑不均或浅于标准黑色时常造成判断错误而导致不必要的重复劳动和人力、物力、     

化学指示卡变色不标准的原因分析与处理措施

预真空高压蒸气灭菌器是目前较为广泛使用的灭菌器之一 ,灭菌过程中由于柜内 98%的空气被预先排除 ,柜内的温度均匀一致 ,温度、压力均高于下排气压力蒸汽灭菌器 ,因此 ,灭菌彻底。笔者用 3M压力蒸汽灭菌包内化学指示卡作为无菌包裹包内监测 ,在使用中发现无菌包裹的化学指示卡变色不标准时有出现 ,重复灭菌而造成大量时间和材料的浪费 ,同时亦干扰科室正常的工作。为此笔者调查了无菌包裹 ,并将造成化学指示卡变色不标准的主要原因进行分析 ,以便找出解决问题的措施 ,现将结果报道如下。1　资料与方法1 1调查资料　 2 0 0 2年 5～ 6月随机…     

压力蒸气灭菌包内化学指示卡放置不同位置的变色情况与灭菌效果的观察

目的 分析压力蒸气灭菌包内化学指示卡不同放置位置的变色情况与灭菌效果.方法 2009年1月至2011年1月选取需要灭菌的物品包168个,按照随机的原则逐一编号均分为A、B2组各84个,分别将化学指示卡放在不同的物品包内不同的位置.观察2组化学指示卡变色情况和细菌学检测的合格率.结果 A组84个化学指示卡中有9个出现变色不均匀现象,发生率为10.71％,高于B组的发生率.A组84个物品包灭菌后细菌学检测不合格数量为2个,不合格率为2.38％,虽高于B组的细菌学检测不合格率1.19％.但二者比较差异无统计学意义.结论 化学指示卡可以真实地反映物品包内的灭菌效果,但是放置位置不同,会出现不同的显示结果.在两层包装之间放置指示卡变色均匀,既可以为临床医生判读灭菌效果提供有力证据,又可以为消毒供应室避免不必要的经济浪费,值得在消毒供应室推广.     

管腔型化学PCD在医院压力蒸汽灭菌过程中的应用

目的:探讨管腔型化学PCD在压力蒸汽灭菌过程中的监测作用。方法:在756批次的压力蒸汽灭菌过程中,每批次放置管腔型化学PCD监测,每批次放置自制标准包加移动式化学指示卡,每个包裹表面粘贴包外化学指示卡和包裹内放置包内化学指示卡,有植入物的批次放置生物指示物监测。结果:管腔型化学PCD监测结果及生物指示物监测结果与包内化学指示卡监测结果完全一致,自制标准包加移动式化学指示卡的监测结果与包内化学指示卡监测结果比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:管腔型化学PCD在压力蒸汽灭菌过程中的监测效果稳定,可靠性高,能够作为提前放行的依据,值得推广使用。     

压力蒸汽灭菌包内化学指示卡放置位置的探讨和护理对策

目的：探讨压力蒸汽灭菌包内化学指示卡在灭菌包内放置的位置要求。方法：在灭菌包内上、中、下等不同位置，经脉动真空灭菌器灭菌后观察、比较不同位置的化学指示卡灭菌后的颜色。结果：放在无菌包内上、中、下不同位置的化学指示卡上的指示剂均由米黄色变为黑色，达到“灭菌条件”。结论：只要灭菌包的大小、重量符合《消毒技术规范》规定的标准，灭菌器性能良好。正确操作使用，指示卡并不一定要求放在包裹的中央或隐蔽的地方。     

提高化学指示卡对快速压力蒸汽灭菌器监测效果的临床研究

目的 解决快速压力蒸汽灭菌器内化学指示卡显色不均匀,影响灭菌效果监测的问题.方法 化学指示卡用纸盒装灭菌者设为试验组1,化学指示卡用注射器空筒盛放灭菌者设为试验组2,化学指示卡常规裸露放置者设为对照组,经过105锅次的灭菌,在温度监测及生物监测合格的情况下,比较3组间化学指示卡变色不合格率有无差异.结果 3组比较x2=35.22,P＜0.01差别有统计学意义.3组中两两比较差别均有统计学意义.试验组1与组2均优于对照组,试验组2优于试验组1.结论 在灭菌锅合格的情况下,无论是用注射器空筒盛放还是用小纸盒放置,均可大大提高化学指示卡的合格率.为临床一线提供合格易于判断的无菌器械,尤其是用注射器空筒盛放,化学指示卡变色合格率达100%,可以替代第5代化学指示卡.     

探讨灭菌包内化学指示卡变色的影响因素北大核心

目的探讨影响灭菌包内化学指示卡变色的各种因素。方法观察比较采用干预措施前后,压力蒸汽灭菌包内化学指示卡的变色情况。结果对照组600个灭菌包中,36个灭菌包的化学指示卡没有达到标准;采取措施改进后,控制组600个灭菌包中,只有3个灭菌包内化学指示卡没有达到标准。结论压力蒸汽灭菌包的化学指示卡的变色标准受很多因素的影响,要规范物品包装,正确使用灭菌设备,才能保证灭菌质量。     

驱血带不同灭菌方法的效果比较

目的探讨驱血带简便、有效、成本低廉的灭菌方法。方法将3m长的橡胶驱血带扇形折叠,分别采用环氧乙烷灭菌、预真空压力蒸汽灭菌使用第5类指示卡,将灭菌化学指示卡平放于包中央和将灭菌化学指示卡对折平放于包中央,比较包内化学指示卡灭菌效果和灭菌费用。再将驱血带扇形折叠不同的层数,化学指示卡对折平放与包中央,比较灭菌效果。结果 3m长驱血带扇形折叠20～28层,采用预真空压力蒸汽灭菌,将化学指示卡对折平放于包中央,包内化学监测符合要求,灭菌效果最好,灭菌费用最低。结论橡胶驱血带折叠层数合适,化学指示卡对折放置方法正确,采用预真空压力蒸汽灭菌仍是驱血带最简便、最有效、最低廉灭菌方法。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.