雄性大鼠四肢骨生物力学性能增龄性变化

目的 探讨雄性大鼠肱骨、股骨和胫骨生物力学性能增龄性变化规律及其在年龄推断中的应用价值。方法 根据不同周龄,将90只健康雄性SD大鼠分为2、4、6、8、17、26、52、78和104周龄组,每组10只。过量麻醉处死大鼠后分离肱骨、股骨和胫骨并剔除附着软组织,利用游标卡尺测量上述骨骼长度及中段(受压部位)直径,利用电子万能材料试验机进行三点弯曲试验以检测极限载荷和极限载荷下位移。结果 不同周龄组雄性大鼠肱骨、股骨和胫骨极限载荷组间差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。随着周龄增长,肱骨、股骨和胫骨极限载荷均呈先增大后减小趋势,且都在52周龄组达峰值,52周龄前与周龄呈强正相关(r=0.884、0.933、0.929,P<0.05)。极限载荷下位移除股骨组间差异有统计学意义外(P<0.05),肱骨、胫骨均无统计学意义。股骨极限载荷下位移与周龄呈弱正相关(r=0.406,P<0.05)。52周龄前大鼠肱骨、股骨、胫骨、3种骨骼综合极限载荷自动线性建模的年龄预测准确度分别为78.2%、86.8%、84.1%、88.3%。肱骨、股骨、胫骨长度与极限载荷呈强正相关(r=0....     

成骨生长肽羧基端5肽衍生物G48A和阿仑膦酸钠的序贯治疗对去卵巢大鼠的影响

目的 探讨成骨生长肽羧基端5肽衍生物G48A与阿仑膦酸钠（Alen）的序贯治疗对去卵巢（OVX）大鼠离体骨密度和生物力学的影响。 方法 将3月龄雌性SD大鼠75只随机分7组,除假手术组（S组）外均行OVX术,1周后G48A1、G48A2、G48A3组分别以5-5-5d、10-10-5d、14-14-7d为周期交替给予G48A-（Alen）-间歇进行预防治疗;NADFR组每日联合予G48A和Alen;ALEN组每日予Alen;余OVX组和S组每日予安慰剂。术后13周处死,分离左股骨及1~4腰椎行骨密度（BMD）检测,右股骨行三点弯曲实验,第5腰椎行腰椎压缩实验。结果 与S组比较,OVX组体重增加, BMD明显降低,腰椎最大载荷、比例极限、强度极限和弹性模量以及股骨的弯曲能量明显减低;经过G48A1、2、3组及NADFR组预防性治疗各项指标绝大多数有改善趋势,其中腰椎和股骨BMD、腰椎弹性载荷以及股骨的弯曲弹性模量和弯曲刚性系数均较OVX组有显著提高。结论G48A与阿仑膦酸钠的序贯治疗可以改善去卵巢大鼠的骨丢失,增加骨密度,提高骨力学性能。     

大鼠死后胸主动脉生物力学特征变化规律的研究

取死后0～7 d大鼠胸主动脉进行单轴拉伸实验,观察各力学指标随死后经过时间(Post mortem interval,PMI)延长的演变,选取有明显变化趋势的力学指标进行统计分析.力学指标中最大值应力、最大值应变、能量与PMI有显著相关,其决定系数(R2)分别为0.822、0.716、0.669(P＜0.001).表明运用拉伸实验测量胸主动脉生物力学指标的变化可用于PMI推断.     

