血小板激活因子对大鼠脑血管通透性的影响及药物的保护作用

颈内动脉注射血小板激活因子(PAF),再给伊文思蓝,可见脑实质染色程度加深,而颈内动脉只注射伊文思蓝,脑实质未见染色。而我们合成的新药SZ-1可剂量依赖性地抑制PAF诱导的脑实质伊文思蓝染色程度的加深。在体外培养的脑微血管平滑肌细胞上,PAF能显著刺激¹⁴C-花生四烯酸的释放,而SZ-1能剂量依赖性地抑制这种释放,提示PAF在脑内产生的损害除与其他因素相关外,还与其刺激花生四烯酸释放有密切关系,SZ-1对PAF引起的脑部损害有保护作用。     

咪苯嗪酮对花生四烯酸诱导的大鼠脑血栓形成的影响

花生四烯酸(AA)0.25～1 mg·kg~(-1)经颈内动脉注射能诱发大鼠同侧大脑半球脑内血栓形成,明显增加伊文思蓝通过血脑屏障渗入脑实质的量,峰值为205±s 50 mg·kg~1脑组织,相应对照组为10±s 5mg·kg~1,咪苯嗪酮0.25～0.5mg·kg~1 iv能对抗AA引起的大鼠脑血栓形成,显著降低脑实质内伊文思蓝的含量,作用呈剂量依赖性,且强于哒唑氧苯     

商陆皂甙甲抑制大鼠腹腔巨噬细胞释放血小板活化因子

卡西霉素(A_(23187))刺激大鼠腹腔巨噬细胞释放血小板活化因子(PAF),用洗涤血小板聚集的方法测定,证明商陆皂甙甲在0.1～100μmol/L浓度范围内及所试的时间范围内,呈剂量及时间依赖性抑制大鼠腹腔巨噬细胞释放PAF:商陆皂甙甲可能就是通过抑制体内PAF生成而起抗炎作用的。     

商陆皂甙甲抑制大鼠腹腔巨噬细胞释放血小板活化因子

卡西霉素(A₂₃₁₈₇)刺激大鼠腹腔巨噬细胞释放血小板活化因子(PAF),用洗涤血小板聚集的方法测定,证明商陆皂甙甲在0.1～100μmol/L浓度范围内及所试的时间范围内,呈剂量及时间依赖性抑制大鼠腹腔巨噬细胞释放PAF:商陆皂甙甲可能就是通过抑制体内PAF生成而起抗炎作用的。     

血小板激活因子刺激血小板在脑微血管内皮细胞上粘附及药物的阻断作用(英文)

目的:研究血小板激活因子(PAF)刺激脑微血管内皮细胞导致血小板在内皮细胞上粘附及WEB,DMPP和粉防己碱的抑制作用. 方法:用[~3H]腺嘌呤标记血小板探讨PAF导致血小板在脑微血管内皮细胞上粘附和药物的抑制作用. 结果:PAF 10—100 nmol L~(-1)显著增加血小板与脑微血管内皮细胞的粘附率,WEB,DMPP和粉防己碱抑制由PAF刺激而导致的血小板在脑微血管内皮细胞上的粘附. 结论:DMPP和粉防己碱能够抑制PAF对脑血管的损害作用.     

银杏内酯B对大鼠中性白细胞花生四烯酸代谢酶和细胞内钙水平的影响

目的　观察银杏内酯B对大鼠中性白细胞花生四烯酸代谢酶及细胞内钙水平的影响。方法　反相高效液相色谱及Fura-2/AM荧光指示剂法。结果　银杏内酯B在0.1-10μmol·L^-1范围内,使花生四烯酸释放量降低10.9%-22.2%;0.1-50μmol·L^-1时,LTB₄和5-HETE生成量分别降低29.4%-88.6%和26.2%-89.3%;在0.1-100μmol·L^-1使PAF和fMLP刺激引起的细胞内游离钙浓度分别降低13.9%-51.4%和2.2%-36.6%。结论　银杏内酯B能抑制体外大鼠中性白细胞花生四烯酸代谢酶的活性及细胞内游离钙浓度的升高。     

