胰岛素抵抗与心血管病危险因素聚集性关系研究

为观察胰岛素抵抗与心血管病危险因素聚集性的关系，分析了１０６例高血压及冠心病病人和３２例正常人的胰岛素水平及胰岛素敏感性。结果显示：（１）无心血管病危险因素时，胰岛素敏感性指数为－１．４８±０．０９，随着危险因素聚集程度增加，轻度聚集（２项危险因素）时为－１．９５±０．１７，重度聚集（≥３项危险因素）达－２．１４±０．２１。与正常组比差异有显著性（Ｐ＜０．０１）。提示随着危险因素逐渐聚集增加，胰岛素抵抗加重；（２）女性病人胰岛素抵抗与血尿酸呈正相关（ｒ＝０．３７８，Ｐ＜０．０５），男性病人无明显相关（ｒ＝０．３４，Ｐ＝０．１４５）；（３）绝经前后妇女相比，敏感性指数分别为－１．７３±０．１３和－２．２３±０．２９（Ｐ＜０．０５）。绝经后胰岛素敏感性下降。以上结果表明胰岛素抵抗与心血管病危险因素聚集性呈正相关。     

高血压病人血小板L—精氨酸／一氧化氮系统的改变

目的原发性高血压（ＥＨ）病人（２３例）与健康成年人（１４）例作对照，观察高血压时血小板（Ｐｔ）左旋精氨酸（Ｌ－Ａｒｇ）－一氧化氮（ＮＯ）系统的改变及Ｌ－Ａｒｇ转运的特征。方法微盘测定法测定血小板孵育液中亚硝酸盐（ＮＯ２－）的含量来反映ＮＯ产生量、ＡＤＰ刺激下ＮＯ的产生量；采用张新波等建立的一氧化氮合酶（ＮＯＳ）测定改良法测定血小板ＮＯＳ活性；放射性同位素标记测定血小板３Ｈ－Ｌ－Ａｒｇ转运的动力学特征。结果ＥＨ患者Ｐｔ的ＮＯ产生量及ＮＯＳ活性较对照组明显降低（Ｐ＜０．０１），用ＡＤＰ刺激后，ＥＨ患者Ｐｔ的ＮＯ增加量仅为正常对照组增加量的６０％，其Ｌ－Ａｒｇ转运能力亦显著低于正常人（各浓度点Ｐ均＜０．０１）。最大转运速率（Ｖｍａｘ）仅为正常人的７９％（Ｐ＜０．０１），而米氏常数（Ｋｍ）则无明显改变（Ｐ＞０．０５）。结论高血压时Ｐｔ的Ｌ－Ａｒｇ－ＮＯ系统存在明显异常，提示对ＥＨ患者，在降压的同时，联合应用改善Ｌ－Ａｒｇ－ＮＯ系统的药物，对预防和治疗高血压减少并发症可能会有更好的效果。     

高血压患者微循环改变及与血小板聚集性的关系

目的了解高血压患者微循环的改变及与血小板聚集性的相关性。方法采用ＸＤＭ３００－Ｂ型彩色甲襞微循环仪和ＴＹＸＮ－９１智能血液凝集仪对９４例不同程度的高血压患者进行微循环的观察及血小板功能测定。结果（１）高血压组的微循环总积分值明显高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。（２）高血压Ⅰ期时仅有一项粒缓流的异常发生率较对照组明显增高，Ⅱ、Ⅲ期高血压分别与对照组及与Ⅰ期高血压比较，各项主要指标均有显著性差异，但Ⅱ期与Ⅲ期之间比较仅粒缓流存在显著差别，其他指标则无显著性差异。（３）高血压的微循环中度及重度异常组的血小板聚集性１ｍｉｎ、５ｍｉｎ及最大聚集率分别与对照组比较呈显著差异，中度及重度异常组之间相比较，５ｍｉｎ及最大聚集率均呈显著差异，分别为６６．４５±１１．２８（Ｐ＜０．０５），７６．５２±１６．３１（Ｐ＜０．０１），二者正相关。（４）微循环异常总积分值越高，血小板的最大聚集率也越高（ｒ＝０．４２４２，Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论高血压患者微循环障碍程度与高血压患者的血小板聚集性呈正相关关系，两种检查结合可作为临床抗凝、降低血粘度治疗的重要监测手段之一。     

