射频消融治疗转移性脊柱肿瘤的研究进展

正骨是转移性肿瘤的好发部位之一~([1]),在死于恶性肿瘤的患者中约有80%发生骨转移~([2]),其中约有50%为脊柱转移~([3])。脊柱转移瘤最常见的症状是难以忍受的慢性疼痛(占90%以上)~([4]),导致患者卧床不起或依靠轮椅生活的情况~([5]),严重影响患者的生活质量。目前,对于中位生存期不长的转移性脊柱肿瘤患者,外科治疗方式的选择往往陷于两难境地,既要解决患者症状,又没有必要行开放性手术让患者面临创伤及并发症等风险~([6])。随着微创理念和医疗技术     

根腔灌注椎体成形配套器械的研制及初步临床应用

<正>近年来,经皮椎体成形术(percutaneous vertebroplasty,PVP)已广泛应用于治疗骨质疏松性压缩骨折、血管瘤、转移性瘤等椎体疾患,取得了显著临床疗效~([1、2])。但是,PVP术中骨水泥渗漏造成的脊髓、神经根受压等并发症难以避免~([3])。为了预防PVP术中骨水泥渗漏的发生,临床上采取骨水泥分步灌注和球囊、网袋空腔灌注等方法~([4]),但这些方法的骨水泥灌注在椎体内均是无方向性的,难以调控,操作烦琐,治疗费用高。为此我们研制了一种根腔灌注椎体     

骨水泥强化椎弓根螺钉内固定术后骨水泥肺栓塞1例报告

<正>骨水泥强化椎弓根螺钉内固定术(cement augmented pedicle screw instrumentation, CAPSI)主要应用于骨质疏松性胸腰椎骨折或脊柱退行性疾病并骨质疏松的患者~([1,2])。虽骨水泥渗漏引起的肺栓塞极为少见,但存在潜在致命风险~([3])。据以往文献报道,经皮椎体后凸成形术(PKP)和经皮椎体成形术(PVP)后骨水泥渗漏后肺栓塞的发生率为3.5%～     

经皮穿刺椎体成形术治疗胸腰椎椎体肿瘤

脊柱肿瘤、转移瘤常导致椎体剧烈疼痛,甚至会引起脊髓压迫症,导致患者瘫痪。现有放疗、药物治疗对这种疼痛虽有一定缓解作用,但不能长期改善患者疼痛症状。经皮穿刺椎体成形术（PVP）近年来用于治疗椎体肿瘤、转移瘤取得满意疗效。2006年3月-2008年3月,我科采用PVP方法治疗胸腰椎肿瘤、转移瘤24例,并于术中行组织活检以明确肿瘤类型,报告如下。     

3D打印假体在脊柱肿瘤切除后脊柱重建中的应用

正对于良性侵袭性、恶性原发脊柱肿瘤以及孤立的转移脊柱肿瘤,椎体切除术,尤其是椎体整块切除术是有效的外科治疗手段~([1、2])。手术除了需遵循规范的肿瘤切除原则外,还需要复杂的生物力学重建以维持脊柱的稳定和功能。随着手术技术的发展,放疗、化疗、靶向治疗等辅助治疗手段的进步,脊柱肿瘤的治疗效果不断提高,患者的生存期不断延长,对内固定的可靠程度提出更高的要求~([3、4])。近年来,随着3D打印技术在医疗领域的快速发展,3D打印假体展现出了独特的优势。笔者就3D打印假体在脊柱肿瘤切除后脊柱重建中的应用做一综述,报告如下。     

不同术式治疗对脊柱转移瘤患者术后疼痛、生存质量及3年存活时间比较

正脊柱是恶性肿瘤常见骨转移部位,约占全部骨转移瘤的5%~10%[1]。经皮穿刺椎体成形术(PVP)则为脊柱转移瘤治疗新型微创术式,其通过穿刺针经皮穿刺自椎体内注入骨水泥,可快速改善脊柱转移瘤患者胸腰背部疼痛程度,恢复椎体强度,提升椎体稳定性,避免椎体塌陷,且创伤小,止痛效果显著[2]。目前对PVP与传统钉棒系统联合骨水泥成形术对脊柱转移瘤患者生存情况的影响尚少见报道。因此,为探讨上述     

前后联合入路治疗先天性颈椎半椎体畸形并上胸椎重度脊柱侧凸1例报告

正先天性脊柱畸形是由于脊柱发育缺陷导致的脊柱形态及结构功能异常,在婴儿中其发生率约为1/1 000~([1])。颈椎半椎体畸形是先天性脊柱畸形的一种,常见于Klippel-Feil综合征,与胸腰椎畸形相比,此类畸形在临床上更为罕见。Deburge等~([2])和Winter等~([3])分别于1981年首次报道颈椎半椎体畸形及其治疗方法,Ruf等~([1])在2005年对其进行详细阐述。近年来,临床报道了多例颈椎半椎体畸形病例,治疗方法各有不同~([4-6])。本院2015年收治C_5半     

全脊椎切除与腰骶段重建治疗腰5肿瘤2例报告

对于未发生转移的脊柱原发恶性肿瘤及原发病灶控制良好的孤立性椎体转移瘤行肿瘤椎体切除可降低肿瘤局部复发率、延长生存期~([1,2]).但椎体切除后需重建脊柱稳定性.L5椎体前方毗邻大血管等重要结构,从活动度大、前凸的腰段过渡到固定、后凸的骶椎,生物力学上存在明显的剪切力.     

先天性脊柱侧凸半椎体切除短节段融合术后失代偿的研究进展

正椎节先天性发育异常可导致脊柱生长不平衡,形成的畸形被称为先天性脊柱侧凸(congenital scoliosis,CS),可分为椎体形成缺陷、分节缺陷和混合型三种类型~([1])。据统计,新生儿中CS的发生率约为0.5‰～1‰~([2])。半椎体畸形是先天性脊柱侧凸最常见的类型(46%)~([3]),而半椎体又可分为完全分节(65%)、部分分节(22%)和未分节(12%)~([4])。CS的进展与患者的年龄、畸形椎体的形态和部位密切相     

Kümmell病的分期、分型与治疗进展

正Kümmell病指轻微脊柱创伤后迟发的椎体塌陷及进行性脊柱后凸~([1])。该病最早由德国外科医生Kümmell于1891年描述~([2]),他报道了5例经历轻微脊柱创伤的患者,经过数月甚至数年的无症状期,最后出现胸腰段疼痛及进行性后凸畸形。Kümmell病的发病机制目前仍不明确,比较公认的假说是创伤后椎体骨缺血坏死~([3~5])。椎体迟发性塌陷在X线片上被发现后~([10]),多数学者均认为椎体内真空裂     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.