输血支持在造血干细胞移植中的应用

背景：接受造血干细胞移植的患者经常需要血液制品输注支持,而患者对红细胞和血小板输注的需求差异非常大,这主要依赖于造血干细胞移植的类型和患者本身的疾病性质。目的：评价中山大学附属中山医院接受造血干细胞移植患者移植期间输血的需求和数量。方法：收集中山大学附属中山医院2004-01/2010-06接受造血干细胞移植患者的资料,包括移植的适应证、移植的类型、CD34＋细胞的数量、红细胞和血小板的输注数量、费用、脱离输注时间以及中性粒细胞和血小板植入时间;红细胞输注的阈值是血红蛋白计数为70g/L,而血小板的输注阈值是计数为20×109L-1。研究分析了患者移植期间红细胞和血小板输注的需求、输注量、输血费用,以及患者的生存情况。结果与结论：自体造血干细胞移植组中有14例（93%）患者,而异基因造血干细胞移植组中有35例（90%）患者显示了造血细胞植入和脱离输注证据。自体造血干细胞移植组取得脱离红细胞输注天数为14.6d,明显短于异基因造血干细胞移植组。与异基因造血干细胞移植组比较,自体造血干细胞移植组红细胞输注单位明显减少;而异基因造血干细胞移植组的红细胞输注费用明显高于自体造血干细胞移植组。输血花费昂贵,但却是造血干细胞移植中必不可少的一部分,异基因造血干细胞移植组需要更多的输血支持。脱离输注时间有望成为评估造血干细胞移植成功的指标。     

造血干细胞移植与血小板输注

背景:血小板输注被认为是对致死性出血最为有效的治疗措施,已成为治疗造血干细胞移植后血小板减少的标准方法。关于血小板输注临床应用的相关研究资料相对缺乏,各医院间实际情况变化较大。目的:对52例造血干细胞移植患者移植期间血小板输注的情况进行回顾性分析。方法:将出现活动性出血所进行的血小板输注归为治疗性输注,在没有出血表现的情况下进行的血小板输注定义为预防性输注。根据24h血小板回收率和出血改善情况来评价不同血小板输注性质、自体或异基因移植类型等因素对血小板输注疗效的影响。结果与结论:预防性和治疗性血小板输注有效率分别为63.6%和55.6%;接受造血干细胞移植患者血小板输注有效率和平均血小板升高值分别为60.9%和26.8×109L-1。而自体造血干细胞移植组和异基因造血干细胞移植组间预防性和治疗性输注的疗效无差别。回归分析中,凝血功能异常被认为是影响血小板输注疗效的独立风险因素。     

造血干细胞移植与血小板输注

背景：血小板输注被认为是对致死性出血最为有效的治疗措施,已成为治疗造血干细胞移植后血小板减少的标准方法。关于血小板输注临床应用的相关研究资料相对缺乏,各医院间实际情况变化较大。目的：对52例造血干细胞移植患者移植期间血小板输注的情况进行回顾性分析。方法：将出现活动性出血所进行的血小板输注归为治疗性输注,在没有出血表现的情况下进行的血小板输注定义为预防性输注。根据24h血小板回收率和出血改善情况来评价不同血小板输注性质、自体或异基因移植类型等因素对血小板输注疗效的影响。结果与结论：预防性和治疗性血小板输注有效率分别为63.6%和55.6%;接受造血干细胞移植患者血小板输注有效率和平均血小板升高值分别为60.9%和26.8×109L-1。而自体造血干细胞移植组和异基因造血干细胞移植组间预防性和治疗性输注的疗效无差别。回归分析中,凝血功能异常被认为是影响血小板输注疗效的独立风险因素。     

ABO血型不合对异基因外周血造血干细胞移植造血功能恢复及输血的影响

目的研究血型不合对异基因外周血造血干细胞移植后细胞重建、输血量及预后的影响。方法回顾分析52例异基因外周血造血干移植病例,分为ABO血型相合组(24例),次要血型不合组(15例),主要及双侧血型不合组(13例),比较3组间移植后中性粒细胞、红细胞、血小板植入时间,造血恢复期输注悬浮红细胞及血小板的数量,移植后的生存时间及无病生存期有无差异。结果 3组间中性粒细胞及血小板植入时间差异无统计学意义(P0.05),红系植入时间主要及双侧血型不合组比血型相合组明显延迟(P0.05),次要血型不合组与其余2组间差异没有统计学意义(P0.05)。主要及双侧血型不合输红细胞及血小板的数目明显高于血型相合组及次要血型不合组(P0.05)。3组间总生存期及无病生存期差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论主要及双侧血型不合异基因外周血造血干细胞移植红系重建时间明显延迟,输注红细胞及血小板的数量明显增多。     