老年糖尿病性视网膜病变患者血小板功能及其颗粒膜蛋白的变化

观察了２９例糖尿病无视网膜病变者和５２例糖尿病性视网膜病变者血小板聚集功能、血小板颗粒膜蛋白１４０（ＧＭＰ－１４０）及电游率（ＥＰＭ）的变化，并与健康老年人对照。结果表明，无视网膜病变者ＥＰＭ低于健康人组（Ｐ＜０．０１），而血小板集率及ＧＭＰ－１４０水平无明显变化。视网膜病变组血小板聚集率和ＧＭＰ－１４０明显高于健康人组（Ｐ＜０．０５），ＥＰＭ呈显著性降低（Ｐ＜０．０１），与无视网膜病变组比较，视网膜病变组血小板聚集率和ＧＭＰ－１４０水平升高（Ｐ＜０．０５，Ｐ＝０．０５），而ＥＰＭ水平低下（Ｐ＜０．０１）．提示老年人糖尿性视网膜病变者血小板聚集释放功能亢进，这可能是视网膜病变者视网膜微循环内微血栓形成的病理生理基础。     

血清肌钙蛋白T动态监测预测心肌梗塞面积的研究

对２４例急性心肌梗塞（ＡＭＩ）患者心肌梗塞后肌钙蛋白Ｔ（ＴｎＴ）释放量与心肌断层显像测定梗塞相对面积以及左室射血分数（ＬＶＥＦ）的相关性进行研究。结果显示：２４小时内ＴｎＴ峰值与心肌梗塞相对面积无明显相关性（ｒ＝０．３３，Ｐ＞０．０５）；２４小时后ＴｎＴ峰值与心肌梗塞面积呈正相关（ｒ＝０．８１，Ｐ＜０．０１）；累积ＴｎＴ（ΣＴｎＴ）释放量与相对梗塞面积呈显著正相关（ｒ＝０．９０，Ｐ＜０．０１）；２４小时后ＴｎＴ峰值与ＬＶＥＦ呈显著负相关（ｒ＝－０．５４，Ｐ＜０．０１）。表明，ＡＭＩ后ＴｎＴ的后期释放峰值及释放量是判断心肌梗塞面积的良好参数，对预测心肌梗塞后心功能状态亦有参考价值。     

老年男性纤维蛋白原水平与高血压及冠心病的关系

本文对老年男性进行了纤维蛋白原的流行病学调查。结果表明，高血压和冠心病患者血浆纤维蛋白原水平明显增高（Ｐ＜０．０１）。相关分析表明，纤维蛋白原与收缩压（ＳＢＰ）、舒张压（ＤＢＰ）和体重指数（ＢＭＩ）呈正相关（γ＝０．０４，Ｐ＜０．００１；γ＝０．０２，Ｐ＜０．００５；γ＝０．０１，Ｐ＜０．００５）。与甘油三酯、血糖呈负相关（γ＝０．０１，Ｐ＜０．０５；ｒ＝－０．０１，Ｐ＜０．０５）。吸烟可使血浆纤维蛋白原水平增高。     

高血压患者血浆和淋巴细胞中血管紧张素Ⅱ、内皮素和一氧化氮的变化及关系

分析一组高血压病患者血浆和淋巴细胞中血管紧张素Ⅱ（ＡｎｇⅡ）、内皮素（ＥＴ）和一氧化氮（ＮＯ）含量的变化及它们间的相互关系。方法高血压（ＥＨ）组３９例，正常对照（ＮＣ）组４１例，放射免疫分析法测定ＡｎｇⅡ、ＥＴ，高效液相色谱分析法测定ＮＯ。结果ＥＨ患者血浆和淋巴细胞中ＥＴ均高于ＮＣ组（Ｐ分别＜０．０５和＜０．０１），ＮＯ低于ＮＣ组（Ｐ分别＜０．０５和＜０．０１）。除血浆ＥＴ和ＮＯ外，各指标改变ＥＨⅡ期较Ⅰ期明显（Ｐ分别＜０．０５和＜０．０１）。逐步回归分析表明，ＥＨ组平均动脉压（ＭＡＰ）与血浆及淋巴细胞中ＡｎｇⅡ、ＥＴ呈正相关，与ＮＯ负相关（ｒ分别＝０．６７，０．８１，Ｐ均＜０．０１）；ＥＨ组血浆和淋巴细胞中ＮＯ与ＡｎｇⅡ、ＥＴ均呈负相关（ｒ分别＝－０．６５１，－０．７２５，Ｐ均＜０．０１）。结论淋巴细胞反映血管内皮细胞内分泌功能比血浆更为敏感，与ＭＡＰ相关性更好，ＡｎｇⅡ、ＥＴ和ＮＯ三者分泌失平衡，是ＥＨ发病的重要原因之一。     

