小型集中式供水水质总α、总β放射性检测

目的 对我区部队小型集中式供水水质进行总α、总β放射性检测,评价小型集中式供水水质是否达到《生活饮用水卫生标准》放射指标标准,确保广大官兵的健康。方法 样品处理、标准源制备和检测均采用《生活饮用水标准检验方法-放射性指标》推荐的方法进行,所使用的试剂均符合《生活饮用水标准检验方法-放射性指标》要求,运用BH1216Ⅱ型低本底α、β测量仪进行样品总α、总β放射性检测。结果 参照《生活饮用水卫生标准》,所检测样品总α均低于0.5 Bq/L、总β放射性均低于1 Bq/L的标准要求。结论 小型集中式供水水质符合国家标准,可放心饮用。     

南京市地下水总α、总β放射性水平研究

目的 调查和研究南京市24个地下水监测井中水样的总α、总β放射性水平,深入了解南京市不同地区地下水总放射性风险。方法 参照《生活饮用水标准检验方法 放射性指标》GB/T 5750.13—2006进行分析,依据国家《生活饮用水卫生标准》GB 5749—2006和WHO《饮用水水质准则》进行评价。结果 南京市24个地下水监测井中水样中总α、总β的放射性水平分别是15～487 mBq/L和62～880 mBq/L。结论 所调查区域地下水总α、总β放射性水平满足国家《生活饮用水卫生标准》GB 5749—2006和WHO《饮用水水质准则》要求,符合饮用水标准。以此作为南京市地下水总放射性水平的参考,通过与我国其他地区地下水总放射性水平对比,南京市地下水总α总β放射性水平居全国中等水平,其中六合区、江宁区、栖霞区的地下水放射性水平在南京市中较高。后续应加强监测,及时发现地下水放射性的波动风险。     

淄博某化工园区周边地下水总α和总β放射性水平调查

目的 调查淄博市某化工园区周边地下水总α和总β放射性浓度水平。方法 按照《生活饮用水标准检验方法放射性指标》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)国家标准方法。结果 某化工园区总α活度浓度范围为0.024~0.399 Bq/L,总β活度浓度范围为0.047~0.251 Bq/L。结论 淄博市某化工园区地下水中总α和总β放射性水平处于正常本底范围,地下水无放射性污染。     

海阳核电站周边地区水中总α和总β放射性水平

目的 调查山东海阳核电站周边地区水中总α、总β放射性水平。方法 采用饱和厚度相对测量法测量水中总α、总β。结果 地表水枯水期总α、总β平均活度浓度分别为0.21Bq/L、0.49Bq/L,丰水期0.084 Bq/L、0.22 Bq/L;饮用水(主要是地下水)枯水期总α、总β平均活度浓度分别为0.18Bq/L、0.61Bq/L,丰水期0.22Bq/L、0.49 Bq/L。结论 山东海阳核电站周边30km范围内水中总α、总β平均活度浓度均未超出《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB5749-2006)规定的总α、总β放射性限值。     

2013年呼和浩特市饮用水总α、总β放射性水平分析

目的 通过分析2013年呼和浩特市饮用水总α、总β放射性指标,了解呼和浩特市饮用水放射水平。方法 我中心于2013年对市政水厂和小型集中式供水的出厂水及末梢水共32份按照《生活饮用水标准检验方法放射性指标》进行采集和检验,检验结果按照《生活饮用水卫生标准》进行评价。分别对枯水期、丰水期、市政水厂和小型集中式供水的放射水平进行对比。结果 2013年呼和浩特市饮用水总α、总β放射性指标均符合国家标准。枯水期与丰水期的放射水平无显著性差异(P > 0.05),市政水厂总α放射性水平明显低于小型集中式供水(P < 0.05)。结论 呼和浩特市生活饮用水放射性卫生指标水平良好,其中市政供水优于小型集中式供水。     

山东省集中式饮用水源水放射性研究

目的 调查研究山东省集中式饮用水源地水中总α、总β放射性水平,掌握山东省集中式饮用水源地水放射性水平现状。方法 依据《水中总α放射性浓度的测定厚源法》EJ/T 1075-1998《水中总β放射性测定蒸发法》EJ/T 900-94相关方法步骤进行。结果 十七个地级市（设区市）以上城市水样34个,其中总α测量值范围为0.010~0.239 Bq/L,总β测量值范围为0.063~0.286 Bq/L。结论 山东省集中式饮用水源地水中总α、总β放射性水平满足GB 5749-2006《生活饮用水卫生标准》要求。     

丹东市生活饮用水放射性监测分析

目的 了解2009~2011年丹东市生活饮用水的总α、总β放射性指标。方法 按照《生活饮用水标准检验方法放射性指标》的规定的方法。结果 丹东市2009~2011年生活饮用水总α的放射性监测结果平均值为0.044 Bq/L,总β的放射性监测结果平均值为0.075 Bq/L。结论 丹东市2009~2011年生活饮用水的总α、总β放射性指标监测结果符合国家标准要求,能反映丹东市生活饮用水放射性的基本情况。     