重组人血小板生成素对外周血造血干细胞移植后患者血小板重建的影响

目的观察外周血干细胞移植(PBHSCT)后d3使用重组人血小板生成素(rHuTPO)对移植后患者血小板重建的影响及其不良反应。方法根据PBHSCT后d3是否使用rHuTPO的情况,将2011年在本科接受PBHSCT的40名患者分为rHuTPO治疗组(n=20)和对照组(n=20),回顾性分析、比较2组中接受3种不同移植物来源(自体造血干细胞、HLA异基因相合造血干细胞和HLA单体型相合异基因造血干细胞)的患者移植后血小板重建、输注血小板次数等相关指标。结果 HLA自体造血干细胞移植病例中,rHuTPO治疗组(n=4)和对照组(n=6)患者移植后Plt升至20×109/L的时间分别为(19.33±4.03)d,(23.75±8.78)d,血小板输注次数中位数分别为5.5次、11.5次(P0.05)。HLA异基因全相合造血干细胞移植病例中,rHuTPO治疗组(n=8)和对照组(n=10)患者移植后Plt升至20×109/L的时间分别为(14.50±4.22)d,(16.13±6.58)d,血小板输注次数中位数分别为3.0次、4.0次(P0.05)。在HLA单体型相合造血干细胞移植病例中,rHuTPO治疗组(n=8)和对照组(n=4)患者移植后Plt升至20×109/L的时间分别为(16.50±7.14)d、(23.63±5.50)d(P0.05),Plt升至50×109/L的时间分别为(20.25±7.23)d、(31.75±5.23)d(P0.05),血小板输注次数中位数分别为3.0次、12.5次(P0.05)。结论 HLA异基因单体型相合相合造血干细胞移植后d3应用rHuTPO有助于移植患者血小板较快生成并减少血小板输注次数。     

ABO血型不合异基因造血干细胞移植对红系造血恢复的影响

本研究探讨ABO血型不合异基因造血干细胞移植对红系造血的影响。对16例ABO血型不合的造血干移植患者的ABO血型,IgM和IgG抗体进行监测。结果显示,16例ABO血型不合的造血干细胞移植患者均恢复造血功能,与ABO血型相合组比较,ABO血型不合组在粒细胞植活时间、血小板植活时间无差异,但红系重建时间明显延长;ABO主侧不合与双侧不合受者抗供者凝集素消失时间与红系恢复时间有相关性。结论 :ABO血型不合的异基因造血干细胞移植会导致红系造血迟缓。移植前用供型血浆置换法或输注供者红细胞来中和受者体内抗供者红细胞的凝集素能缩短红细胞植入时间,减少红细胞的输注。     

血小板输注对60Co照射所致小鼠骨髓造血龛损伤修复和骨髓移植后造血重建的影响

目的观察血小板输注对60Co照射所致小鼠骨髓造血龛损伤修复和骨髓移植后造血重建的影响。方法①以8～10周雄性C57BL/6小鼠为研究对象, 接受60Co全身照射后分为单独照射组和照射输注组(经尾静脉输注1×108个表达GFP荧光蛋白的血小板)。②建立小鼠异基因造血干细胞移植模型, 分为单纯移植组(BMT组)和移植+血小板输注组(BMT+PLT组)。BMT组仅通过尾静脉输注5×106个骨髓细胞, BMT+PLT组在输注骨髓细胞的同时输注1×108个血小板。检测外周血血细胞和骨髓细胞计数, 流式细胞术检测骨髓造血干细胞(HSC)和造血祖细胞(HPC)比例、骨髓细胞增殖率和凋亡率, 病理观察造血龛的损伤与修复。结果①在照射后第3、7、14和21天, 照射输注组骨髓细胞计数和外周血细胞计数均高于单纯照射组(P值均<0.05), 第21天输注组白细胞计数高于单纯照射组, 第7天血小板计数高于单纯照射组(P值均<0.05)。在观察周期内照射输注组骨髓细胞增殖率较高, 而凋亡率较低;②免疫荧光结果显示照射输注组造血龛的连续性更好;③在移植后, BMT+PLT组嵌合率始终高于BMT组;④B...     