亚甲基蓝对脑缺血再灌注大鼠血脑屏障的保护作用

目的探讨亚甲基蓝对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用及机制。方法SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组、亚甲基蓝低剂量组(1 mg/kg)、亚甲基蓝中剂量组(2 mg/kg)、亚甲基蓝高剂量组(4 mg/kg),每组12只。线栓法制备大鼠左侧颈动脉栓塞2 h再灌注24 h模型。亚甲基蓝组于术前1 d,再灌注时腹腔注射相应剂量亚甲基蓝溶液。假手术组与模型组给予生理盐水。行为学测试检测神经功能,TTC染色检测大脑梗死面积,伊文思蓝染色检测血脑屏障完整性,试剂盒与Western blot检测氧化应激水平、炎症反应与血脑屏障相关蛋白表达。结果亚甲基蓝能够显著改善神经功能,减少梗死面积并且维持血脑屏障结构完整。此外,脑缺血再灌注造成脑中氧化应激与炎症反应发生,抑制occludin与claudin-5蛋白表达,然而,亚甲基蓝治疗能够显著改善脑中氧化应激水平与炎症反应,并升高occludin与claudin-5蛋白表达。结论亚甲基蓝可能通过抑制脑中氧化应激水平与炎症反应,升高occludin与claudin-5蛋白表达,维持血脑屏障结构,减少脑中梗死面积,改善神经功能。     

齐墩果酸调节HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB介导的炎症通路减轻蛛网膜下腔出血后的早期脑损伤

目的探讨齐墩果酸对大鼠蛛网膜下腔出血模型HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB炎症通路的影响。方法将72只成年雄性SD大鼠随机分成3组(假手术组、SAH模型组、齐墩果酸20 mg/kg给药组)。采用颈内动脉穿刺法建立大鼠SAH模型,造模1 h后给予齐墩果酸,剂量为20 mg/kg。大鼠SAH模型建立24 h后进行神经功能学评分;检测脑水含量及脑伊文思蓝浸出率;并利用Western blot方法检测脑组织中HMGB1、TLR4、IκBα和p65蛋白的表达量。结果齐墩果酸(20 mg/kg)能够显著增加神经功能评分并且明显降低脑含水量和伊文思蓝渗透率(P<0.01)。齐墩果酸给药可有效降低HMGB1的表达和释放(P<0.01),抑制TLR4的表达、IκBα降解及p65入核(P<0.01)。结论齐墩果酸能够抑制HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB炎症通路,减轻蛛网膜下腔出血后的炎症反应,改善脑损伤。     

心脉康胶囊对家兔血小板聚集的影响

目的研究心脉康胶囊对二磷酸腺苷(ADP)、花生四烯酸(AA)、血小板活化因子(PAF)诱导兔血小板聚集的影响。方法采用Born法,检测不同条件下ADP、AA、PAF诱导的兔血小板聚集率。结果与空白对照组比较,2 g.kg-1心脉康胶囊组能显著抑制ADP、AA、PAF诱导的兔血小板聚集率(P<0.01),1 g.kg-1心脉康胶囊组能显著抑制ADP、PAF诱导的兔血小板聚集率(P<0.01)。结论心脉康胶囊能抑制兔血小板聚集率。     

环氧酶抑制类药的抗炎抗风湿作用

环氧酶(Cyclooxygenase,COX)又称前列腺素内过氧化物合物是花生四烯酸代谢途径的关键酶之一。在体内环氧酶至少存在两种亚型:COX-1和COX-2。COX-1在大多数组织中稳定表达,而COX-2在受到多种刺激后可在局部组织中诱导表达。已经证明,COX-2与急慢性炎症、关节炎、发热、疼痛、肿瘤以及Alzheimer症等疾病的发生、发展密切相关。临床研究表明COX-2选择性抑制剂可以在有效抑制炎症的同时较少发生胃肠不良反应。在本论文研究中我们首次建立了利用内源性花生四烯酸的基于小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的COX-1和COX-2体外筛选模型,该模型实现了在同一种细胞上同时获得化合物对COX-1和COX-2的抑制活性,适合于化合物初步体外评价和构效关系分析。A23187可剂量依赖的刺激小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞释放大量6-keto-PGF1α,其水平可反映COX-1活性:LPS能以时间和剂量依赖的方式诱导小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞释放PGE2,COX-2 mRNA的积累与PGE2更多还原。     