小白鼠死后脾组织RNA降解程度与死亡时间关系的研究

目的探讨小白鼠死后脾组织GAPDH mRNA和β-actin mRNA降解情况与死亡时间（PMI）的关系。方法 48只NIH小白鼠安乐死处死,分别置于10℃和25℃温控系统内,利用两步法RT-PCR技术和核酸蛋白测定仪定量cDNA方法检测小白鼠脾GAPDH mRNA和β-actin mRNA在死后即刻至72h降解情况。结果在10℃温控系统内的小白鼠死后即刻至72h脾组织均可检测到GAPDH mRNA和β-actin mRNA,且其扩增产物呈规律性下降趋势。25℃温控系统内的小白鼠死后即刻至48h脾组织均可检测到GAPDH mRNA和β-actin mRNA,且其扩增产物呈规律性下降趋势。结论小白鼠死亡后脾GAPDH mRNA和β-actin mRNA降解与PMI负相关,可为PMI推断提供一种新的观测指标。     

顶骨不同分区骨片材料力学参数差异

目的 明确顶骨不同分区骨片材料力学参数差异及其与厚度的关系。方法 将左侧顶骨分为上顶、侧顶及后顶3个分区并截取各分区骨片,利用准静态三点弯曲实验对骨片的极限载荷、极限载荷作用下的形变、弯曲强度及弹性模量进行检测,分析不同分区顶骨的材料力学参数差异,并探讨骨骼厚度与上述参数的相关性。结果 上顶、侧顶及后顶的厚度依次为上顶>后顶>侧顶(F=21.298,P<0.05)。极限载荷、弯曲强度及弹性模量在上顶(F=7.082)、侧顶(F=5.206)及后顶(F=77.748)组间差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。极限载荷依次为上顶>后顶>侧顶。弯曲强度与弹性模量均为侧顶>后顶>上顶。极限载荷作用下的形变在上顶与侧顶两组间比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。极限载荷与厚度呈正相关(r=0.683,P<0.05),而弯曲强度(r=-0.467)及弹性模量(r=-0.646)均与厚度呈负相关(P<0.05)。结论 顶骨不同分区的材料力学参数及厚度均存在差异,极限载荷与厚度呈正相关,而弯曲强度与弹性模量均与厚度呈负相关。     

两种不同材料外固定支架固定胫骨骨折的生物力学研究

目的 通过在实体胫骨上对两种不同弹性模量的外固定材料进行生物力学测试,探讨两种不同弹性模量的外固定材料对胫骨骨折应力及其分布的影响。方法 选择12套成人尸体胫骨,将胫骨中段横行锯断,制作胫骨骨折模型。将骨折标本解剖复位后分别以铝合金材料外固定支架（高弹性模量,弹性模量为110 GPa）和PEEK、碳纤维树脂材料外固定支架（低弹性模量,弹性模量为7.0 GPa及11.4 GPa）固定。在骨折断面及钉道周围共粘贴13个电阻应变片,然后将模型分别置于Zwick Z100电子万能材料实验机及扭转试验机（RNJ-500）上,以线性载荷0 ~ 600 N、扭转载荷0 ~ 2.5 N？m加载,分析局部应力,测量两种不同材料外固定系统在相同载荷条件下骨折断面及钉道周围应力的大小和分布特点。结果 在实验载荷条件下,传统外固定支架和高分子外固定支架骨折断端和钉道周围应力均随着轴向载荷或扭转载荷的增大而增大。在同一线性载荷或扭转载荷下,高分子外固定支架组较传统外固定支架组在13个测试应变点应变值应力分布更均匀,应变值大,其差异均有显著统计学意义（P 〈 0.01）。 结论 高分子材料外固定器治疗骨折中可明显降低应力遮挡,从而利于应力传导,从生物力学角度可以推广使用。     

连续腱周缝合对肌腱修复的生物力学影响

目的探讨连续腱周缝合（Running）法在肌腱修复中的生物力学作用,为临床提供理论基础和参考依据。方法成年AA白羽鸡爪50只．按缝合方法随机分为5组。锐刀横断Ⅱ区趾深屈肌肌腱,分别用Running法、单线改良Kessler（MK）法、单线改良Kessler＋Running（K＋R）法、津下双套圈（Tsuge）法、Tsuge＋Running（T＋R）法修复肌腱。缝合后立刻取下肌腱,用冰冻卡具固定两端．在生物力学材料动态力学性能测试仪上进行拉伸——断裂测试。测定极限载荷、应变．记录间隙形成负荷,计算出各组肌腱的韧度、极限拉伸强度、弹性模量和断裂功耗并进行统计学分析。结果在间隙形成负荷、韧度、弹性模量、极限载荷、极限拉伸强度和断裂功耗方面,K＋R法均大于MK法（P〈0．001）,后者分别是前者的58．6％、49．9％、58.4％、56．1％、65．7％、66．3％。T＋R法均大于Tsuge法（P〈0．05）,后者分别是前者的57．8％、52．7％、84．0％、64．7％、91．0％、69．6％。结论Running法操作简单．能为核心缝合增加可观的抗拉强度和抗间隙形成能力,使吻合口对合良好、缝合外观光滑,从而减少肌腱滑动阻力．为术后早期功能锻炼提供有效保证。     