非血缘脐血移植术后患者输血情况相关影响因素分析

目的探讨行非血缘脐血移植术(UCBT)后患者成分输血及剂量的相关影响因素。方法回顾29例行非血缘脐血移植的血液病患者移植后60天内输血信息,将患者分为低剂量输注组:红细胞和血小板输注量总计<18 U;高剂量输注组:红细胞和血小板输注量总计≥18 U。分析患者的移植前临床资料、移植后植入情况、移植后急性移植物抗宿主病(aGVHD)发生以及一年内生存率与临床输血情况的关系。结果29例患者移植后60天内平均红细胞输注量为(10.97±11.80)U,平均血小板输注量为(7.12±5.06)U,血小板与红细胞的输入量呈显著正相关;高低剂量输注组移植前两组患者临床资料无显著差异,移植后中性粒细胞植入时间与血小板输注量呈正相关(P<0.05);移植后发生Ⅱ~Ⅳ级aGVHD的患者输注红细胞与血小板显著高于0~I级aGVHD的患者;低剂量输注组一年生存率显著高于高剂量输注组(P<0.05)。结论非血缘脐血移植患者移植后60天内红细胞和血小板输注量与供体植入,移植后aGVHD发生以及移植后生存期显著相关。     

ABO血型不合异基因造血干细胞移植后血型转换期的输血策略

背景:造血干细胞移植是目前临床治愈血液系统恶性肿瘤、先天性遗传性疾病以及自身免疫性疾病的重要手段,ABO血型不合的异基因造血干细胞移植并不影响造血干细胞的植活,但ABO血型不合在移植后血型转换期输血时应该制定何种输血策略值得研究。目的:研究ABO血型不合的异基因造血干细胞移植后血型转换期血型抗原抗体的变化及输血时血液的选择策略。方法:应用血型鉴定、抗体检测、抗体效价测定、交叉配血等方法,对24例ABO血型不合的异基因造血干细胞移植患者,在血型转换期进行血型抗原抗体的监测和输血前相容性检测,并与同期30例血型相合的异基因造血干细胞移植患者进行比较,选择适合的血液。结果与结论:24例ABO血型不合患者于移植后全部获得造血重建,但在红系恢复时间上,主要血型不合组和主次要均不合组的时间均有延长,差异均有显著性意义(P<0.05)。根据血型转换期监测的ABO抗原和相应抗体发生的变化,主要ABO血型不合移植者在血型转换期均输注了患者型红细胞;次要血型不合者根据抗原减弱的情况,从输患者型过渡到输供者型红细胞;主次要均不合的患者,从首先输注O型洗涤红细胞再过渡到输注供者型红细胞,24例患者均未发生任何溶血性输血反应。因此ABO血型不合的异基因造血干细胞移植后的输血策略,应根据患者血型转变情况及抗体效价动态变化,权衡所选血型对造血重建的影响,选择合适的血液成分输血,可避免溶血性输血反应且不影响干细胞植活及血型转换时间,保证患者移植安全。     

ABO血型不合外周血造血干细胞移植10例

背景:ABO血型不合供受者之间进行外周血造血干细胞移植,面临受者血型的转变、移植后输血的选择等问题.目的:观察ABO血型不合外周血造血干细胞移植治疗血液病的临床疗效和近远期并发症.方法:回顾性分析了2005/2008武警总医院收治的10例ABO血型不合异基因外周血同胞供者造血干细胞移植患者的资料.总结植入效果,血型转变,移植物抗宿主病以及不良反应.结果与结论:9例患者恢复造血功能,血型转变为完全供者型,1例患者白细胞血小板恢复,但红细胞植入延迟.所有患者在输注移植物时未出现短暂的血红蛋白尿,无严重急性溶血和迟发型溶血的发生,1例出现严重的移植物抗宿主病.可见ABO血型不合外周血造血干细胞移植对移植疗效无明显影响,红细胞植入延迟的预防和处理十分重要.     

Pre-transplant thrombocytopenia predicts engraftment time and blood products requirement in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation patients

IntroductionThrombocytopenia is a common consequence of leukemia that affects the outcome of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). The stromal damage of bone marrow following pre-HSCT conditioning regimens can delay the hematopoietic engraftment and increased blood product transfusions. We tried to define threshold based on pre-transplant platelet count as a biomarker to predict engraftment time and blood product requirements in allogeneic HSCT patients.MethodsThis retrospective study was performed on 194 patients who received allogeneic HSCT. The median for platelet (PLT) count of patients at the admission day was considered as a cut off value. The association of platelet count with white blood cell (WBC) and PLT engraftment time and also the requirement of packed red blood cell or PLT transfusions as outcomes of interest were investigated.Results164 patients (84.5 %) had successful WBC engraftment, and PLT engraftment was seen in 155 patients (79.9 %) in 30 and 50 days after HSCT, respectively. The patients with PLT count higher than 154,000/μL had better PLT engraftment (P = 0.060), and WBC engraftment (P = 0.014) than those with PLT count lower than this cut off. The pre-transplant PLT count had negative relations with SD platelet requests after HSCT (P = 0.008).ConclusionThe thrombocytopenia before HSCT might delay the platelet and WBC engraftment time, which should be taken into account before transplantation. Since the blood product transfusion is one of the factors associated with engraftment, the pre-transplant platelet count can be used as a predictive biomarker to manage the blood product requirement during the HSCT until engraftment occurs.     