白细胞介素－4和γ－干扰素与哮喘发病关系的探讨

为进一步探讨白细胞介素－４（ＩＬ－４）和干扰素（ＩＦＮ－ｒ）与哮喘发病的关系，对发作期哮喘病人及正常人各２０例，检测其外周血淋巴细胞（ＰＢＬＣｓ）培养上清中ＩＬ－４含量、ＩＦＮ－ｒ活性及血清ＩｇＥ总浓度。结果表明：发作期哮喘组ＩＬ－４和ＩｇＥ均非常显著地高于正常对照组（Ｐ＜０．００１）：ＩＬ－４与ＩｇＥ之间呈正相关（ｒ＝０．８２），Ｐ＜０．００１；ＩＬ－４与ＩＦＮ－及ＩＦＮ－与ＩｇＥ之间均呈负相关（ｒ＝０．４８，－０．７５），Ｐ＜０．０５，Ｐ＜０．０１。二组之间ＩＦＮ的活性无显著性差异，Ｐ＞０．０５。提示发作期哮喘病人ＩＬ－４的高水平分泌导致的ＩｇＥ过多合成，可能与哮喘的发病有直接的关系。ＩＬ－４与ＩＦＮ之间的失衡对血清ＩｇＥ的合成起了重要的调控作用。     

腹膜透析效能的判断及影响因素分析

目的：探讨各种判断腹透效能的指标在临床运用中的意义。方法：前瞻性观察４４例ＣＡＰＤ患者在透析过程中尿素ＫＴ／Ｖ（ＫＴ／Ｖ）、肌酐清除率（ＣＣｒ）、血浆白蛋白（Ａｌｂ）及氮表现的蛋白质水平（ｎＰＮＡ）的变化及彼此间的相关性。结果：４４例患者９４例次的观察显示，ＫＴ／Ｖ与ＣＣｒ在判断透析效能上有明显差异，ＫＴ／Ｖ更大程度上与透析剂量呈正相关，ＫＴ／Ｖ＝１．１６＋０．０００１１×透析剂量（ｒ＝０．２７Ｐ＜０．０５）、与患者的体表面积呈负相关（ｒ＝－０．５９，Ｐ＜０．０１），而ＣＣｒ则与患者的残余肾功能（ＲＲＦ）呈正相关，ＣＣｒ＝４９．３＋１０．２３×ＲＲＦ（ｒ＝０．８４，Ｐ＜０．００１），而与透析时间呈负相关（ｒ＝－０．３６，Ｐ＜０．０５）。此外，ｎＰＮＡ水平的变化与ＫＴ／Ｖ及ＣＣｒ呈正相关（ｒ＝０．２６～０．３３，Ｐ＜０．０５），Ａｌｂ与ＫＴ／Ｖ呈明显相关（ｒ＝０．４０，Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论：尿素ＫＴ／Ｖ和ＣＣｒ完全可以作为反映透析效能的可靠指标，若结合Ａｌｂ及ｎＰＮＡ观察，则更能反映患者的情况。此外，本文还观察到若根据体表面积计算透析液量，不仅可以精确地计算透析需求量，而且还能预测透析效能，减少合并症的产     

低亲和力IgE受体与外源性支气管哮喘

本文对３０例外源性哮喘患者及３０例正常人的外周血单个核细胞（ＭＮＣ）低亲和力ＩｇＥ受体（即ＣＤ２３）表达、白细胞介素－４（ＩＬ－４）及血清ＩｇＥ水平进行测定。结果显示：发作组哮喘患者ＩｇＥ、ＩＬ－４、ＣＤ２３与缓解组及正常对照组之间有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０１）。且ＩｇＥ升高与ＣＤ２３呈正相关（ｒ＝０．８２７；Ｐ＜０．０１）。缓解组ＩｇＥ抗体、ＩＬ－４与正常对照组之间无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）；ＣＤ２３与正常对照组之间有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０ｌ）。以上结果表明了这一细胞因子的失衡与外源性哮喘的关系。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.