四氢吡喃类药物对血小板激活因子诱导的脑微血管平滑肌细胞DNA合成及增殖的拮抗作用

研究了血小板激活因子（ＰＡＦ）对兔血小板聚集，牛脑微血管平滑肌细胞ＤＮＡ合成及增殖的影响及四氢吡喃类药物ｔｒａｎｓ－２，６－ｂｉｓ－（３，４－ｄｉｍｅｔｈｏｘｙ－ｐｈｅｎｙｌ）－ｔｅｔｒａｈｙｄｒｏ－（４Ｈ）ｐｙｒａｎ（ＳＺ－１）和ｔｒａｎｓ－２－（３，４，５－ｔｒｉｍｅｔｈｏｘｙｐｈｅｎｙｌ）－６－（２，４－ｄｉｆｌｕｏ－ｒｏｐｈｅｎｙｌ）－ｔｅｔｒａｈｙｄｒｏ－（４Ｈ）ｐｙｒａｎ（ＤＦＴＭ）的拮抗作用．结果表明：ＰＡＦ强烈刺激兔血小板聚集，在１．９１μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１时，刺激的百分率为７１．７％．ＳＺ－１和ＤＦＴＭ剂量依赖性地抑制ＰＡＦ刺激的兔血小板聚集，ＩＣ５０分别为０．３９和０．８４ｎｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１．ＰＡＦ还刺激牛脑微血管平滑肌细胞增殖，在０．１ｎｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１时作用４８ｈ达最大效应．ＳＺ－１和ＤＦＴＭ显著抑制血小板激活因子的上述作用，在１ｎｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１时抑制率分别为２５．９％和３０．７％．ＳＺ－１和ＤＦＴＭ还抑制ＰＡＦ刺激的牛脑微血管平滑肌细胞ＤＮＡ合成，在１ｎｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１时抑制率分别为２９．１％和２４．４％．实验结果表明：ＰＡＦ可能通过促进血小板聚集，刺激脑血管平滑肌细胞增殖及ＤＮＡ合成而参与?     

A study of PAF-induced ocular inflammation in the rat and its inhibition by the PAF antagonist, L-652,731

A significant inflammatory reaction in the rat conjunctiva followed the subconjunctival injection of synthetic platelet activating factor (PAF) in doses which ranged from 10 ng to 1 microgram, an inflammatory response being evaluated as the increase in both tissue weight and extravasation of Evans blue dye in the conjunctival tissue. Inflammation was still present 6 h after the injection of 0.1 microgram of PAF. Orally administered indomethacin or BW 755C failed to alter the response to 0.1 microgram of PAF. In contrast, the PAF-induced inflammation was blocked by the oral administration of the PAF receptor antagonist, L-652,731, a dose as low as 5 mg kg-1 eliciting a significant inhibition. The topical administration of L-652,731, (two doses of 100 micrograms as a 1% suspension), elicited a slight, but significant blockade of 23%. Its antagonistic action was more striking when it was co-injected subconjunctivally with 0.1 microgram of PAF, a dose as low as 3 micrograms evoking a significant blockade. The topical administration of 0.1 microgram of PAF did not elicit a significant inflammatory reaction and this contrasts with the results obtained after its subconjunctival injection.     

Increase in vascular permeability produced in rat airways by PAF: potentiation by adrenalectomy.

1. The effect of bilateral adrenalectomy on the sensitivity of blood vessels in rat airways to mediators that increase vascular permeability was examined. 2. An increase in vascular permeability was induced by intravenous platelet activating factor (PAF, 50, 100, 500, 1000 ng kg-1) and measured by quantifying the extravasation of Evans blue dye. 3. PAF consistently increased the amount of Evans blue extravasation in the larynx, trachea, main bronchi and intrapulmonary airways in sham-operated rats. 4. The magnitude of this extravasation was significantly greater in the larynx (P less than 0.05), trachea (P less than 0.05) and main bronchi (P less than 0.05) of the adrenalectomized rats than it was in these tissues of the sham-operated rats. 5. When adrenalectomized rats were given subcutaneous dexamethasone (0.2 mg kg-1 4 h before PAF) the amount of plasma extravasation produced by PAF was decreased to the level of the sham-operated rats. 6. We conclude that adrenalectomy potentiates the increase in airway vascular permeability induced by PAF in rats and that this effect may be due to the depletion of endogenous corticosteroids.     

Effects of tachykinin NK1 or PAF receptor blockade on the lung injury induced by scorpion venom in rats.