广西城市集中式饮用水水源放射性水平调查与研究

目的 调查广西14个主要城市的50个集中式饮用水水源中总α、总β、铀、钍和镭-226浓度水平,为广西辐射环境管理积累基础数据资料。方法 依据《辐射环境监测技术规范》（HJ/T 61—2001）开展调查,水中总α、总β、铀、钍和镭-226的相关分析方法进行样品分析。结果 广西城市集中式饮用水水源中总α、总β、铀、钍和镭-226的监测结果范围分别为 < 0.008～0.122 Bq/L、0.014～0.250 Bq/L、0.031～0.909 μg/L、0.063～0.709 μg/L和1.00～53.1 mBq/L。结论 广西城市集中式饮用水水源放射性处于天然环境本底水平,总α、总β浓度均不超过《生活饮用水卫生标准》中的放射性指标指导值,地下水型饮用水水源符合《地下水质量标准》中Ⅲ类水水质放射性指标要求。北海市城市集中式饮用水水源放射性水平属广西14个城市中最高。     

湖南省生活饮用水总α、总β放射性水平

目的 通过对湖南省全省生活饮用水的放射性水平的调查,以积累资料。方法 分别采用直接测量法和薄样法测量总α、总β放射性水平。结果 湖南省生活饮用水总α水平为0.001~2.00 Bq/L,总β放射性水平为0.003~0.65 Bq/L。结论 湖南省生活饮用水总α放射性比活度的几何平均值为0.0218 Bq/L,总β放射性比活度的几何均值0.0603 Bq/L能够代表全省的平均水平。     

北京地区饮用水中总α、总β放射性水平调查

目的 调查北京地区饮用水(包括自来水,地表水及市售矿泉水)中总α、总β放射性水平,为环境放射性监测积累本底数据。方法 根据国家《生活饮用水标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750-2006)测量水样中的总α、总β放射性。结果 北京地区饮用水中总α比活度为(0.01~8.57)×10^-2 Bq/L,总β比活度为(1.39~55.45)×10^-2 Bq/L。结论 北京地区饮用水中总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。     

Management of pregnancy and childbirth in England and Wales and in France

This paper reviews national data on obstetric and neonatal practices in England and Wales, and in France between 1970 and 1980. The data have been derived from national statistics and surveys on national samples of births in 1970, 1975 and 1980 in England and Wales, and 1972, 1976 and 1981 in France. The analysis shows that there was no major difference in pregnancy outcome, but wide variations in medical practices, and their trend over time. The main differences were: in England and Wales a higher number of antenatal visits, a higher percentage of inpatient admissions during pregnancy, a higher rate of induction, more episiotomies, a higher rate of resuscitation at birth, and admission to neonatal special care units; in France, a higher rate of caesarean sections before and during labour, some evidence of a more active management of labour, and a longer hospital post-natal stay. These differences in practice reflect differences in objectives and assessment of the effectiveness of care between the two countries: they point out the need for better monitoring and evaluation of obstetric and neonatal practices.     

2011年温州城乡九所中小学生超重肥胖患病状况调查

【目的】 调查温州城乡中小学生超重肥胖的患病状况。 【方法】 2011年5-8月随机抽取温州城区、城乡结合部及农村中小学共9所学校进行整群调查。记录学生的一般资料,同时测量身高体重两项发育指标,计算体质指数,按照2004年中国肥胖问题工作组(WGOC)推荐的诊断标准,评价温州市中小学生的超重及肥胖患病状况。 【结果】 共9 657名在校学生参与调查,其中男生5 114 名,女生4 543名,平均年龄(14.95±4.53)岁,被调查人群中超重占7.6%,肥胖占2.6%,男生超重和肥胖患病状况均显著高于女生(9.8% vs 5.2%,5.2% vs 1.2%,P值均<0.01),各年龄段中以7岁儿童肥胖及超重状况最为严重(27.15% vs 7.955%),城区及城乡结合部超重肥胖患病状况明显高于农村(P值均<0.01)。 【结论】 温州中小学校肥胖和超重总患病约为10%,男性,尤其是城区及城乡结合部男生超重肥胖患病情况最为严重,需要引起高度重视。     

儿童铁和锌缺乏与营养素补充

营养性铁和锌缺乏症是严重影响儿童健康的常见营养素缺乏问题,在发展中国家是导致疾病负担加重和高死亡率的重要因素.铁和锌缺乏症每年引起约数万名5岁以下儿童死亡.婴幼儿是铁和锌缺乏的高危人群,摄入不足是造成铁和锌缺乏的主要原因.6～24个月婴幼儿的铁缺乏可对其智力发育产生不可逆的损害;锌缺乏是引起2岁以下幼儿生长发育迟缓的主要原因之一.补充微量营养素以及应用微量营养素强化食品可减少儿童铁和锌缺乏的发生,并具有较高的成本效益,应作为优先推荐的干预措施.该文就铁和锌缺乏的危害和干预研究进展作以综述.     

