L5/S1椎间盘突出症的微创治疗策略

腰椎椎间盘突出症是脊柱微创技术应用最为活跃的疾病之一。近年来,各种新的脊柱微创技术,如椎间孔镜技术、椎间盘镜技术、微创小切口技术、微创经皮椎弓根螺钉技术等,纷纷运用于腰椎椎间盘突出症的治疗,并且取得了良好的效果。     

不同术式治疗腰椎椎间盘突出症的疗效对比

目的 比较经皮内窥镜下腰椎椎间盘切除术(PELD)、后路显微内窥镜下椎间盘切除术(MED)及后路小切口椎间盘切除术(MD)治疗腰椎椎间盘突出症(LDH)的疗效.方法 回顾性分析2016年8月—2018年10月在重庆医科大学附属永川医院接受手术治疗的96例LDH患者临床资料,按照手术方式分为PELD组、MED组和MD组,...     

显微椎间盘镜行双间隙髓核摘除术治疗复合型腰椎间盘突出症

目的 探讨脊柱后路显微椎间盘镜行双间隙椎间盘髓核摘除术治疗复合型腰椎间盘突出症的手术入路和疗效。方法 在应用脊柱后路显微椎间盘镜为282例腰椎间盘突出症患者进行髓核摘除术中，选择L4-5、L5S1，复合型椎间盘突出者52例(18．4％)，采用同侧双切口入路或不同侧双切口入路对同侧或不同侧相邻的双间隙椎间盘突出者做髓核摘除术。结果 接受本手术入路治疗的52例复合型椎间盘突出症者，其建立工作通道的成功率为100％、行显微椎间盘镜髓核摘除的优良率为96．1％。结论 以同侧或不同侧作双切口入路在椎间盘镜下作相邻双间隙椎间盘突出髓核摘除术治疗复合型腰椎间盘突出症创伤小、恢复快，具有创新性和实用性。     

后路单纯应用异形椎间融合器微创治疗腰椎间盘突出症伴腰椎不稳

目的 探讨后路小切口下应用异形椎间融合器治疗腰椎间盘突出症伴腰椎不稳的临床疗效.方法 对腰椎间盘突出症伴腰椎不稳73例采用后路小切口单枚异形椎间融合器行椎间植骨融合术.结果 本组获得平均38.6个月随访,术后腰腿痛症状均明显缓解或消失.VAS、JOA术前和末次随访评分比较,差异均有统计学意义.结论 采用后路小切口单枚异形椎间融合器椎间植骨融合治疗腰椎间盘突出症伴腰椎不稳具有创伤少、融合率高的特点,临床疗效满意.     

显微椎间盘镜在腰椎间盘突出症治疗中的临床应用

目的 评价显微椎间盘镜在腰椎间盘突出症治疗中的临床应用价值。方法 经脊柱后路行显微椎间盘镜下腰椎间盘髓核切除和侧隐窝扩大手术282例。结果 平均手术时间45分钟，平均术后住院时间8天，疗效优良率达97．8％。结论 经脊柱后路显微椎间盘镜下治疗腰椎间盘突出症的方法比常规手术创伤小，恢复快，基本保持了脊柱后柱的完整性，对脊柱稳定性影响小，手术野清晰，手术安全，疗效确切。     

有限髓核摘除结合纤维环缝合治疗腰椎椎间盘突出症的早期疗效

目的观察有限髓核摘除结合纤维环缝合治疗腰椎椎间盘突出症的早期临床疗效。方法对2015年1月—2016年3月在本院行有限髓核摘除术的59例腰椎椎间盘突出症患者临床资料进行回顾性对照研究。缝合组28例行小切口腰椎椎板开窗有限髓核摘除结合纤维环缝合术;对照组31例行小切口腰椎椎板开窗有限髓核摘除,未行纤维环缝合。采用MacNab标准对术后1、3、6个月的治疗效果进行评价,同时采用椎间盘高度及椎间盘夹角对术后6个月时的脊柱稳定性进行评价。结果术后1、3个月2组Mac Nab评分优良率比较差异无统计学意义;术后6个月时缝合组患者优良率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。术后6个月时缝合组患者椎间盘高度高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),椎间盘夹角小于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。随访6个月无复发及再手术患者。结论有限髓核摘除结合纤维环缝合术治疗腰椎椎间盘突出症安全、可靠,能获得满意的早期临床疗效且不影响脊柱稳定性,是降低复发率和再手术风险的一种行之有效的方法,值得临床推广应用。     

坐俯卧位显微椎间盘镜治疗腰椎间盘突出症及腰椎侧隐窝狭窄症

目的探讨后路显微椎间盘镜治疗腰椎间盘突出症及腰椎侧隐窝狭窄症的临床效果：方法手术均取坐俯卧位,经椎板间隙只切除黄韧带不切除椎板及其它结构,应用椎间盘镜及显微外科的技术摘除突出之髓核和／或神经根减压术：临床应用649例。结果术后所有病例均获随访,随访最长时间24个月,最短6个月,平均12个月,按Nakai标准评定,其中优594例,良45例。结论侧卧位经椎板间隙入路行椎间盘镜治疗腰椎间盘突出症及腰椎侧隐窝狭窄症的手术损伤小、出血少,术后不影响脊柱稳定性,临床疗效可靠。     

后路植骨融合术治疗老年腰椎间盘突出症

目的 探讨后路植骨融合术治疗老年腰椎问盘突出症的临床效果.方法 对25例60岁以上的老年腰椎间盘突出症行腰椎后路减压、椎间盘摘除、椎弓根螺钉系统固定加后路植骨融合术.结果 25例随访6个月时:优4例,良18例,可3例,优良率88.0%;16例随访12个月时:优11例,良4例,可1例,优良率93.7%.结论 腰椎后路减压、椎间盘摘除、椎弓根螺钉系统固定加后路植骨融合治疗老年腰椎间盘突出症的疗效满意.     

后路椎间盘镜技术治疗游离型腰椎间盘突出症

目的研究腰椎后路椎间盘镜手术治疗游离型腰椎间盘突出症的手术方法、对策及效果。方法2000年9月至2004年6月利用后路腰椎间盘镜技术治疗游离型腰椎间盘突出症8例。结果8例患者均获得随访,时间9~54个月,平均27.2个月。本组优5例,良3例,优良率100%。本组病例无神经损伤、感染等并发症。结论采用腰椎后路椎间盘镜手术治疗,减压充分,损伤小,临床疗效满意。     

椎间盘镜系统治疗腰椎间盘突出症(附75例报告)

采用传统的开放手术治疗腰椎间盘突出症,疗效肯定,但对脊柱的稳定有一定的影响.椎间盘镜下髓核摘除术具有创伤小、疗效肯定、对腰椎结构的完整性和稳定性影响小等特点[1],被逐渐应用于临床.2002年2月～2004年5月,我院使用德国Rudolf公司的椎间盘镜系统治疗腰椎间突出症75例,疗效满意,现报道如下.[第一段]     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.