In cases of severe human scorpion envenoming, lung injury is a common finding and frequently the cause of death. In the rat, two distinct mechanisms account for oedema following the intravenous injection of the venom -- acute left ventricular failure resulting from a massive release of catecholamines and an increase in pulmonary vascular permeability. In the present work, we investigated the effects of a tachykinin NK1 receptor antagonist (CP96,345, the dihydrochloride salt of (2S,3S)-cis-2-(diphenylmethyl)-N-((2-methoxyphenyl)methyl)-1-az abicycol[2.2.2]octan-3-amine) and its 2 R-3 R inactive enantiomer (CP96,344) on the acute lung injury induced by the i.v. injection of Tityus serrulatus venom in rats. Lung injury was assessed by evaluating the extravasation of Evans blue dye in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and in the lung of venom-treated and control animals. The effects of the platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor antagonist WEB2170 (2-methyl-1-phenylimidazol[4,5c]pyridine) were evaluated for comparison. The i.v. injection of the venom induced the extravasation of Evans blue in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and into the left lung. Pretreament with the tachykinin NK1 receptor antagonist CP96,345, but not CP96,344, inhibited Evans blue dye extravasation in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and in the lung by 96% and 86%, respectively. The PAF receptor antagonist WEB2170 inhibited the increase in vascular permeability in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid by 60% and had no effect on the extravasation to the lung parenchyma of venom-injected animals. In addition to abrogating lung injury, pretreatment of rats with CP96,345, but not CP96,344 or WEB2170, decreased by 70% the mortality induced by the venom. This is the first study to show the relevance of the tachykinin NK1 receptor in mediating lung injury and mortality in animals injected with the neurotoxic T. serrulatus venom. Blockade of the tachykinin NK1 receptor may represent an important strategy in the treatment of patients with signs of severe envenoming and clearly deserves further studies.     

Role of eicosanoids in PAF-induced increases of the vascular permeability in rat airways.

1. Platelet activating factor (PAF; 1.0 and 5.0 micrograms kg-1) injected in the tail vein of unanaesthetized rats dose-dependently increased the vascular permeability of the trachea, upper and lower bronchi (up to 400%) as measured by the extravasation of Evans blue dye. The permeability of the parenchyma was not affected by PAF treatment. 2. Pretreatment of the animals with an intravenous injection of the PAF antagonist BN-52021 (10 mg kg-1) abolished almost totally the vascular permeability changes elicited by PAF injection (5.0 micrograms kg-1). 3. Pretreatment of the animals with intravenous injections of inhibitors of thromboxane formation, indomethacin (10 mg kg-1) and compound OKY-046 (10 mg kg-1), and thromboxane antagonist, compound L-655,240 (5 mg kg-1), partially reduced PAF effects in the airways (from 28 to 69%). The thromboxane mimic U-44069 (5.0 micrograms kg-1) did not modify the vascular permeability of rat airways. The effect of a low dose of PAF (0.1 microgram kg-1) on the vascular permeability of the trachea and bronchi (but not of the parenchyma) was potentiated by compound U-44069 (5.0 micrograms kg-1) or noradrenaline (400 ng kg-1) whereas the effect of a high dose of PAF (5.0 micrograms kg-1) was not affected. 4. Neither the peptidoleukotriene antagonist MK-571 (10 mg kg-1) nor the 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, L-663,536 (10 mg kg-1) given before the injection of PAF (5.0 micrograms kg-1) affected the protein extravasation in rat lung tissues.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Endothelin-1 inhibits PAF-induced paw oedema and pleurisy in the mouse.

1. The current study analyses the effects of endothelin-1 (ET-1) on paw oedema and pleurisy induced by platelet activating factor (PAF) and other inflammatory agents in the mouse. 2. Combined subplantar injection of ET-1 (0.5 pmol/paw) did not modify oedema caused by histamine (1 to 100 mumol/paw), 5-hydroxytryptamine (1 to 100 mumol/paw) or bradykinin (1 to 100 nmol/paw) but markedly inhibited the response to PAF (0.95 to 3.8 nmol/paw). The selective action of ET-1 against PAF-induced (1.9 nmol/paw) oedema was dose-dependent, reaching a maximum at 0.5 pmol/paw and lasted up to 2 h. 3. ET-1 (0.5 pmol/paw) also inhibited paw oedema (3-4 h) caused by zymosan (500 micrograms/paw). In contrast, it did not modify either the early (1-4 h) or late (48-72 h) phases of the oedematogenic response to carrageenin (300 micrograms/paw), when given either together with or 24 h after the carrageenin. 4. Intrathoracic injection of PAF (1.9 nmol/cavity) induced pleurisy characterized by an increase in pleural exudate volume, and in accumulation of Evans Blue which was maximal at 30 min and lasted up to 4 h. When injected together with PAF, ET-1 (0.5 pmol/cavity) virtually abolished PAF-induced pleurisy. 5. It is concluded that ET-1 is a potent inhibitor of PAF-induced inflammation in the mouse. Its mechanism of anti-inflammatory action in this species, in contrast to what has been found in other species, does not appear to derive from its potent vasoconstrictor properties as ET-1, at the doses used, failed to affect oedematogenic responses to other inflammatory mediators.     