Efficacy of single and double doses of albendazole and mebendazole alone and in combination in the treatment of Trichuris trichiura in school-age children in Uganda

A randomised clinical trial was conducted in Kabale District, southwestern Uganda, to compare the efficacies of single and double doses of a combination of 400 mg albendazole (ALB) and 500 mg mebendazole (MBZ) with those of single and double doses of each drug given alone in the treatment of Trichuris trichiura. Infected pupils (n = 611) were randomised to six treatment groups. Three groups received either a single dose of ALB, MBZ or the combination (ALB+MBZ). The other three groups received either a double dose of ALB (ALB/ALB), MBZ (MBZ/MBZ) or the combination (ALB+MBZ/ALB+MBZ). All double doses were given 8 h apart. Children were followed-up weekly for 1 month. Cure rates were significantly higher using double doses compared with single doses (irrespective of drug; z = −4.02, P < 0.0005) as well as using the drug combination compared with single drugs (irrespective of doses; z = −7.64, P < 0.0005). Cure rates measured at Day 7 were significantly higher than on Days 14 and 21 after treatment (Day 14, z = 9.90, P < 0.0005; Day 21, z = 7.36, P < 0.0005). Geometric mean (GM) intensities of positives were significantly lower on Day 7 compared with all other subsequent days (P < 0.00005), and on Day 28 GM intensities reached pre-treatment levels (P = 0.096). Whilst there was no difference in egg excretion between single and double doses of the same drug or drug combination (F_(df1) = 0.28, P = 0.60), the combination treatment resulted in lower egg excretion than use of single drugs (F_(df2) = 50.90, P < 0.00005). All the tested regimens of ALB and MBZ had low cure rates against T. trichiura in Uganda, but both combination treatments showed satisfactory egg reduction rates 3 weeks after treatment. [ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01050452]     

Relationships between distribution of lead in erythrocytes in vivo and in vitro and inhibition of ALA-D.

Proteins in the ALA-D (delta-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase) fraction from gel filtration of erythrocyte supernatant (ES) have the highest affinity for lead among erythrocyte constituents in vivo and in vitro. It takes 20-40 hours for erythrocyte components to be equilibrated with lead added in vitro. AT low lead concentrations, under 60 micrograms/100 ml ES, the extent of decrease in ALA-D activity indicates the extent of lead saturation of ALA-D fraction proteins. The saturation is attained at 80-110 micrograms/100 ml ES. Although an appreciable amount of lead is also found in the haemoglobin fraction that contains certain factors concerned in ALA-D inhibition, lead responsible for inducing the inhibition is not bound to haemoglobin fraction proteins but to ALA-D fraction proteins. Of three treatments or agents recovering the enzyme from lead effects, zinc is the only one that can fully restore the inhibition.     

Heart disease mortality in cities of Latin America and in cities and regions of England and Wales

Death rates from heart disease in cities and regions of England and Wales, based on death certificates for 1963, are compared with death rates from the same causes in 10 Latin American cities, San Francisco, USA, and Bristol, England, derived from the Inter-American Investigation of Mortality which obtained histories and clinical records of fatal illnesses for the years 1962-64 by a sampling method. Death rates in Bristol derived from the 2 sources showed an agreement close enough to justify comparisons between official rates for England and Wales and the data for the Latin American cities.     

重庆市医疗卫生机构放射诊疗频度调查分析

目的 掌握2019年重庆市医疗卫生机构放射诊疗频度,为有关单位开展放射诊疗监督监测提供基础数据.方法 采用调查表法,调查放射诊疗机构基本情况,X射线诊断、介入治疗、核医学诊疗、放射治疗等放射诊疗频度.结果 放射诊疗机构1845家,放射诊疗设备3769台,医学放射工作人员8647人.X射线诊断1843.0501万人次(应...     

Dissipation and Residues of Difenoconazole and Azoxystrobin in Bananas and Soil in Two Agro-Climatic Zones of China

Residues of a fungicide suspension (12 % difenoconazole, 18 % azoxystrobin) in bananas and soil were studied under tropical and subtropical monsoon climates, in Hainan and Yunnan provinces, respectively. The half-lives in bananas were shorter in Hainan (difenoconazole: 8.4–10.7 days; azoxystrobin: 7.8–8.4 days) than Yunnan (difenoconazole: 11.3–13.0 days; azoxystrobin: 10.4–11.6 days), possibly because of the higher temperatures and solar radiation levels in Hainan. The half-lives in soil were shorter in Yunnan (difenoconazole: 15.5–16.7; azoxystrobin: 11.9–13.9 days) than Hainan (difenoconazole: 23.1–23.2 days; azoxystrobin: 16.0–16.1 days), possibly because the organic carbon content was higher and rainfall lower in Yunnan than Hainan. Their physico-chemical properties suggest difenoconazole and azoxystrobin should be stable in bananas and soil, but both decreased to safe concentrations by the minimum harvest time after spraying the mixture at the recommended dosage and 1.5 times that dosage, through physical, chemical, and biological processes.