大鼠脑皮层冲击伤中Bcl-2、Bax的表达变化

目的探讨爆炸冲击伤中大鼠脑皮层BCL-2、BAX基因表达的变化规律。方法应用爆炸冲击波致伤大鼠,致伤后不同时间(12~96h),光镜和电镜观察脑皮层形态变化;免疫组织化学方法观察BCL-2和BAX蛋白在脑皮层表达;凝胶电泳法观察大鼠脑组织DNA电泳结果。结果爆炸后12~96h,光镜和电镜观察脑皮层细胞凋亡改变增多;爆炸后24h脑组织BCL-2、BAX基因表达阳性细胞率均最高(P<0.01),BCL-2/BAX表达比值随时间延长而降低(P<0.01);脑组织DNA电泳在爆炸后12、24和48h组形成典型阶梯状条带;上述改变以24h组最明显。结论爆炸冲击伤可导致部分脑皮层神经元的细胞凋亡,BCL-2和BAX表达比值下降。     

人脾组织DNA含量与死亡时间关系的显微拉曼光谱

目的:应用显微拉曼光谱技术探讨人体死亡后脾组织细胞DNA含量变化与死亡时间间隔(PMI)的变化规律,为推断死亡时间提供检测依据。方法:选取8例已知死亡时间的人体脾脏置于特定环境下,在死后48 h~72 h范围内不同时间点提取人脾组织样品,利用激光共焦显微拉曼光谱技术,在拉曼位移测试范围800 cm-1~3200 cm-1内检测样品的化学基团的构建及含量变化。结果:人死后48 h~72 h内,随着PMI的推移,脾组织显微拉曼光谱的特征峰峰位没有发生明显变化,但特征峰峰高有明显变化;与核酸有关的峰位1094 cm-1处峰强度随PMI有明显下降趋势;与脂类有关的峰位1454 cm-1、2923 cm-1处的峰强随PMI变化不明显;每条谱线的相对峰强(I1094/I2923)随死亡时间的推移而减小。结论:人死亡后脾组织细胞DNA含量与PMI有明显的相关性。     

致伤物接触面积对家兔颅骨骨折的影响

目的 探讨不同接触面积致伤物在准静态压缩条件下对家兔颅骨骨折生物力学响应参数的影响。方法 将家兔分为保留头皮及去除头皮两组,每组按致伤物接触直径不同分为3、6、9 mm组,每组9只,合计54只。将所有家兔过量麻醉处死后制作成头颅压缩模型。采用电子万能材料试验机对家兔颅骨进行准静态压缩至骨折,分别检测各组家兔颅骨极限载荷、极限载荷作用下形变、压缩强度等生物力学响应参数。结果 保留头皮组及去除头皮组家兔颅骨在不同接触面积下极限载荷、极限载荷作用下形变、压缩强度组间差异均具有统计学意义。极限载荷与接触面积呈正相关,压缩强度与接触面积呈负相关,极限载荷作用下形变与接触面积不存在相关性。保留头皮与去除头皮组间比较,仅接触面直径为3 mm组极限载荷作用下形变的组间差异具有统计学意义,其余各组均不存在统计学意义。结论 接触面积与家兔颅骨骨折极限载荷呈正相关,与压缩强度呈负相关,与极限载荷作用下的形变不存在相关性,且与是否去除头皮无关。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.