Protective action of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) against constrictor mediators in isolated rat heart and lung

Prostaglandin (PG) E1 (2.8 to 280 nmol/L) dose-dependently inhibited the platelet-activating factor (PAF)-induced increase in coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) in isolated constant flow perfused rat hearts. The PAF-induced release of immunoreactive leukotrienes (iLT) and thromboxane B2 (iTxB2) in isolated rat hearts was also attenuated. PAF induced a significant decrease in left ventricular cAMP content, which was antagonized by PGE1. PGE1 also decreased the production of iLT, but not of iTxB2, in A23187-stimulated minced rat lung tissue. Furthermore, PGE1 inhibited the increase in CPP induced by LTD4 and arginine vasopressin (AVP) in the isolated perfused rat heart. The inhibitory effects of PGE1 on coronary vasoconstrictor substances were not due to a nonspecific vasodilator effect since sodium nitroprusside neither inhibited the increase in CPP nor the release of eicosanoids induced by PAF. Moreover, PGE1 did not inhibit the PAF-induced hypotension in vivo, indicating that PGE1 is not a PAF receptor antagonist. These results suggest that PGE1 may exert an important regulatory effect on coronary vascular homeostasis by stimulation of cyclic AMP and may be important in controlling eicosanoid metabolism in the rat heart. Furthermore, beneficial effects of PGE1 in circulatory shock and myocardial ischemia may be related to this inhibitory effect of PGE1.     

Effect of PAF on rat lung vascular permeability: role of platelets and polymorphonuclear leucocytes.

1. The objectives of the present experiments were to assess the contribution of polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNLs), platelets and their products such as thromboxane A2 (TxA2), histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine to platelet activating factor (PAF)-mediated protein extravasation in rat lungs. 2. Intravenous injection of PAF (1.0 and 5.0 micrograms kg-1) increased dose-dependently (up to 7.5 fold) the vascular permeability of the trachea, upper and lower bronchi to Evans blue dye (EB), a marker of albumin extravasation. The permeability of the pulmonary parenchyma was not affected significantly by PAF. 3. Thrombocytopenia induced by administration of the IgG fraction of goat anti-rat platelet serum (APS; 15 mg 100 g-1, i.p., 16-18 h) reduced by 55, 58 and 40% the effects of the lower dose of PAF (1.0 microgram kg-1) and by 31, 23 and 15% the effects of the higher dose of PAF (5.0 micrograms kg-1) on the permeability of the trachea, upper and lower bronchi respectively to albumin. 4. PMNL depletion induced by administration of rabbit anti-rat polymorphonuclear serum (ANS; 2 mg kg-1, i.v., 24 h) did not reduce significantly the effects of the lower dose of PAF (1.0 microgram kg-1) on the airways, however the effects of the higher dose of PAF (5.0 micrograms kg-1) on the permeability of the trachea, upper and lower bronchi to albumin were reduced by 43, 25 and 23% respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Platelet-activating factor drives eotaxin production in an allergic pleurisy in mice

1. The activation of eosinophils via G-protein-coupled seven transmembrane receptors play a necessary role in the recruitment of these cells into tissue. The present study investigates a role for PAF in driving eotaxin production and eosinophil recruitment in an allergic pleurisy model in mice. 2. The intrapleural injection of increasing doses of PAF (10(-11) to 10(-9) moles per cavity) induced a dose- and PAF receptor-dependent recruitment of eosinophils 48 h after stimulation. 3. Intrapleural injection of PAF induced the rapid (within 1 h) release of eotaxin into the pleural cavity of mice and an anti-eotaxin antibody effectively inhibited PAF-induced recruitment of eosinophils. 4. Eosinophil recruitment in the allergic pleurisy was markedly inhibited by the PAF receptor antagonist UK-74,505 (modipafant, 1 mg kg(-1)). Moreover, recruitment of eosinophils in sensitized and challenged PAF receptor-deficient animals was lower than that observed in wild-type animals. 5. Blockade of PAF receptors with UK-74,505 suppressed by 85% the release of eotaxin in the allergic pleurisy. 6. Finally, the injection of a sub-threshold dose of PAF and eotaxin cooperated to induce eosinophil recruitment in vivo. 7. In conclusion, the production of PAF in an allergic reaction could function in multiple ways to facilitate the recruitment of eosinophils -- by facilitating eotaxin release and by cooperating with eotaxin to induce greater recruitment of eosinophils.