Augmented autologous transfusions in major reconstructive spine surgery

Intraoperative autologous transfusion during major reconstructive spine surgery decreased allogeneic red blood cell transfusions, but patients were exposed to significant numbers of allogeneic blood products. This study reports a prospective study of 160 randomized patients undergoing major reconstructive spine surgery. Without delaying start of surgery, 80 patients underwent hemapheresis with coincidental normovolemic hemodilution in the operating room to sequester autologous blood components. A therapeutic dose plateletpheresis product and an average of 2 U each of freshly collected autologous red cells and fresh plasma were prepared prior to surgical incision. The same supplies and equipment were used subsequently to carry out intraoperative autologous transfusion (IAT). Autologous plasma and platelets were transfused to Sequestration patients, contributing to a significant decrease of total allogeneic donor exposures. One or more autologous red blood cell unit equivalents were cost effectively salvaged and retransfused to 78% of the Sequestration patients. Altogether, autologous red cells comprised 87% of the total red cells transfused. During the same time period, 80 age-, sex-, and weight-matched controls, who received IAT only, were accrued for comparison with Sequestration patients. Of all red cells transfused to control patients, autologous units comprised 47%. Both patient groups received the same total perioperative red blood cell support. The per patient cost for IAT, with or without sequestration, was competitive with supplying one unit of cross-matched allogeneic red cells. IAT only patients had greater allogeneic blood donor exposures than Sequestration patients, in whom the numbers of allogeneic red cells, plasma and platelet transfusions were decreased. Compared with IAT alone, the hospital post-operative stay of Sequestration patients was 23% less than IAT only patients. J. Clin. Apheresis 13:62–68, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

P07Reduction of Allogeneic Red Cell Transfusion using Autologous Blood Cell Salvage in Knee Arthroplasty

Recent Hospital Transfusion Committee (HTC) audit at the Royal Bournemouth Hospital (RBH) confirmed an allogeneic red cell transfusion rate of 20% for primary Total Knee Replacement (TKR). Current policy at RBH states that when blood stocks reach 67% of normal (amber alert) then surgery with a >20% likelihood of blood transfusion will be cancelled. At current transfusion rates this would include primary TKR. Recent studies have shown a reduction in allogeneic transfusion rates when autologous transfusion drains are utilized. The purpose of this study was to see whether the current rate of allogeneic transfusion could be reduced with the introduction of the CellTransTM Autologous Knee Drainage Blood Transfusion System (ABT) in TKR at RBH. Over a 3 month period all patients undergoing primary, bilateral or revision knee arthroplasty received an ABT. Demographic data was collected from the orthopaedic pre‐assessment clinic. Following surgery further data was collected relating to volume of blood loss into the drain, volume of autologous blood re‐transfused, units of allogeneic blood required and the transfusion trigger, postoperative haemoglobin levels, infection rates and length of stay in hospital. We then compared this data set with retrospective data. Of 170 patients undergoing knee arthroplasty 141 received the ABT. The data collected was compared retrospectively with 169 patients from the previous 3 month period. We demonstrated a reduction in transfusion rates of 13% for primary TKR, 42% for bilateral TKR and 57% for revision TKR with the use of the ABT. In addition we demonstrated a reduction in total allogeneic blood use (99 units to 26 units) and a reduction in mean length of stay in hospital (8.6 days to 7.5 days) with the ABT. Further analysis of the data collected showed a 46% reduction in the allogeneic transfusion rate and a reduction in total allogeneic blood usage (99 units to 9 units) of anaemic patients presenting for surgery. This study has demonstrated a dramatic reduction in allogeneic blood transfusion rates with the use of the CellTransTM Autologous Blood Transfusion System. We have also shown a reduction in length of stay in hospital. Prior to the study primary total knee replacement would have been cancelled during times of limited blood availability (amber alert). The use of the ABT is good for the patient in reducing the need for allogeneic blood, and in addition has demonstrated a significant cost saving due to the reduced blood usage and potential prevention of cancelled operation lists.     

The transfusion needs of an autologous bonemarrow transplant patient with IgA deficiency

BACKGROUND: Transfusion management of the patient who is undergoing a marrow or peripheral blood stem and progenitor cell transplantation is often challenging. The situation is further complicated when the patient is IgA deficient with circulating anti-IgA. CASE REPORT: This report describes an approach to transfusion therapy primarily using red cells washed by automated techniques and cryopreserved autologous plateletpheresis components. Additional platelet support was provided with manually washed allogeneic plateletpheresis components. Autologous fresh-frozen plasma was collected concurrently, and IgA-deficient allogeneic units were ordered and kept in storage, but they were not needed during transplantation. The patient experienced no transfusion sequelae as a result of the IgA deficiency. CONCLUSION: With this approach, the transfusion needs of an IgA-deficient patient were adequately met during bone marrow transplantation.     

Storage time of transfused red blood cells and impact on clinical outcomes in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

BACKGROUND: Red blood cell (RBC) transfusion may prolong recovery in some patients, perhaps due to changes that occur during more prolonged RBC storage. We examined the impact of RBC transfusion and the age of transfused RBC units on clinical outcomes in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Data concerning RBC transfusions between Day 0 and Day +30 were analyzed for patients undergoing HSCT (n = 555) at a single institution. “Old” RBC units were defined as those stored for 15 days or longer. RESULTS: The proportion of old RBC units transfused and the mean age of transfused units did not correlate with 100‐day nonrelapse mortality, organ‐specific toxicity, length of stay (LOS), or incidence of intensive care unit (ICU) admission (p > 0.05). In comparing the 71 patients who received only old RBC units with 218 patients who received only “new” RBC units, there was no increase in adverse clinical outcomes after HSCT. Autologous transplant recipients (n = 355, 3.8 units/patient) were more likely to avoid RBC transfusion and received fewer units compared with allogeneic recipients (n = 200, 6.4 units/patient, p < 0.0001). The mean number of transfused RBC units was greater in patients admitted to the ICU (10.5 units vs. 3.7 units/patient, p < 0.01), correlated with longer LOS (p < 0.0001), and correlated with increasing number of organ systems with toxicity of at least Grade 2 (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: The importance of RBC storage time does not appear to influence clinical outcomes in HSCT. Patients with increased RBC transfusion requirements have greater toxicity after HSCT. Whether RBC transfusion contributes to toxicity, however, remains unclear.     

Utility of red blood cell apheresis in autologous blood donation

Although autologous blood donation is an alternative to allogeneic transfusion, some authors had questioned its cost-effectiveness. New techniques, like red blood cell apheresis could improve the cost-effectiveness of autologous blood transfusion, therefore we have valued the efficiency of this procedure in autologous blood donation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied 131 patients undergoing different types of surgery who entered the preoperative autologous blood donation program over a one year period. Apheresis was performed with the MCS 3p from Haemeonetics. RESULTS: We were able to collect 304 red blood cell units from 131 patients. The average yield per procedure was two units (88 cases, 67.2%). In 41 patients (31.3%), we collected 3 units and, in two cases, 4 units were collected. The mean volume of the units was 255 (191-280). 18 (13.7% patients had an adverse reaction. Most of these were mild. Only in one case was it necessary to stop the procedure. 202 units (66.4%) were transfused to 97 patients (74%). 12 (9.2%) patients also used allogeneic transfusions (mean units: 0.18+/-0.05 with a range 1-5). CONCLUSION: Red blood cell apheresis is a useful procedure in autologous blood donation.     

A randomized trial on the efficacy of an autologous blood drainage and transfusion device in patients undergoing elective knee arthroplasty

The purpose of the study reported here was the determination of the efficacy of a postoperative autologous blood drainage and transfusion device in reducing allogeneic red cell requirements in patients undergoing elective knee arthroplasty. The study was a randomized controlled trial with adult patients undergoing unilateral elective arthroplastic knee surgery. Patients underwent suction drainage, attached to an autologous blood drainage and transfusion device, or standard suction drainage. Allogeneic red cells were given according to strict transfusion guidelines based on blood loss and postoperative hemoglobin values. Outcome measures included the mean number of allogeneic red cell concentrates required and the number of patients in each group who required no transfusion. Patients assigned to standard suction drainage had a mean allogeneic red cell utilization of 1.2 units (SD 1.0), as compared to a mean of 0.4 units (SD 0.8) in the group undergoing drainage with the autologous blood drainage and transfusion device (p = 0.0007). The percentage of patients not requiring allogeneic red cells was significantly higher in the latter group (74.3% vs. 32.5%; p = 0.002). The postoperative drainage and transfusion device was efficacious in reducing the amount of allogeneic red cells required by patients undergoing knee arthroplasty, and its use resulted in a 42 percent reduction in the number of patients requiring allogeneic transfusion.